بررسی اثرات توسعه اقتصادی بر امنیت محیط زیستی منطقه خلیج فارس

الموضوعات : فصلنامه علمی برنامه ریزی منطقه ای

سهیل سهیلی نجف آبادی ¹ , گارینه کشیشیان سیرکی ² , محمدرضا قائدی ³ , رضا سیمبر ⁴

1 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه روابط بین‌الملل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد بین‌المللی کیش، کیش، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه روابط بین‌الملل، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی و روابط بین‌الملل، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
4 - استاد گروه سیاسی علوم سیاسی ، دانشگاه گیلان

تاريخ الإرسال : 22 الأحد , شوال, 1441 تاريخ التأكيد : 04 السبت , ذو الحجة, 1441 تاريخ الإصدار : 05 الخميس , ربيع الأول, 1442

الکلمات المفتاحية: توسعه, محیط زیست, امنیت, خلیج فارس, اقتصاد,

ملخص المقالة :

در جهان کنونی، توسعه اقتصادی به یکی از اهداف مهم همه کشورها تبدیل شده و در واقع میزان آن، کارایی سیاست‌های دولت‌ها را به ویژه در بعد اقتصادی نشان می‌دهد. توسعه اقتصادی بر این مبنا با امنیت اقتصادی نیز در پیوند است. اما امنیت، ابعاد دیگری نیز دارد که از جمله آنها امنیت محیط زیستی است. پس از دوره‌ای که مدرنیته به محیط زیست بی‌توجه بود، مشخص شد که توسعه اقتصادی می‌تواند محیط زیست را تخریب کرده و امنیت آن را تهدید کند. بنابراین، توجه نظریه‌های توسعه، به رابطه میان توسعه اقتصادی و حفظ محیط زیست در سطح جهانی، منطقه‌ای و ملی، جلب شد و نظریه توسعه پایدار به وجود آمد. رابطه میان توسعه اقتصادی و محیط زیست در این چارچوب در مناطق در حال توسعه دارای اهمیت است و یکی از این مناطق در حال توسعه، منطقه خلیج فارس است. بنابراین سؤال اصلی این مقاله آن است که توسعه اقتصادی چه اثری بر امنیت زیست محیطی منطقه خلیج فارس دارد؟ روش تحقیق مقاله، روش علّی و معلولی است و به عنوان هدف، در این مقاله تلاش می‌شود تا به رابطه دو وضعیت مهم در کشورهای منطقه خلیج فارس توجه شود، یکی وضعیت اقتصادی این کشورها و دیگری وضعیت امنیت محیط زیستی آنها. نتیجه کلی مقاله نیز نشان می‌دهد که توسعه اقتصادی با اموری همچون توسعه حمل‌ونقل و بنادر، افزایش تولید آب شیرین، ایجاد جزایر مصنوعی، افزایش استفاده از سوخت‌های فسیل برای صنعت و حمل‌ونقل، بی‌توجهی به آب‌توازن موجب شده تا امنیت محیط زیست خلیج فارس تهدید شود.

المصادر:

1. Alikhani, Mehdi (2018). "Identity in Saudi Foreign Policy and Its Regional Consequences", International Studies Journal (ISJ), Vol. 14, Number 3 (55), Winter, pp. 210-181. [In Persian]


2. Annual Report 2001 (2001). OECD, at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-annual-report-2001_annrep-2001-en


3. Ardeshiri, Saeed, Dariush Ranjbar, Abadi lawyer and Forough Ebrahimzadeh (2016). "The Environmental Issue of Sweet Water and Optimizing Sweet Water Factories with Minimal Effects on the Environment." Proceedings of the First Biennial Conference on Oil, Gas and Petrochemicals, May 1, Bushehr: Persian Gulf University.  [In Persian]


4. Bagheri Pabdani, Sajjad (2016). "Environmental Pathology of Occurrence of the Red Death Phenomenon on the Oman and Persian Gulf Coasts", Institute of Future Biological Threats, September 8, at: http://www.biothreats.ir/index.php/component/k2/itemlist/category/17 -sale94 [In Persian]


5. Bozan, Barry, Elie Weaver and Pope de Wilde (2007). A new Framework for Security Analysis, translated by Alireza Tayeb, Tehran, Institute for Strategic Studies. [In Persian]


6. Dubai Customs (2020). “Dubai's 2019 Non-Oil Foreign Trade by Value”, 29 February, at: https://www.dubaicustoms.gov.ae/en/TradeStatistics/Pages


7. Esmaeilnia, Ali Asghar and Shahram Vesfi Asfestani (2016). "The Impact of Security on Economic Growth in Iran and Some Selected Countries", Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, Vol. 16, No. 61, Summer, pp. 154-127. [In Persian]


8. Everett, Tim and Others (2010). “Economic Growth and the Environment”, Defra Evidence and Analysis Series, March, pp. 1-52, at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69195/pb13390-economic-growth-100305.pdf


9. Gholampour, Reza (2014). "Sewage discharge, the most important cause of algal blooms", Committee for Combating Harmful Algae Blossoms, November 20, at: http://www.harmfulalgalblooms.ir/index.php/ [In Persian]


10. Global Carbon Atlas (2019). at: http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions


11. Hajjzaman, Mahmoud (2014). "Photo of the Red Killing Satellite in the Persian Gulf", Khabar Online, January 30, News No. 330091, at: http://www.khabaronline.ir/news/330091 [In Persian]


12. Hassanzadeh, Hossein and Ehsan Hassanzadeh (2016). "Study of legal and environmental dimensions of creating artificial islands in the Persian Gulf", in: Proceedings of the 11th National Scientific-Cultural Conference of the Persian Gulf, Tehran: Scientific-Cultural Tourism Tourism Center of Iranian Students. [In Persian]


13. International Maritime Organization (IMO) (2004). “International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM)”. 13 February and Entry into force: 8 September 2017, at: http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Control-and-Management-of-Ships'-Ballast-Water-and-Sediments-(BWM).aspx


14. Khorramdel, Mehdi (2018). "Fishing Documentary in the Persian Gulf in a Prohibited Way in China!", Directed by Mehdi Khorramdel, Tabnak, September 23, at: http://www.tabnak.ir/003TQg [In Persian]


15. Levin, Kelly and Katie Lebling (2019). “CO2 Emissions Climb to an All-Time High (Again) in 2019: 6 Takeaways from the Latest Climate Data”, World Resources Institute, December 3, at: https://www.wri.org/blog/2019/12/co2-emissions-climb-all-time-high-again-2019-6-takeaways-latest-climate-data


16. Manshadi, Morteza and Behrouz Ismailzadeh (2018). "Water Crisis and Regional Crisis Management", International Studies Journal (ISJ), Vol. 14, No. 3 (55), Winter, pp. 241-211. [In Persian]


17. Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2019). Environment, March 29, at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/environment


18. Mohammadi, Fatemeh (2012). "UAE Artificial Islands in the Persian Gulf and Its Impacts on the Islamic Republic of Iran", International Center for Peace Studies (IPSC), December, in: Artificial Islands-United Arab Emirates-in-the-Gulf, http:// peace-ipsc. org/ fa/ [In Persian]


19. Mojtahedzadeh, Pirooz and Bahador Zarei (2017). "Maritime Restrictions in the Persian Gulf", International Studies Journal (ISJ), Volume 14, Number 2 (54), Autumn, pp. 66-49. [In Persian]


20. Monfaredi, Keyvan (2017). "Environmental Effects of Confectionery Water Facilities", Kavir Engineering Group, February 16, at: https://www.kavireng.ir/water/fa/ [In Persian]


21. Mottaqi, Samira (2016). "Investigation of the effect of factors affecting the economic growth of Iran with emphasis on non-oil industries (Case study: tourism industry)", Journal of Geography, Volume 14, Number 49, Summer, pp. 401-389. [In Persian]


22. Mushkat, Najmuddin (2020). "Tensions in the Persian Gulf and the Security of Freshwater", translated by the Future Institute for the Research of the Islamic World, Belfour Institute, in: http://www.iiwfs.com/islam-world/islam-world-notes-and-papers/1306 [In Persian]


23. Nabavi, Baqer (2008). "Interview with Baqer Nabavi, Deputy Minister of Marine Environment of the Environmental Protection Organization of Iran", Mehr News Agency, September 18, at: http://www.mehrnews.com/xcPpG [In Persian]


24. Nakheel Project (2019). at: https://www.nakheel.com/nakheel-who-we-are.html


25. Omidi, Maryam (2011). "Environmental Pollution: The Future Threat of the Persian Gulf", Journal of Geographical Education Development, No. 93, Winter, pp. 33-28. [In Persian]


26. Pourasghar Ghaziani, Massoud, Mostafa Kamyab and Sidamir Dozdeh Emami (2012). "Environmental Assessment of the Construction of the Persian Gulf Bridges in the South of the Country", in: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Coasts, Bannards and Marine Structures, November 20 to December 22, Tehran: Ports and Shipping Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran. [In Persian]


27. Rahmani, Abolghasem (2016). "Depth of the Persian Gulf, Don't Be a Chinese Neighborhood", Farhikhtegan Online, October 5, at: http://www.fdn.ir/31978 [In Persian]


28. Rashad, Marwa (2019). “Saudi Expects Wider 2020 Budget Deficit of $50 Billion - Finance Minister”, Reuters, October 31, at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-economy-budget/saudi-expects-wider-2020-budget-deficit-of-50-billion-finance-minister-idUSKBN1XA2EO


29. Salacanin, Stasa (2019). “How Drinking Water Has Become a Major Conflict Deterrence Factor in The Gulf Region”, Al-Arabia English, 21 August, at: https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2019/8/22/drinking-water-a-major-conflict-deterrence-factor-in-gulf


30. Samanpejouh, Mahdis (2015). Pearl (review of the history of fishing for pearl oysters in Iran and the world), Tehran: Abzian Scientific Publications, third edition. [In Persian]


31. Sanusi Barkindo, Mohammad (2018). “OPEC Statement to the UN Climate Change Conference (COP24)”, OPEC Official Website, at: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/5302.htm


32. Shirzadi, Reza (2015). "Factors of Human Development in the United Arab Emirates", Journal of Contemporary Political Research, Volume 6, Number 2, Summer, pp. 138-119. [In Persian]


33. Soleimanpour, Hadi and Farzaneh Baniasad Azad (2017). "Paris Agreement: A New Axis of Cooperation in the Persian Gulf Region", Foreign Policy, Vol. 31, No. 3, Fall, pp. 60-37. [In Persian]


34. Steele, Robert (2008). “Environmental Protection”, UNESCO Bankon, at: http://www.unesdoc.unesco.org


35. Taghavi, Mohammad Reza (2019). "What is the source of oil pollution in the waters of the Persian Gulf?", Our Oil; Agency for Important Oil and Energy Events, October 4, at: http://www.naftema.com/news/117506/ [In Persian]


36. Triev et al. (2004). New Security Studies, translated by Alireza Tayeb and Vahid Bozorgi, Tehran, Institute for Strategic Studies. [In Persian]


37. Varzesh, Ismail and Zahra Mousavi (2012). "Environmental Geopolitics of the Persian Gulf (Case Study: Artificial Islands of the United Arab Emirates)", in: Proceedings of the 11th National Scientific-Cultural Conference of the Persian Gulf, Tehran: Iranian Students Scientific-Cultural Tourism Center. [In Persian]


38. World Bank (1991). World Development Report 1991, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.


39. World Bank GDP (2019). at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2018&locations=IR-SA-IQ-OM-KW-AE-BH-QA&start=2000&view=chart


40. World Bank GDP PPP (2019). at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?end=2018&locations=IR-SA-AE-BH-IQ-QA-OM-KW&start=2000


41. World Bank Green House Gas from Transport (2019). at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.CO2.TRAN.ZS?end=2018&locations=IR-SA-AE-BH-IQ-QA-OM-KW&start=2000


42. World Bank Growth (2019). at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2018&locations=IR-SA-AE-BH-IQ-QA-OM-KW&start=2000


43. World Economic Forum (2019). “UAE Foreign Trade”, at: https://www.google.com/publicdata


44. Yang, Tseming (2013). “The Top 10 Trends in International Enviromental Law”, Stnta Clara University School of Law Legal Studies Research Papers Series, Accept Paper No. 22.


45. Yousefi, Soren (2017). Padideh Keshnd Sorkh, Persian Gulf Studies Center, December 12, at: http://www.persiangulfstudies.com/en/pages/297 [In Persian]


46. Zargar, Ali Asghar and Zeinab Norouzi Kalrami (2016). "Responsibility of States in the Persian Gulf in Environmental Protection", Journal of International Relations Studies, Volume 9, Number 33, Spring, pp. 281-251. [In Persian]


47. Zohdi, Elahe and Abasspour Madjid (2018). “Red Tide Development Modeling in Persian Gulf and Study Nutrient Effects on Algal Bloom”, Research in Marine Sciences Journal, Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 289-302.