بکارگیری فيزيك پزشكي در عمل رادیوتراپی به منظور درمان بهتر و دقيق تر
الموضوعات :
1 - Islamic AZAD University, South Tehran Branch
الکلمات المفتاحية: بافت, دزيمتري, راديوتراپي, زمان تابش دهي, طراحي درمان.,
ملخص المقالة :
دو مورد از موارد بسیار مهمی که امروزه در بحث فيزيك پزشكي و رادیوتراپی مطرح است، طراحی درمان و دزیمتری می باشد. همچنین یکی از موارد بسیار مهم دیگر در امر رادیوتراپی، مدت زمان مناسب برای پرتودهی است و اینکه یک بیمار، چه مدتی می بایست تحت تابش قرار گیرد. چرا که قرارگیری بیش از حد مجاز، باعث صدمه دیدن جدي بافت های سالم شده و قرار نگرفتن به اندازه کافی نیز باعث عدم درمان ضایعه و تومور خواهد گردید. لذا در اين تحقيق، برقراري يك ارتباط بين طراحي درمان و دزيمتري، منجر به تعيين مدت زمان تابش دهي يك بيمار مي گردد كه باعث دقت بسيار بيشتري در عمل راديوتراپي خواهد گرديد. چون تعیین هندسه و ابعاد برخی از بافت های خیلی نازک نظیر بافت پوست یا بافت های مخاطی و نیز مدلسازی آن ها برای محاسبۀ دز جذبی امکان پذیر نیست، از مدل های مختلفی از فانتوم ها به عنوان بافت هاي نرم استفاده مي شود. لذا توسط عمل طراحي درمان و نيز يك دزيمتري دقيق، ميزان زمان پرتودهي مورد نياز براي يك بافت كه پارامتر بسيار مهم و حياتي در عمل راديوتراپي است مي تواند اندازه گيري شود و بدين طريق از جذب دز اضافي ناشي از پرتودهي به بافت هاي سالم بدن جلوگيري نمود.
المصادر:
1. Quimby EH, Cohen BS, Castro V, Meredith WJ. Calculation of tissue doses and data for the production of isodose charts, using standard depth-dose tables. Radiology. 1956 May;66(5):667-85.
2. Mavroidis P, Ferreira BC, Lopes MD. Response‐probability volume histograms and iso‐probability of response charts in treatment plan evaluation. Medical Physics. 2011 May;38(5):2382-97.
3. Lee C, Lodwick D, Hasenauer D, Williams JL, Lee C, Bolch WE. Hybrid computational phantoms of the male and female newborn patient: NURBS-based whole-body models. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2007 May 16;52(12):3309.
4. Toney-Butler TJ, Nicolas S, Wilcox L. Dose Calculation Ratio and Proportion Method.
5. Antony MM, Barlow DH, editors. Handbook of assessment and treatment planning for psychological disorders. Guilford press; 2011 Oct 20.
6. Nair CK, Parida DK, Nomura T. Radioprotectors in radiotherapy. Journal of radiation research. 2001;42(1):21-37.
7. Khan FM, Sperduto PW, Gibbons JP. Khan's Treatment Planning in Radiation Oncology:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2021 Sep 17.
8. Shalek RJ, Stovall MA. The calculation of isodose distributions in interstitial implantations by a computer. Radiology. 1961 Jan;76(1):119-20.
9. Grissom MP. Radiation protection and dosimetry: an introduction to health physics.
10. Dane B, O’Donnell T, Liu S, Vega E, Mohammed S, Singh V, Kapoor A, Megibow A. Radiation dose reduction, improved isocenter accuracy and CT scan time savings with automatic patient positioning by a 3D camera. European journal of radiology. 2021 Mar 1;136:109537.
11. Paddick I, Lippitz B. A simple dose gradient measurement tool to complement the conformity index. Journal of neurosurgery. 2006 Dec 1;105(Supplement):194-201.
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13. Malatesta T, Landoni V, Delle Canne S, Bufacchi A, Marmiroli L, Caspiani O, Bonanni A, Tortoreto F, Leone MV, Capparella R, Fragomeni R. Dosimetric, mechanical, and geometric verification of conformal dynamic arc treatment. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 2003 Jun;4(3):195-203.
14. Verhey LJ. Immobilizing and positioning patients for radiotherapy. InSeminars in radiation oncology 1995 Apr 1 (Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 100-114). WB Saunders.
15. Chen YJ, Chen MB, Liu AJ, Sanchez J, Tsai P, Liu A. Dosimetric Coverage of the External Anal Sphincter by 3‐Dimensional Conformal Fields in Rectal Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation: Implications for the Concept of Sphincter‐Preserving Radiation Therapy. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014(1):578243.
16. Zou W, Dong L, Teo BK. Current state of image guidance in radiation oncology: implications for PTV margin expansion and adaptive therapy. InSeminars in radiation oncology 2018 Jul 1 (Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 238-247). WB Saunders.
17. Donaldson SS. Ewing sarcoma: radiation dose and target volume. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2004 May;42(5):471-6.
18. Antolak JA, Rosen II. Planning target volumes for radiotherapy: how much margin is needed?. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1999 Jul 15;44(5):1165-70.
19. Engelsman M, Kooy HM. Target volume dose considerations in proton beam treatment planning for lung tumors. Medical physics. 2005 Dec;32(12):3549-57.
20. Haie-Meder C, Pötter R, Van Limbergen E, Briot E, De Brabandere M, Dimopoulos J, Dumas I, Hellebust TP, Kirisits C, Lang S, Muschitz S. Recommendations from Gynaecological (GYN) GEC-ESTRO Working Group☆(I): concepts and terms in 3D image based 3D treatment planning in cervix cancer brachytherapy with emphasis on MRI assessment of GTV and CTV. Radiotherapy and oncology. 2005 Mar 1;74(3):235-45.
21. Grégoire V, Evans M, Le QT, Bourhis J, Budach V, Chen A, Eisbruch A, Feng M, Giralt J, Gupta T, Hamoir M. Delineation of the primary tumour clinical target volumes (ctv-p) in laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: Airo, caca, dahanca, eortc, georcc, gortec, hknpcsg, hncig, iag-kht, lprhht, ncic ctg, ncri, nrg oncology, phns, sbrt, somera, sro, sshno, trog consensus guidelines. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2018 Jan 1;126(1):3-24.
22. Kaprin AD, Mardinsky YS. Therapeutic radiology: national guidelines. Kaprin AD, Mardynsky US–Publishing house: GEOTAR-Media. 2018.
23. Liu W, Frank SJ, Li X, Li Y, Zhu RX, Mohan R. PTV‐based IMPT optimization incorporating planning risk volumes vs robust optimization. Medical physics. 2013 Feb;40(2):021709.
24. Kramer R, Khoury HJ, Vieira JW, Loureiro EC, Lima VJ, Lima FR, Hoff G. All about FAX: a Female Adult voXel phantom for Monte Carlo calculation in radiation protection dosimetry. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2004 Nov 10;49(23):5203.
25. Zukauskaite R, Kristensen MH, Eriksen JG, Johansen J, Samsøe E, Johnsen L, Lønkvist CK, Grau C, Hansen CR. Comparison of 3-year local control using DAHANCA radiotherapy guidelines before and after implementation of five millimetres geometrical GTV to high-dose CTV margin. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2024 Jul 1;196:110284.
26. Stroom JC, Heijmen BJ. Limitations of the planning organ at risk volume (PRV) concept. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2006 Sep 1;66(1):279-86.
27. Hysing LB, Kvinnsland Y, Lord H, Muren LP. Planning organ at risk volume margins for organ motion of the intestine. Radiotherapy and oncology. 2006 Sep 1;80(3):349-54.
28. Blonigen BJ, Steinmetz RD, Levin L, Lamba MA, Warnick RE, Breneman JC. Irradiated volume as a predictor of brain radionecrosis after linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2010 Jul 15;77(4):996-1001.
29. Chen J, Hu Z, Tong J, Zhou B, Zhang R, Zhao C, Xu J, nian Fu S, Liang T. Study of BNCT neutronics optimization for out-of-beam dosimetry based on radiobiological figures of merit. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 2021 Dec 1;508:1-9.
30. Lin L, Dou Q, Jin YM, Zhou GQ, Tang YQ, Chen WL, Su BA, Liu F, Tao CJ, Jiang N, Li JY. Deep learning for automated contouring of primary tumor volumes by MRI for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiology. 2019 Jun;291(3):677-86.
31. Drzymala RE, Mohan R, Brewster L, Chu J, Goitein M, Harms W, Urie M. Dose-volume histograms. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1991 May 15;21(1):71-8.
32. Rajon DA, Jokisch DW, Patton PW, Shah AP, Bolch WE. Voxel size effects in three‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy performed for trabecular bone dosimetry. Medical physics. 2000 Nov;27(11):2624-35.
33. Okano T, Harata Y, Sugihara Y, Sakaino R, Tsuchida R, Iwai K, Seki K, Araki K. Absorbed and effective doses from cone beam volumetric imaging for implant planning. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2009 Feb 1;38(2):79-85.
34. Honda O, Yanagawa M, Hata A, Kikuchi N, Miyata T, Tsukagoshi S, Uranishi A, Tomiyama N. Influence of gantry rotation time and scan mode on image quality in ultra-high-resolution CT system. European Journal of Radiology. 2018 Jun 1;103:71-5.
35. Fischer H, Polikarpov I, Craievich AF. Average protein density is a molecular‐weight‐dependent function. Protein Science. 2004 Oct;13(10):2825-8.
36. Otte JW, Merrick MA, Ingersoll CD, Cordova ML. Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness alters cooling time during cryotherapy. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2002 Nov 1;83(11):1501-5.
37. Richmond CR. ICRP report of the task group on reference man. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot.;(United Kingdom). 1985 May 1;36(5).
38. Hankins DE. New methods of neutron dose rate evaluation. Los Alamos Scientific Lab., N. Mex.; 1962 Jan 1.
39. Fisher Jr HL, Snyder WS. Distribution of dose in the body from a source of gamma rays distributed uniformly in an organ. InProceedings of the First International Congress of Radiation Protection 1968 Jan 1 (pp. 1473-1486). Pergamon.
40. Fisher Jr HL. Variation of dose delivered by^< 137> Cs as a function of body size from infancy to adulthood. ORNL-4007. 1966:221-8.
41. Tang Y, Liu S, Deng Y, Zhang Y, Yin L, Zheng W. An improved method for soft tissue modeling. Biomedical signal processing and control. 2021 Mar 1;65:102367.
42. Arnold N, Scott J, Bush TR. A review of the characterizations of soft tissues used in human body modeling: scope, limitations, and the path forward. Journal of Tissue Viability. 2023 May 1;32(2):286-304.
43. Doroud K, Williams MC. A new approach for improved time and position measurements for TOF-PET: Time-stamping of the photo-electrons using analogue SiPMs. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2017 Mar 21;849:16-9.
44. Brodar V. Observations on skin thickness and subcutaneous tissue in man. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie. 1960 Apr 1(H. 3):386-95.
45. Kramer R, Cassola VF, Khoury HJ, Vieira JW, de Melo Lima VJ, Brown KR. FASH and MASH: female and male adult human phantoms based on polygon mesh surfaces: II. Dosimetric calculations. Physics in medicine & biology. 2009 Dec 10;55(1):163.
46. Chen HH, Kuo MT. Improving radiotherapy in cancer treatment: Promises and challenges. Oncotarget. 2017 Sep 9;8(37):62742.
47. Zaidi H, Xu XG. Computational anthropomorphic models of the human anatomy: the path to realistic Monte Carlo modeling in radiological sciences. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.. 2007 Aug 15;9(1):471-500.
48. Goorley JT, Kiger Iii WS, Zamenhof RG. Reference dosimetry calculations for neutron capture therapy with comparison of analytical and voxel models. Medical Physics. 2002 Feb;29(2):145-56.
49. Shirazi SA. The assessment of radioisotopes and radiomedicines in the MNSR reactor of Isfahan and obtaining the burnup by applying the obtained information. In2012 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference 2012 Mar 27 (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
50. Nair CK, Parida DK, Nomura T. Radioprotectors in radiotherapy. Journal of radiation research. 2001;42(1):21-37.
51. Kurz C, Buizza G, Landry G, Kamp F, Rabe M, Paganelli C, Baroni G, Reiner M, Keall PJ, van den Berg CA, Riboldi M. Medical physics challenges in clinical MR-guided radiotherapy. Radiation Oncology. 2020 Dec;15:1-6.
52. Holte S, Emerman M. A competition model for viral inhibition of host cell proliferation. Mathematical biosciences. 2000 Jul 1;166(1):69-84.
1. Quimby EH, Cohen BS, Castro V, Meredith WJ. Calculation of tissue doses and data for the production of isodose charts, using standard depth-dose tables. Radiology. 1956 May;66(5):667-85.
2. Mavroidis P, Ferreira BC, Lopes MD. Response‐probability volume histograms and iso‐probability of response charts in treatment plan evaluation. Medical Physics. 2011 May;38(5):2382-97.
3. Lee C, Lodwick D, Hasenauer D, Williams JL, Lee C, Bolch WE. Hybrid computational phantoms of the male and female newborn patient: NURBS-based whole-body models. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2007 May 16;52(12):3309.
4. Toney-Butler TJ, Nicolas S, Wilcox L. Dose Calculation Ratio and Proportion Method.
5. Antony MM, Barlow DH, editors. Handbook of assessment and treatment planning for psychological disorders. Guilford press; 2011 Oct 20.
6. Nair CK, Parida DK, Nomura T. Radioprotectors in radiotherapy. Journal of radiation research. 2001;42(1):21-37.
7. Khan FM, Sperduto PW, Gibbons JP. Khan's Treatment Planning in Radiation Oncology:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2021 Sep 17.
8. Shalek RJ, Stovall MA. The calculation of isodose distributions in interstitial implantations by a computer. Radiology. 1961 Jan;76(1):119-20.
9. Grissom MP. Radiation protection and dosimetry: an introduction to health physics.
10. Dane B, O’Donnell T, Liu S, Vega E, Mohammed S, Singh V, Kapoor A, Megibow A. Radiation dose reduction, improved isocenter accuracy and CT scan time savings with automatic patient positioning by a 3D camera. European journal of radiology. 2021 Mar 1;136:109537.
11. Paddick I, Lippitz B. A simple dose gradient measurement tool to complement the conformity index. Journal of neurosurgery. 2006 Dec 1;105(Supplement):194-201.
12. Urie MM, Goitein M, Doppke K, Kutcher JG, LoSasso T, Mohan R, Munzenrider JE, Sontag M, Wong JW. The role of uncertainty analysis in treatment planning. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1991 May 15;21(1):91-107.
13. Malatesta T, Landoni V, Delle Canne S, Bufacchi A, Marmiroli L, Caspiani O, Bonanni A, Tortoreto F, Leone MV, Capparella R, Fragomeni R. Dosimetric, mechanical, and geometric verification of conformal dynamic arc treatment. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 2003 Jun;4(3):195-203.
14. Verhey LJ. Immobilizing and positioning patients for radiotherapy. InSeminars in radiation oncology 1995 Apr 1 (Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 100-114). WB Saunders.
15. Chen YJ, Chen MB, Liu AJ, Sanchez J, Tsai P, Liu A. Dosimetric Coverage of the External Anal Sphincter by 3‐Dimensional Conformal Fields in Rectal Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation: Implications for the Concept of Sphincter‐Preserving Radiation Therapy. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014(1):578243.
16. Zou W, Dong L, Teo BK. Current state of image guidance in radiation oncology: implications for PTV margin expansion and adaptive therapy. InSeminars in radiation oncology 2018 Jul 1 (Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 238-247). WB Saunders.
17. Donaldson SS. Ewing sarcoma: radiation dose and target volume. Pediatric blood & cancer. 2004 May;42(5):471-6.
18. Antolak JA, Rosen II. Planning target volumes for radiotherapy: how much margin is needed?. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1999 Jul 15;44(5):1165-70.
19. Engelsman M, Kooy HM. Target volume dose considerations in proton beam treatment planning for lung tumors. Medical physics. 2005 Dec;32(12):3549-57.
20. Haie-Meder C, Pötter R, Van Limbergen E, Briot E, De Brabandere M, Dimopoulos J, Dumas I, Hellebust TP, Kirisits C, Lang S, Muschitz S. Recommendations from Gynaecological (GYN) GEC-ESTRO Working Group☆(I): concepts and terms in 3D image based 3D treatment planning in cervix cancer brachytherapy with emphasis on MRI assessment of GTV and CTV. Radiotherapy and oncology. 2005 Mar 1;74(3):235-45.
21. Grégoire V, Evans M, Le QT, Bourhis J, Budach V, Chen A, Eisbruch A, Feng M, Giralt J, Gupta T, Hamoir M. Delineation of the primary tumour clinical target volumes (ctv-p) in laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: Airo, caca, dahanca, eortc, georcc, gortec, hknpcsg, hncig, iag-kht, lprhht, ncic ctg, ncri, nrg oncology, phns, sbrt, somera, sro, sshno, trog consensus guidelines. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2018 Jan 1;126(1):3-24.
22. Kaprin AD, Mardinsky YS. Therapeutic radiology: national guidelines. Kaprin AD, Mardynsky US–Publishing house: GEOTAR-Media. 2018.
23. Liu W, Frank SJ, Li X, Li Y, Zhu RX, Mohan R. PTV‐based IMPT optimization incorporating planning risk volumes vs robust optimization. Medical physics. 2013 Feb;40(2):021709.
24. Kramer R, Khoury HJ, Vieira JW, Loureiro EC, Lima VJ, Lima FR, Hoff G. All about FAX: a Female Adult voXel phantom for Monte Carlo calculation in radiation protection dosimetry. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2004 Nov 10;49(23):5203.
25. Zukauskaite R, Kristensen MH, Eriksen JG, Johansen J, Samsøe E, Johnsen L, Lønkvist CK, Grau C, Hansen CR. Comparison of 3-year local control using DAHANCA radiotherapy guidelines before and after implementation of five millimetres geometrical GTV to high-dose CTV margin. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2024 Jul 1;196:110284.
26. Stroom JC, Heijmen BJ. Limitations of the planning organ at risk volume (PRV) concept. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2006 Sep 1;66(1):279-86.
27. Hysing LB, Kvinnsland Y, Lord H, Muren LP. Planning organ at risk volume margins for organ motion of the intestine. Radiotherapy and oncology. 2006 Sep 1;80(3):349-54.
28. Blonigen BJ, Steinmetz RD, Levin L, Lamba MA, Warnick RE, Breneman JC. Irradiated volume as a predictor of brain radionecrosis after linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2010 Jul 15;77(4):996-1001.
29. Chen J, Hu Z, Tong J, Zhou B, Zhang R, Zhao C, Xu J, nian Fu S, Liang T. Study of BNCT neutronics optimization for out-of-beam dosimetry based on radiobiological figures of merit. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 2021 Dec 1;508:1-9.
30. Lin L, Dou Q, Jin YM, Zhou GQ, Tang YQ, Chen WL, Su BA, Liu F, Tao CJ, Jiang N, Li JY. Deep learning for automated contouring of primary tumor volumes by MRI for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiology. 2019 Jun;291(3):677-86.
31. Drzymala RE, Mohan R, Brewster L, Chu J, Goitein M, Harms W, Urie M. Dose-volume histograms. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1991 May 15;21(1):71-8.
32. Rajon DA, Jokisch DW, Patton PW, Shah AP, Bolch WE. Voxel size effects in three‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy performed for trabecular bone dosimetry. Medical physics. 2000 Nov;27(11):2624-35.
33. Okano T, Harata Y, Sugihara Y, Sakaino R, Tsuchida R, Iwai K, Seki K, Araki K. Absorbed and effective doses from cone beam volumetric imaging for implant planning. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2009 Feb 1;38(2):79-85.
34. Honda O, Yanagawa M, Hata A, Kikuchi N, Miyata T, Tsukagoshi S, Uranishi A, Tomiyama N. Influence of gantry rotation time and scan mode on image quality in ultra-high-resolution CT system. European Journal of Radiology. 2018 Jun 1;103:71-5.
35. Fischer H, Polikarpov I, Craievich AF. Average protein density is a molecular‐weight‐dependent function. Protein Science. 2004 Oct;13(10):2825-8.
36. Otte JW, Merrick MA, Ingersoll CD, Cordova ML. Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness alters cooling time during cryotherapy. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2002 Nov 1;83(11):1501-5.
37. Richmond CR. ICRP report of the task group on reference man. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot.;(United Kingdom). 1985 May 1;36(5).
38. Hankins DE. New methods of neutron dose rate evaluation. Los Alamos Scientific Lab., N. Mex.; 1962 Jan 1.
39. Fisher Jr HL, Snyder WS. Distribution of dose in the body from a source of gamma rays distributed uniformly in an organ. InProceedings of the First International Congress of Radiation Protection 1968 Jan 1 (pp. 1473-1486). Pergamon.
40. Fisher Jr HL. Variation of dose delivered by^< 137> Cs as a function of body size from infancy to adulthood. ORNL-4007. 1966:221-8.
41. Tang Y, Liu S, Deng Y, Zhang Y, Yin L, Zheng W. An improved method for soft tissue modeling. Biomedical signal processing and control. 2021 Mar 1;65:102367.
42. Arnold N, Scott J, Bush TR. A review of the characterizations of soft tissues used in human body modeling: scope, limitations, and the path forward. Journal of Tissue Viability. 2023 May 1;32(2):286-304.
43. Doroud K, Williams MC. A new approach for improved time and position measurements for TOF-PET: Time-stamping of the photo-electrons using analogue SiPMs. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2017 Mar 21;849:16-9.
44. Brodar V. Observations on skin thickness and subcutaneous tissue in man. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie. 1960 Apr 1(H. 3):386-95.
45. Kramer R, Cassola VF, Khoury HJ, Vieira JW, de Melo Lima VJ, Brown KR. FASH and MASH: female and male adult human phantoms based on polygon mesh surfaces: II. Dosimetric calculations. Physics in medicine & biology. 2009 Dec 10;55(1):163.
46. Chen HH, Kuo MT. Improving radiotherapy in cancer treatment: Promises and challenges. Oncotarget. 2017 Sep 9;8(37):62742.
47. Zaidi H, Xu XG. Computational anthropomorphic models of the human anatomy: the path to realistic Monte Carlo modeling in radiological sciences. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.. 2007 Aug 15;9(1):471-500.
48. Goorley JT, Kiger Iii WS, Zamenhof RG. Reference dosimetry calculations for neutron capture therapy with comparison of analytical and voxel models. Medical Physics. 2002 Feb;29(2):145-56.
49. Shirazi SA. The assessment of radioisotopes and radiomedicines in the MNSR reactor of Isfahan and obtaining the burnup by applying the obtained information. In2012 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference 2012 Mar 27 (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
50. Nair CK, Parida DK, Nomura T. Radioprotectors in radiotherapy. Journal of radiation research. 2001;42(1):21-37.
51. Kurz C, Buizza G, Landry G, Kamp F, Rabe M, Paganelli C, Baroni G, Reiner M, Keall PJ, van den Berg CA, Riboldi M. Medical physics challenges in clinical MR-guided radiotherapy. Radiation Oncology. 2020 Dec;15:1-6.
52. Holte S, Emerman M. A competition model for viral inhibition of host cell proliferation. Mathematical biosciences. 2000 Jul 1;166(1):69-84.
