مقایسۀ ارزشهای والدینی، رضایت والدینی و بهزیستی بر اساس سطح رفاه ادراک‌شده در والدین
الموضوعات :
فصلنامه زن و جامعه
سیده فاطمه موسوی
1
(دکترای روانشناسی، دانشیار گروه روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، پژوهشکدۀ زنان، دانشگاه الزهرا(س)، تهران، ایران)
تاريخ الإرسال : 26 الثلاثاء , جمادى الأولى, 1444
تاريخ التأكيد : 13 الثلاثاء , صفر, 1445
تاريخ الإصدار : 08 الإثنين , ربيع الثاني, 1445
الکلمات المفتاحية:
بهزیستی,
سطح رفاه,
ارزشهای والدینی,
رضایت والدینی,
ملخص المقالة :
مقدمه: پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسۀ ارزشهای والدینی، رضایت والدینی و بهزیستی در والدین ساکن مناطق مختلف شهر تهران انجام شد.
روش: روش پژوهش توصیفی و از نوع علّی-مقایسه‌ای است. جامعۀ پژوهش حاضر دوگروه از پدران و مادران ساکن شهر تهران بودند که از آن میان تعداد 447 والد (225 مادر و 222 پدر) به روش دردسترس از نقاط مختلف شمال، جنوب، مرکز، شرق و غرب شهر تهران انتخاب شدند و از حیث سطح رفاه ادراک‌شده به سه گروه برخوردار، غیربرخوردار و متوسط دسته‌بندی شدند. ابزارهای سنجش شامل پرسشنامۀ اهداف و ارزش‌ها در بزرگسالان (سوئیزو، 2007) با ضرایب همسانی درونی در دامنه 94/0-60/0، شاخص بهزیستی سازمان بهداشت جهانی (WHO-5) با ضرایب همسانی درونی در محدودۀ 94/0-92/0، مقیاس رضایت والدینی کانزاس (جیمز و همکاران، 1985) با آلفای کرونباخ در دامنه 85/0-82/0 بود.
یافته‌ها: نتایج حاصل از آزمون تحلیل واریانس چندمتغیره نشان داد سه گروه غیربرخوردار، متوسط و برخوردار در پرورش ارزشهای سنت و همنوایی، قدرت و پیشرفت، ارتباط با دیگران، سخاوتمندی و خیرخواهی، منحصربهفردبودن و دینداری در فرزندانشان و نیز میزان رضایت از نقش والدینی ِخود با یکدیگر تفاوت معنادار داشته، اما در بهزیستی با یکدیگر تفاوت آماری معناداری نداشتند (01/0>p). نتایج آزمون تعقیبی نشان داد گروه برخوردار به پرورش ارزشهای همنوایی، پیشرفت، خیرخواهی و منحصربهفردبودن اهمیت داده و رضایت والدینی بیش‌تری داشتند و گروه غیربرخوردار به پرورش ارزش دینداری در فرزندانشان اهمیت میدادند.
نتیجه‌گیری: سطح رفاه ادراک‌شدۀ خانواده‌ها می‌تواند به عنوان یکی از عوامل مؤثر بر اولویت‌دهی به ارزشهای فرزندپروری و رضایت والدین از والدگری مورد توجه قرار گیرد.
المصادر:
Bornstein MH. Crosscurrents in contemporary psychology. Cultural approaches to parenting. Hillsdale, NJ, US; 1991.
Abri S, Hajyousefi A, Hajbabayi H, Rahgozar M. Comparison of Social Development Between 3-6 Years Old Children Who Use Rural Child Care Center Services and Who Don`t. refahj. 2011; 11(41):343-368. [http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-722-en.html]
Whiting BB, Edwards CP, Edwards CP, Ember CR. Children of different worlds: The formation of social behavior. Harvard University Press; 1992.
Schwartz SH. Mapping and interpreting cultural differences around the world. InComparing cultures 2004 Jan 1 (pp. 43-73). Brill. [https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047412977_007]
LeVine RA. Childhood socialization. Comparative studies of parenting, learning and educational change. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong. 2003.
Trommsdorff G. Parent-child relations over the life-span. A cross-cultural perspective. Parenting beliefs, behaviors, and parent-child relations. A cross-cultural perspective. 2006:143-83.
Suizzo MA. Parents' goals and values for children: Dimensions of independence and interdependence across four US ethnic groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2007;38(4):506-30. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107302365]
Ridao P, López-Verdugo I, Reina-Flores C. Parental beliefs about childhood and adolescence from a longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021;18(4):1760. [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041760].
Greenfield PM. Independence and interdependence as developmental scripts: Implications for theory, research, and practice. InCross-cultural roots of minority child development 2014 Dec 5 (pp. 1-40). Psychology Press.
Schwartz SH. Individualism-collectivism: Critique and proposed refinements. Journal of cross-cultural psychology. 1990;21(2):139-57. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022190212001]
Kagitcibasi C. Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of cross-cultural psychology. 2005;36(4):403-22. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959]
Panfile TM, Laible DJ, Eye JL. Conflict frequency within mother–child dyads across contexts: Links with attachment security and gender. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 2012;27(1):147-55.
Bornstein MH, Cote LR, Haynes OM, Suwalsky JT, Bakeman R. Modalities of infant–mother interaction in Japanese, Japanese American immigrant, and European American dyads. Child development. 2012;83(6):2073-88. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01822.x]
Tulviste T, Ahtonen M. Child-rearing values of Estonian and Finnish mothers and fathers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2007; 38(2):137-55. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106297297]
Ogbu JU. Differences in cultural frame of reference. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 1993;16(3):483-506. [https://doi.org/10.1177/016502549301600307]
Sánchez, J.; Hidalgo, V.; López-Verdugo, I.; Jiménez, L. Beliefs about Child-Rearing and Development in Spain and Peru. A Comparative Analysis for Adapting Parenting Support Programs. Sustainability,2020; 12, 7268. [https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187268]
McAdoo HP. Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments. Sage; 2002.
Chao RK. Chinese and European American cultural models of the self reflected in mothers' childrearing beliefs. Ethos. 1995;23(3):328-54.
Solomon MJ. Transmission of cultural goals: Social network influences on infant socialization. In Parental development 2014; (pp. 153-174). Psychology Press.
Rosenthal DA, Gold R. A comparison of Vietnamese-Australian and Anglo-Australian mothers’ beliefs about intellectual development. International Journal of Psychology. 1989;24(1-5):179-93. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.1989.10600041]
Harwood RL, Schölmerich A, Schulze PA. Homogeneity and heterogeneity in cultural belief systems. New directions for child and adolescent development. 2000(87):41-57. [ https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.23220008705]
Mirzaei H. A Sociological Study of Individualism in Iran (with Emphasis on Surveying Tehran Residents). Doctoral dissertation in Sociology. University of Tehran.
Moidfar Sa & Sabouri Khosroshahi H. Investigating the Individualism of Children in the Family. Garmsar Social Sciences Research. 2010; 4(4): 110-93. [Persian]
Hellisaz M., Ali Mazaheri M., Panaghi L., Hassani F. Values of Child-Raising among Mothers of Three-Five-Years-Old Children: A Phenomenological Study. 2015; 8(29): 121-148. [Persian]
Harkness S, Super CM, editors. Parents' cultural belief systems: Their origins, expressions, and consequences. Guilford Press; 1996.
Alwin DF, Tufiș PA. Class and conformity: Thirty years of adult child‐rearing values in the US. In Sociological Forum. 2021; 36, 2, 315-337. [https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12685].
Kusserow AS. De‐homogenizing American individualism: Socializing hard and soft individualism in Manhattan and Queens. Ethos. 1999;27(2):210-34. [https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1999.27.2.210]
Assadi M, Shahmansouri N, Mohammadi M, Rezaie F, Smetana J. The Correlation Between Socio-Cultural Context and Adolescent-Parent Relationship in Iran. Advances in Cognitive Sciences. 2006; 7(4) :28-35.
Modiri F. Different Types of Family Values and Their Socio-Economic Correlates in Tehran City. Journal of Applied Sociology, 2018; 29(1): 147-166.
Maleki A. An Investigation of the Value Systems of Iranian Society, based on Ronald Inglehart's Theory of Modernization and Cultural Change. Master's thesis. University of Esfahan. 2006.
Tudge JR, Hogan DM, Snezhkova IA, Kulakova NN, Etz KE. Parents' childrearing values and beliefs in the United States and Russia: The impact of culture and social class. Infant and Child Development: An International Journal of Research and Practice. 2000; 9(2):105-21. [https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-7219(200006)9:2<105::AID-ICD222>3.0.CO;2-Y]
Kohn ML, Slomczynski KM. Social structure and self-direction: A comparative analysis of the United States and Poland. Basil Blackwell; 1990.
Lohndorf RT, Vermeer HJ, de la Harpe C, Mesman J. Socioeconomic status, parental beliefs, and parenting practices as predictors of preschoolers’ school readiness and executive functions in Chile. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 2021,1;57:61-74. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.05.001]
James DE, Schumm WR, Kennedy CE, Grigsby CC, Shectman KL, Nichols CW. Characteristics of the Kansas Parental Satisfaction Scale among two samples of married parents. Psychological Reports. 1985;57(1):163-9. [https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.1.163]
Hagestad GO, Neugarten BL. Age and the life course (1985). Handbook of aging and the social sciences. New York: van Nostrand-Reinhold.
Aquilino WS, Supple KR. Parent-child relations and parent's satisfaction with living arrangements when adult children live at home. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1991 ,1:13-27. [https://doi.org/10.2307/353130]
Mikolajczak M, Raes ME, Avalosse H, Roskam I. Exhausted parents: sociodemographic, child-related, parent-related, parenting and family-functioning correlates of parental burnout. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2018, 1;27(2):602-14.[ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0892-4]
Lindström C, Åman J, Norberg AL. Parental burnout in relation to sociodemographic, psychosocial and personality factors as well as disease duration and glycaemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatrica. 2011;100(7):1011-7. [ https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02198.x]
Blanchard LT, Gurka MJ, Blackman JA. Emotional, developmental, and behavioral health of American children and their families: a report from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. Pediatrics. 2006;117(6):e1202-12.[https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2606]
Zadeh Mohammadi M. Heidari G. Jandaghi H. Poura Etemad R. Malek Khosravi G. & Saadatmand, N. The Relationship between Family Factors and Academic Status of High School Students in Qom Province. Journal of Family Research, 2016; 2476-7484.
Zarei Pour M, EftekharArdabili H, Azam K, Movahed E. Study of Mental health and its Relationship with Family Welfare in Pre-university Students in Salmas City in 2010. J Res Dev Nurs Midw. 2012; 9 (1) :84-93.
Starfield B, Riley AW, Witt WP, Robertson J. Social class gradients in health during adolescence. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2002;56(5):354-61.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.5.354]
Zare B., Safyari Jafarabad H. The Study of Marital Satisfaction and its Determinants on Married Women and Men in Tehran City. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 2015; 13(1): 111-140.
Lewis O. The culture of poverty. Society. 1998;35(2):7-9.
Coontz S. The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trap. Hachette UK; 2016.
Fen CM, Isa I, Chu CW, Ling C, Ling SY. Development and validation of a mental wellbeing scale in Singapore. Psychology. 2013;4(07):592. [ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.47085]
World Health Organization. Mental health: Strengthening mental health promotion, WHO Fact Sheets, No. 220. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007.
Diener E, editor. Culture and well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener. New York: Springer; 2009.
Brickman P, Campbell DT. Hedonic relativism and planning the good society.11971; In M.H. Apply (ed.), Adaptation Level Theory: A Symposium (Academic Press, New York), pp. 287-304.
Luttmer EF. Neighbors as negatives: Relative earnings and well-being. The Quarterly journal of economics. 2005;120(3):963-1002.[ https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/120.3.963]
Anderson C, Kraus MW, Galinsky AD, Keltner D. The local-ladder effect: Social status and subjective well-being. Psychological science. 2012;23(7):764-71.[https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611434537]
Yu S, Blader SL. Why Does Social Class Affect Subjective Well-Being? The Role of Status and Power. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2019; 1-18. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219853841]
Tost LP. When, why, and how do powerholders “feel the power”? Examining the links between structural and psychological power and reviving the connection between power and responsibility. Research in Organizational Behavior. 2015; 35:29-56.[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2015.10.004]
Kifer Y, Heller D, Perunovic WQ, Galinsky AD. The good life of the powerful: The experience of power and authenticity enhances subjective well-being. Psychological science. 2013; 24(3):280-8. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612450891]
Kraus MW, Piff PK, Keltner D. Social class as culture: The convergence of resources and rank in the social realm. Current directions in psychological science. 2011;20(4):246-50.[ https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414654]
Snibbe AC, Markus HR. You can't always get what you want: educational attainment, agency, and choice. Journal of personality and social psychology. 2005;88(4):703.[ https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.703]
Blom EH, Bech P, Högberg G, Larsson JO, Serlachius E. Screening for depressed mood in an adolescent psychiatric context by brief self-assessment scales–testing psychometric validity of WHO-5 and BDI-6 indices by latent trait analyses. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2012;10(1):149.[https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-10-149]
Dehshiri G., Mousavi S. An Investigation into Psychometric Properties of Persian Version of World Health Organization Five Well-being Index. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2016; 8(2): 67-75.
Mousavi S f. The Study of Some Parent-Based Demographic and Cultural Variables in Prediction of Parental Exhaustion and Satisfaction. Research Project. WRC. Alzahra University. 2020.
Akinola M, Mendes WB. It's good to be the king: Neurobiological benefits of higher social standing. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 2014;5(1):43-51. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613485604]
Kotlaja MM. Cultural contexts of individualism vs. collectivism: Exploring the relationships between family bonding, supervision and deviance. European Journal of Criminology. 2020 May;17(3):288-305. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370818792482]
_||_
