The Effect of Continuous Aerobic Training with Low Carbohydrate Diet on the Serum Immunoglobulins A, G and M in Overweight Adult Men

الموضوعات : Report of Health Care

Daryoush Zarghmizadeh ¹ , Seyedeh Omolbanin Ghasemian ²

1 - Department of Sport Physiology, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran
2 - Department of Veterinary, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran

تاريخ الإرسال : 08 الأحد , ذو الحجة, 1439 تاريخ التأكيد : 13 الجمعة , ذو الحجة, 1439 تاريخ الإصدار : 21 السبت , ذو الحجة, 1439

الکلمات المفتاحية: Training, Carbohydrate, Immunoglobulin,

ملخص المقالة :

Introduction: The immune system is composed of several functional components that respond to a variety of stimuli such as training. The aim of training is to preserve body homeostasis at a reasonable level. The effects of carbohydrate ingestion on training-induced alterations in the immune functions have been comprehensively investigated in past. The aim of this research was to review the effect of continuous aerobic training with low carbohydrate diet on immunoglobulins A, G and M in overweight adult men. Methods: 30 men with age range of 36-50 years and BMI between 25- 30 Kg/m2 were selected and divided into three groups of 10 subjects randomly (control, training, training with low carbohydrate diet). Groups training and training with low carbohydrate diet performed continuous aerobic trainings 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks and low carbohydrate diet was implemented for 8 weeks with 43- 47 % of total received energy of carbohydrates and 36- 40 % of lipids in the diet. The blood samples were taken before beginning the main study program and after 8 weeks of aerobic trainings. The paired sample t- test, one way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to compare the pre-test and post-test data between the groups (p≤0.05). Results: the results showed that eight weeks of training and eight weeks of training with low carbohydrate diet significantly reduced IgA, IgG and IgM (P<0.05). Conclusion: It appears that performing continuous aerobic training with low carbohydrate diet causes a significant drop in plasma levels of immunoglobulins A, G and M and suppress the immune system.

المصادر:

1. Nieman DC, Mitmesser SH. Potential impact of nutrition on immune system recovery from heavy exertion: A metabolomics perspective. Nutr. 2017; 9 (5): 513.


2. Córdova A, Sureda A, Tur JA, Pons, A. Immune response to training in elite sportsmen during the competitive season. J Physiol Biochem. 2010; 66: 1- 6.


3. Rahimi R, Qaderi M, Faraji H, Boroujerdi SS. Effects of very short rest periods on hormonal responses to resistance training in men. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24 (7): 1851- 1859.


4. Gleeson M. Immune function in sport and training. J Appl Physiol. 2007; 103: 693- 699.


5. Romeo J, Wa¨rnberg J, Pozo T, Marcos A. Role of physical activity on immune function Physical activity, immunity and infection. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010; 69 (3): 390- 399.


6. Koch AJ. Immune response to exercise. Braz J Biomot. 2010; 4 (2): 92- 103.


7. Wang MY, An LG. Effects of 12- week’s Tai Chi Chuan practice on the immune function of female college students who lack physical training. Biol Sport. 2011; 28: 45- 49.


8. Engels HJ, Kendall BJ, Fahlman MM, Gothe NP, Bourbeau KC. Salivary immunoglobulin A in healthy adolescent females: effects of maximal training, physical activity, body composition, and diet. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018; 58 (7- 8): 1096- 1101.


9. Karacabey K, Saygin O, Ozmerdivenli R, Zorba E, Godekmerdan A, Bulut V. The effects of training on the immune system and stress hormones in sportswomen. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005; 26 (4): 361- 366.


10. Walsh NP. Training, nutrition and immune function. I. macronutrients and amino acids. in immune function in sport and training. Elsevier: Edinburgh. 2006.


11. Burke LM. Fueling strategies to optimize performance: Training high or training low?. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010; 20: 48- 58.


12. Nieman DC. Training testing and prescription: a health- related approach. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill: New York, NY. 2011.


13. Pyne DB. Nutrition for the athlete‘s immune system: eating to stay well during training and competition. in clinical sports nutrition, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill. 2006.


14. Gunzer W, Konrad M, Pail E. Training- induced immunodepression in endurance athletes and nutritional intervention with carbohydrate, protein and fat- what is possible, what is not?. Nutr. 2012; 4: 1187- 1212.


15. Neurath MF, Finotto S. IL-6 signaling in autoimmunity, chronic inflammation and inflammation-associated cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2011; 22 (2): 83- 89.


16. Unal M, Erdem S, Deniz G. The effects of chronic aerobic and anaerobic trainings on lymphocyte subgroups. J Acta Phys Hung. 2005; 2: 163- 171.


17. Putlur P, Foster C, Miskowski JA, Kane MK, Burton SE, Scheett PT, et al. Alteration of immune function in women collegiate soccer players and college students. J Sports Sci Med. 2004; 3: 234- 243.


18. Pedersen BK, Rohde T, Ostrowski K. Recovery of the immune system after training. J Acta. Phys Scand. 1998; 162: 32- 325.


19. Brolinson PG, Elliott D. Training and the immune system. Clin Sports Med. 2007; 26: 311- 319.


20. Gleeson M. Nutritional support to maintain proper immune status during intense training. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2013; 75: 85- 97.


21. Libicz S, Mercier B, Bigou N, Le Gallais D, Castex F. Salivary IgA response of triathletes participating in the french iron tour. Int J Sports Med. 2006; 27: 389- 394.


22. Imanipour V, Shahedi V, Armandnia M. The effects of physical activity on homoral immune system (IgA, IgG, IgM). Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2009; 1: 2718- 2721.


23. Usui T, Yoshikawa T, Orita K. Changes in salivary antimicrobial peptides, immunoglobulin A and cortisol after prolonged strenuous training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 201: 151- 159.


24. Hu T, Yao L, Reynolds K, Whelton P, Niu Li S, He J, et al. The effects of a low- carbohydrate diet vs. a low fat diet on novel cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr. 2015; 7: 7978- 7994.


25. Nieman DC. Influence of carbohydrate on the immune responses to intensive, prolonged training. Exerc Immunol Rev. 1998; 4: 64- 76.


26. Braun WA, von Duvillard SP. Influence of carbohydrate delivery on the immune response during training and recovery from training. Nutr. 2004; 20: 645- 650.


27. Henson DA, Nieman DC, Parker JCD, et al. Carbohydrate supplementation and the lymphocyte proliferative response to long endurance running. Int J Sports Med. 1998; 19: 574- 580.


28. Bishop NC, Blannin AK, Rand L, Johnson R, Gleeson M. The effects of carbohydrate supplementation on neutrophil degranulation responses to prolonged cycling. Int J Sports Med. 2000; 21: S73.


29. Mitchell B, Pizza FX, Paquet A, Davis JB, Forrest MB, Braun WA. Influence of carbohydrate status on immune responses before and after endurance training. J Appl Physiol. 1998; 84: 1917- 1925.


30. Gleeson M. Can nutrition limit exercise-induced immunodepression?. Nutr Rev. 2006; 64 (3): 119- 131.


31. Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Pyne DB, Nieman DC, Dhabhar FS, Shephard RJ, et al. Position statement. Part two: Maintaining immune health. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2011; 17: 64- 103.


32. Jeukendrup AE, Gleeson M. Sport nutrition: an introduction to energy production and performance. 2nd Ed. Human Kinetics. 2010.


33. Nieman DC. Immunonutrition support for athletes. Nutr Rev. 2008; 66: 310- 320.


34. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Smith LL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Davis JM, et al. Cytokine changes after a marathon race. J Appl Physiol. 2001; 91: 109- 114.