مدل یابی چاقی کودکان بر اساس نقش واسطه ای پرخوری هیجانی کودک در رابطه بین سبک دلبستگی مادر با شاخص توده بدنی کودک
الموضوعات :
افروز ستاری
1
(گروه روانشناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران afroozsatari@yahoo.com)
علیرضا حیدری
2
( استاد تمام، گروه روانشناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران (نویسنده مسئول), docheidarie43@yahoo.com, Tel: 09121154554)
پرویز عسگری
3
(استاد تمام، گروه روانشناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران askary47@yahoo.com)
الکلمات المفتاحية: پرخوری هیجانی, چاقی کودکان, سبک‌های دلبستگی, سطح فعالیت جسمی کودک, شاخص توده بدنی,
ملخص المقالة :
چکیده مقدمه: افزایـش سـریع شـیوع چاقـی کـه یـک مشـکل چنـد علیتـی اسـت در بیسـت سـال گذشـته عـلاوه بـر آنکـه ناشـی از عوامـل ژنتیکـی اسـت، بـه عوامـل محیطـی فرهنگـی، ازجمله محیـط خانـواده، غـذا خـوردن و فعالیـت نسـبت داده‌شده اسـت. این پژوهش باهدف پیش‌بینی شاخص توده بدنی کودکان بر اساس سبک‌دل بستگی مادر، با در نظر گرفتن نقش میانجی پرخوری هیجانی در کودکان انجام گرفت. روش پژوهش: روش تحقیق کاربردی و از نوع همبستگی بود که با استفاده از مدل یابی معادلات ساختاری انجام گرفت. تعداد ۲۸۰ کودک ۷-۱۲ ساله (شامل ۱۴۴ پسر و ۱۳۶ دختر) به همراه مادرانشان با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، بر اساس ارجاع متخصصان تغذیه برای شرکت در پژوهش انتخاب شدند. ابزار پژوهش شامل شاخص توده بدنی، پرسشنامه سبک‌های دلبستگی هازن و شیور و مقیاس خوردن هیجانی است. یافته‌ها: مدل موردبررسی از برازش مطلوب برخوردار بود و نتایج نشان داد سبک‌های دلبستگی ایمن، اجتنابی و اضطرابی مادر هم به‌صورت مستقیم و هم غیر‌‌مستقیم با میانجی‌گری پرخوری هیجانی کودک شاخص توده بدنی را در کودک پیش‌بینی می‌کنند. نتیجه‌گیری: این پژوهش نقش محیط اولیه کودک به‌خصوص مادر را در توسعه چاقی دوران کودکی برجسته می‌سازد.
1. World Health Organization. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1177/156482650402500310
2. Hawkes C, Fanzo J. Nourishing the SDGs: Global nutrition report 2017. Retrieved from: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/19322/
3. Sarokhani D, Sarokhani M, Hasanpour Dehkordi A, Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Fakhri M. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iranian students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2020 Apr 28; 33(4): 453-68. doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2019-0474
4. Guo Y, Yin X, Wu H, Chai X, Yang X. Trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in China from 1991 to 2015: a meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019 Dec; 16(23): 4656. doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234656
5. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, Mullany EC, Biryukov S, Abbafati C, Abera SF, Abraham JP. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The lancet. 2014 Aug 30; 384(9945): 766-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8
6. Sagar R, Gupta T. Psychological aspects of obesity in children and adolescents. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2018 Jul; 85: 554-9. doi.org/10.1007/s12098-017-2539-2
7. Danford CA, Schultz CM, Marvicsin D. Parental roles in the development of obesity in children: Challenges and opportunities. Research and Reports in Biology. 2015 Apr 13: 39-53. doi.org/10.2147/RRB.S75369
8. Whitaker RC, Phillips SM, Orzol SM, Burdette HL. The association between maltreatment and obesity among preschool children. Child abuse & neglect. 2007 Nov 1; 31(11-12): 1187-99. doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.04.008
9. Krebs NF, Jacobson MS. Prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity. Pediatrics. 2003 Aug 1; 112(2): 424-30. doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.2.424
10. Joyce JL, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ. Parent feeding restriction and child weight. The mediating role of child disinhibited eating and the moderating role of the parenting context. Appetite. 2009 Jun 1; 52(3): 726-34. doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.03.015
11. Jansen PW, Roza SJ, Jaddoe VW, Mackenbach JD, Raat H, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Children's eating behavior, feeding practices of parents and weight problems in early childhood: results from the population-based Generation R Study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2012 Dec; 9(1): 1-1. doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-130
12. Musher-Eizenman D, Holub S. Comprehensive feeding practices questionnaire: validation of a new measure of parental feeding practices. Journal of pediatric psychology. 2007 Sep 1; 32(8): 960-72. doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsm037
13. Kochanska G, Kim S. Early attachment organization with both parents and future behavior problems: From infancy to middle childhood. Child development. 2013 Jan; 84(1): 283-96. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01852.x
14. Perry NB, Calkins SD, Nelson JA, Leerkes EM, Marcovitch S. Mothers' responses to children's negative emotions and child emotion regulation: The moderating role of vagal suppression. Developmental psychobiology. 2012 Jul; 54(5): 503-13. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01852.x
15. Norona AN, Baker BL. The transactional relationship between parenting and emotion regulation in children with or without developmental delays. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2014 Dec 1; 35(12): 3209-16. doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.048
16. Ricca V, Castellini G, Fioravanti G, Sauro CL, Rotella F, Ravaldi C, Lazzeretti L, Faravelli C. Emotional eating in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2012 Apr 1; 53(3): 245-51. doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.04.062
17. Raspopow K, Matheson K, Abizaid A, Anisman H. Unsupportive social interactions influence emotional eating behaviors. The role of coping styles as mediators. Appetite. 2013 Mar 1; 62: 143-9. doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.031
18. Babakhanloo A, Haghayegh SA, Moradi Manesh F, Dehghani A. Emotional Eating and Self-Compassion in People with Obesity: The Mediating Role of Emotional Processing. https://jip.stb.iau.ir/article_679813_bd674288fa65a45907a7562abae38ef3.pdf?lang=en
19. Fischer S, Munsch S. Self-regulation in eating disorders and obesity–implications for treatment. Verhaltenstherapie. 2012 Jan 1;22(3):158-64. DOI: 10.1159/000341540
20. Khademi Z. The Effect of Positive Psychology on the Human Beings from the Viewpoint of Seligman. Preventive Counseling. 2021 Apr 1; 2(1): 58-70. https://jpc.uma.ac.ir/article_1219_0238644cd2851dda7530d1bc5947f91b.pdf
21. Alexander KE, Siegel HI. Perceived hunger mediates the relationship between attachment anxiety and emotional eating. Eating behaviors. 2013 Aug 1; 14(3): 374-7. doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.02.005
22. Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Attachment processes and emotion regulation. Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. 2007: 188-218. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=fa&as_sdt=0%2C5&q
23. Harrison A, Sullivan S, Tchanturia K, Treasure J. Emotional functioning in eating disorders: attentional bias, emotion recognition and emotion regulation. Psychological medicine. 2010 Nov; 40(11): 1887-97. doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.037
24. Mikulincer M, Florian V. The relationship between adult attachment styles and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events, 1998 https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-36873-005
25. Maunder RG, Hunter JJ. A prototype-based model of adult attachment for clinicians. Psychodynamic psychiatry. 2012 Dec; 40(4): 549-73. doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2012.40.4.549
26. Wilkinson LL, Rowe AC, Bishop RJ, Brunstrom JM. Attachment anxiety, disinhibited eating, and body mass index in adulthood. International Journal of Obesity. 2010 Sep; 34(9): 1442-5. doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.72
27.Ganji, M. Psychopathology based on DSM-5. Tehran: Savalan Publication; 2019 https://intjmi.com/article-1-998-en.html
28. Carper JL, Fisher JO, Birch LL. Young girls' emerging dietary restraint and disinhibition are related to parental control in child feeding. Appetite. 2000 Oct 1; 35(2): 121-9. doi.org/10.1006/appe.2000.0343
29. Braet C, Van Strien T. Assessment of emotional, externally induced and restrained eating behaviour in nine to twelve-year-old obese and non-obese children. Behaviour research and therapy. 1997 Sep 1; 35(9): 863-73. doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00045-4
30. Zocca JM, Shomaker LB, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Columbo KM, Raciti GR, Brady SM, Crocker MK, Ali AH, Matheson BE, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Links between mothers’ and children's disinhibited eating and children's adiposity. Appetite. 2011 Apr 1; 56(2): 324- doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.12.014
31. Rodgers RF, Paxton SJ, Massey R, Campbell KJ, Wertheim EH, Skouteris H, Gibbons K. Maternal feeding practices predict weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in young children: a prospective study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2013 Dec; 10: 1-0. doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-24
32. Hamburg ME, Finkenauer C, Schuengel C. Food for love: the role of food offering in empathic emotion regulation. Frontiers in psychology. 2014 Jan 31; 5: 32. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00032
33. Tan CC, Holub SC. Emotion regulation feeding practices link parents’ emotional eating to children’s emotional eating: A moderated mediation study. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2015 Aug 1; 40(7) :657-63. doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsv015
34. Orzolek-Kronner C. The effect of attachment theory in the development of eating disorders: can symptoms be proximity-seeking?. Child and adolescent social work journal. 2002 Dec; 19: 421-35. doi.org/10.1023/A:1021141612634
35. Anderson SE, Whitaker RC. Attachment security and obesity in US preschool-aged children. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2011 Mar 7; 165(3): 235-42. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.292. PMID: 21383273; PMCID: PMC3086349
36. Anderson SE, Gooze RA, Lemeshow S, Whitaker RC. Quality of early maternal–child relationship and risk of adolescent obesity. Pediatrics. 2012 Jan 1; 129(1): 132-40. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0972
37. Bost KK, Wiley AR, Fiese B, Hammons A, McBride B, Strong Kids Team. Associations between adult attachment style, emotion regulation, and preschool children's food consumption. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 2014 Jan 1; 35(1): 50-61. DOI: 10.1097/01.DBP.0000439103.29889.18
38. Mazzeschi C, Pazzagli C, Laghezza L, De Giorgi G, Reboldi G, De Feo P. Parental alliance and family functioning in pediatric obesity from both parents' perspectives. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 2013 Oct 1; 34(8): 583-8. DOI: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182a50a89
39. Tyson N, Frank M. Childhood and adolescent obesity definitions as related to BMI, evaluation and management options. Best practice & research Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 2018 Apr 1; 48: 158-64. doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.06.003
40. Hazan C, Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. InInterpersonal development 2017; 30: 283-296. Routledge. Doi:10.4324/9781351153683-17
41. Collins NL, Read SJ. Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1990 Apr; 58(4): 644. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644
42. Mashayekhi N, Mashayekhi S, Ninggal MB. The relationship of youngs primary inconsistent schemas on attachment styles in females students in Isfahan university. InICERI2011 Proceedings; 2011: 6042-6048. IATED. https://library.iated.org/view/MASHAYEKHI2011REL
43. Arnow B, Kenardy J, Agras WS. The Emotional Eating Scale: The development of a measure to assess coping with negative affect by eating. International journal of eating disorders. 1995 Jul; 18(1): 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(199507)
44. Tanofsky‐Kraff M, Theim KR, Yanovski SZ, Bassett AM, Burns NP, Ranzenhofer LM, Glasofer DR, Yanovski JA. Validation of the emotional eating scale adapted for use in children and adolescents (EES‐C). International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2007 Apr; 40(3): 232-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20362
45. Khadaee GH, Saeidi M. Increases of obesity and overweight in children: an alarm for parents and policymakers. Int J Pediatr. 2016 Apr 28; 4(4): 1591-601. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Masumeh-Saeidi/publication/301287536
46. Strauss RS, Pollack HA. Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986-1998. Jama. 2001 Dec 12; 286(22): 2845-8. doi:10.1001/jama.286.22.2845
47. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, Mullany EC, Biryukov S, Abbafati C, Abera SF, Abraham JP. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The lancet. 2014 Aug 30; 384(9945): 766-81. doi.org/10.2147/RRB.S75369
48. Liberska H, Boniecka K. Attitudes of obese and overweight children’s parents. Journal of Health Sciences. 2013; 3(13): 396-409. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21417725
49. Mazzeschi C, Pazzagli C, Laghezza L, Radi G, Battistini D, De Feo P. The role of both parents’ attachment pattern in understanding childhood obesity. Frontiers in psychology. 2014 Jul 28; 5: 791. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00791
50. Fraley RC, Roisman GI. The development of adult attachment styles: Four lessons. Current opinion in psychology. 2019 Feb 1; 25: 26-30. doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.008
51. Hepworth AD, Berlin LJ, Martoccio TL, Jones Harden B. Maternal attachment style, sensitivity, and infant obesity risk in low-income, Latino families. Attachment & Human Development. 2021 Jan 2; 23(1): 75-89. doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2020.1729214
52. Faber A, Dubé L. Parental attachment insecurity predicts child and adult high-caloric food consumption. Journal of Health Psychology. 2015 May; 20(5): 511-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315573437
53. Bahrami F, Kelishadi R, Jafari N, Kaveh Z, Isanejad O. Association of children's obesity with the quality of parental–child attachment and psychological variables. Acta Paediatrica. 2013 Jul; 102(7): e321-4. doi.org/10.1111/apa.12253
54. Hardman CA, Christiansen P, Wilkinson LL. Using food to soothe: Maternal attachment anxiety is associated with child emotional eating. Appetite. 2016 Apr 1; 99: 91-6. doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.017
55. Cichecka-Wilk M. Eating behaviors in children with simple obesity in relation to the results of own research. Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny. 2013; 32: 243-75. https://scholar.google.com/scholar
56. Raque-Bogdan TL, Ericson SK, Jackson J, Martin HM, Bryan NA. Attachment and mental and physical health: self-compassion and mattering as mediators. Journal of counseling psychology. 2011 Apr; 58(2): 272. doi.org/10.1037/a0023041
57. Mikulincer M, Florian V. The relationship between adult attachment styles and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events. 1997 https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-36873-005
58. Ciechanowski P, Russo J, Katon W, Von Korff M, Ludman E, Lin E, Simon G, Bush T. Influence of patient attachment style on self-care and outcomes in diabetes. Psychosomatic medicine. 2004 Sep 1; 66(5): 720-8. DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000138125.59122.23
59Pasztak-Opiłka A, de Jonge R, Zachurzok A, Górnik-Durose ME. Adult attachment styles and mothers’ life satisfaction in relation to eating behaviors in the families with overweight and obese children. Plos one. 2020 Dec 3; 15(12): e0243448. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243448
60. Tan CC, Holub SC. Emotion regulation feeding practices link parents’ emotional eating to children’s emotional eating: A moderated mediation study. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2015 Aug 1; 40(7): 657-63. doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsv015
61. Graziano PA, Calkins SD, Keane SP. Toddler self-regulation skills predict risk for pediatric obesity. International journal of obesity. 2010 Apr; 34(4): 633-41. doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.288
62. Francis LA, Susman EJ. Self-regulation and rapid weight gain in children from age 3 to 12 years. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2009 Apr 6; 163(4): 297-302. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.579
63. Hardman CA, Christiansen P, Wilkinson LL. Using food to soothe: Maternal attachment anxiety is associated with child emotional eating. Appetite. 2016 Apr 1; 99: 91-6. doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.017
64. Goossens L, Braet C, Van Durme K, Decaluwé V, Bosmans G. The parent–child relationship as predictor of eating pathology and weight gain in preadolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2012 Jul 1; 41(4): 445-57. doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.660690
65. Bost KK, Wiley AR, Fiese B, Hammons A, McBride B, Strong Kids Team. Associations between adult attachment style, emotion regulation, and preschool children's food consumption. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 2014 Jan 1; 35(1): 50-61. DOI: 10.1097/01.DBP.0000439103.29889.18
67. Mazzeschi C, Pazzagli C, Laghezza L, Radi G, Battistini D, De Feo P. The role of both parents’ attachment pattern in understanding childhood obesity. Frontiers in psychology. 2014 Jul 28; 5: 791. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00791
68. Hepworth AD, Berlin LJ, Martoccio TL, Jones Harden B. Maternal attachment style, sensitivity, and infant obesity risk in low-income, Latino families. Attachment & Human Development. 2021 Jan 2; 23(1): 75-89. doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2020.1729214
69. Pasztak-Opiłka A, de Jonge R, Zachurzok A, Górnik-Durose ME. Adult attachment styles and mothers’ life satisfaction in relation to eating behaviors in the families with overweight and obese children. Plos one. 2020 Dec 3; 15(12): e0243448. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243448
70. Bergmeier H, Paxton SJ, Milgrom J, Anderson SE, Baur L, Hill B, Lim S, Green R, Skouteris H. Early mother-child dyadic pathways to childhood obesity risk: A conceptual model. Appetite. 2020 Jan 1; 144: 104459. doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104459
71. Power TG, Hidalgo-Mendez J, Fisher JO, O'Connor TM, Micheli N, Hughes SO. Obesity risk in Hispanic children: bidirectional associations between child eating behavior and child weight status over time. Eating behaviors. 2020 Jan 1; 36: 101366. doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101366
