A Review of Methods for Qualitative Detection of Aflatoxin
الموضوعات :
1 - Department Of Laboratory Sciences, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan , Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: aflatoxins, extraction, clean-up, analysis, detection,
ملخص المقالة :
One of the factors that is widely scattered in nature and causes contamination of food sources in humans and animals is aflatoxin-producing fungi, which can have dangerous effects on the consumer. It seems that aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus species are very dangerous and toxic and cause severe food contamination and high carcinogenic power. It seems that even a low concentration of aflatoxin has dangerous side effects, so the identification and quantification of this toxin in food and feed can have a high degree of sensitivity. In this field, there are strong methods for identification and quantification, which necessitates the development of aflatoxin research. The existence of appropriate methods for quantifying these poisons, accurate diagnosis and control can ensure the health of consumers and prevent the occurrence of dangers and side effects of poisons. There are various laboratory methods such as chromatography for the detection of aflatoxins. in this study, we will compare the analytical and analytical methods of aflatoxin determination, which can be effective in deciding to choose the right method with the appropriate sensitivity level for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of aflatoxin identification in food.
المصادر:
1Adebo OA, Njobeh PB, Gbash S, Nwinyl OC, Mavumengwana V (2017) Review on microbial degradation of aflatoxins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57(15):3208–3217
-2Akhtar S, Riaz M, Naeem I, Gong YY, Ismail A, Hussain M, Akram K (2020) Risk assessment of aflatoxins and selected heavy metals through intake of branded and non-branded spices col- lected from the markets of Multan city of Pakistan. Food Control 112:107132
-3Austwick PKC, Ayerst G (1963) Groundnut microflora and toxioity. Chem Indust 2(Japan 12):55–61 Awasthi V, Bahman S, Thakur LK, Singh SK, Dua A, Ganguly S (2012) Contaminants in milk and impact of heating: an assessment study. Indian J Public Health 56:95–99
-4Azam K, Akhtar S, Gong YY, Routledge MN, Ismail A, Oliveira CAF, Iqbal SZ, Ali H (2020) Evaluation of the impact of activated carbon-based filtration system on the concentration of aflatoxins and selected heavy metals in roasted coffee. Food Control 121:107583
-5Benkerroum N (2020) Aflatoxins: producing-molds, structure, health issues and incidence in southeast Asian and sub-Saharan African countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(4):1215
-6Chen Y, Kong Q, Chi C, Shan S, Guan B (2015) Biotransformation of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin G1 in peanut meal by anaerobic solid fermentation of Streptococcus thermophilus and lactoba- cillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Int J Food Microbiol 211:1–5
-7García S, Heredia NL (2014) Aflatoxins: an overview. Aflatoxin control: safeguarding animal feed with calcium smectite (aflatoxincontro), pp. 1–10
-8Guan Y, Chen J, Nepovimova E, Long M, Wu W, Kuca K (2021) Aflatoxin detoxification using microorganisms and enzymes. Toxins 13(1):46
-9Hassan HF, Kassaify Z (2014) The risks associated with aflatoxins M1 occurrence in Lebanese dairy products. Food Control 37:68–72
-10Iram W, Anjum T, Iqbal M, Ghaffar A, Abbas M (2015) Mass spectrometric identification and tox- icity assessment of degraded products of aflatoxin B1 and B2 by Corymbia citriodora aqueous extracts. Sci Rep 5:146–172
-11Ismail A, Riaz M, Akhtar S, Yoo SH, Park S, Abid M, Ahmad Z (2017) Seasonal variation of afla- toxin B1 content in dairy feed. J Anim Feed Sci 26:33–37
-12Fasoyin OE, Wang B, Qiu M, Han X, Chung KR, Wang S (2018) Carbon catabolite repression gene creA regulates morphology, aflatoxin biosynthesis and virulence in aspergillus flavus. Fungal Genet Biol 115:41–51
-13Fasoyin OE, Yang K, Qiu M, Wang B, Wang S, Wang S (2019) Regulation of morphology, afla- toxin production, and virulence of aspergillus flavus by the major nitrogen regulatory gene areA. Toxins 11:718
-14Gacem MA, El Hadj-Khelil AO (2016) Toxicology, biosynthesis, bio-control of aflatoxin and new methods of detection. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 6:808–814
-15Gallo A, Solfrizzo M, Epifani F, Panzarini G, Perrone G (2016) Effect of temperature and water activity on gene expression and aflatoxin biosynthesis in aspergillus flavus on almond medium. Int J Food Microbiol 217:162–169
-16Akhtar S, Riaz M, Naeem I, Gong YY, Ismail A, Hussain M, Akram K (2020) Risk assessment of aflatoxins and selected heavy metals through intake of branded and non-branded spices col- lected from the markets of Multan city of Pakistan. Food Control 112:107–132
-17Al Jabir M, Barcaru A, Latiff A, Jaganjac M, Ramadan G, Horvatovich P (2019) Dietary exposure of the Qatari population to food mycotoxins and reflections on the regulation limits. Toxicol Rep 6:975–982
-18Alegbe S, Yakubu S, Olonitola S, Mukhtar M (2017) Assessing Aflatoxin M1 levels among lactat- ing mothers’ in Damaturu Yobe state, Nigeria. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci 10(1):198–203
-19Ali N, Hossain K, Blaszkewicz M, Rahman M, Mohanto NC, Alim A, Degen GH (2016) Occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in urines from rural and urban adult cohorts in Bangladesh. Arch Toxicol 90(7):1749–1755
-20Ali N, Blaszkewicz M, Hossain K, Degen GH (2017) Determination of aflatoxin M1 in urine samples indicates frequent dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 in the Bangladeshi population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 220(2):271–281
-21Al-Jaal BA, Jaganjac M, Barcaru A, Horvatovich P, Latiff A (2019) Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochra- toxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in human biological fluids. A systematic literature review, 2001–2018. Food Chem Toxicol 129:211–228
-22Alvarez CS, Hernández E, Escobar K, Villagrán CI, Kroker-Lobos MF, Rivera-Andrade A, Smith JW, Egner PA, Lazo M, Freedman ND (2020) Aflatoxin B1 exposure and liver cirrhosis in Guatemala: a case–control study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 7(1):e000380
-23Robertson O, Isah (2016) Aflatoxin M1 in breast milk, cow milk and milk products in Minna, Nigeria and their predisposing factors. Biochem Anal Biochem 5:4
-24Akhtar S, Shahzad MA, Yoo SH, Ismail A, Hameed A, Ismail T, Riaz M (2017) Determination of aflatoxin M1 and heavy metals in infant formula milk brands available in Pakistani markets. Korean J Food Sci 37(1):79–96
-25Shrestha R, Wang JS (2019) Relatively low maternal aflatoxin exposure is associated with small-for-gestational-age but not with other birth outcomes in a prospective birth cohort study of Nepalese infants. J Nutr 149(10):1818–1825
-26Apeagyei F, Lamplugh S, Hendrickse R, Affram K, Lucas S (1986) Aflatoxins in the livers of children with kwashiorkor in Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 38:273–276 Asrani SK, Devarbhavi H, Eaton J, Kamath PS (2019) Burden of liver diseases in the world. J Hepatol 70(1):151–171
-27Ayelign A, Woldegiorgis AZ, Adish A, De Saeger S (2018) Total aflatoxins in complementary foods produced at community levels using locally available ingredients in Ethiopia. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 11(2):111–118
-28Bao XY, Li SL, Gao YN, Wang JQ, Zheng N (2019) Transcriptome analysis revealed that aflatoxin M1 could cause cell cycle arrest in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 59:35–43
-29Benkerroum N (2020) Chronic and acute toxicities of aflatoxins: mechanisms of action. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(2):423
-30Bischoff K, Mukai M, Ramaiah SK (2018) Liver toxicity. In: Veterinary toxicology. Academic Press, pp 239–257
-31Chen C, Mitchell NJ, Gratz J, Houpt ER, Gong Y, Egner PA, Groopman JD, Riley RT, Showker JL, Svensen E (2018) Exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin in children at risk for growth impair- ment in rural Tanzania. Environ Int 115:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.001
-32Chilaka CA, Mally A (2020) Mycotoxin occurrence, exposure and health implications in infants and young children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Foods 9(11):1585
-33Sant'Ana AS, Corassin CH (2019) The occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk, fruit products and cereal-based infant formula: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 92:81–93
-34Al-Zoreky NS, Saleh FA (2019) Limited survey on aflatoxin contamination in rice. Saudi J Biol Sci 26(2):225–231
-35AlFaris NA, Wabaidur SM, Alothman ZA, Altamimi JZ, Aldayel TS (2020) Fast and efficient immu- noaffinity column cleanup and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxins in baby food and feeds. J Sep Sci 43:2079–2087
-36Al-Ghouti MA, AlHusaini A, Abu-Dieyeh MH, Abd Elkhabeer M, Alam MM (2020) Determination of aflatoxins in coffee by means of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector and fungi isolation. Int J Environ Anal Chem:1–16
-37Amirkhizi B, Nemati M, Arefhosseini SR, Shahraki SH (2018) Application of the ultrasonic- assisted extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the analysis of AFB1 in egg. Food Anal Methods 11:913–920
-38Ayelign A, De Saeger S (2020) Mycotoxins in Ethiopia: current status, implications to food safetyand mitigation strategies. Food Control 113:1–9
-39Bakirci GT (2020) Investigation of aflatoxins levels in commercial dried figs from western Turkey. Int Food Res J 27:245–251
-40Choochuay S, Phakam J, Jala P, Maneeboon T, Tansakul N (2018) Determination of aflatoxin B1 in feedstuffs without clean-up step by high-performance liquid chromatography. Int J Anal Chem 2018:1–9
-41Du L, Wang S, Huang J, Chu C, Li R, Li Q, Yang J (2018) Determination of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk and jujube by miniaturized solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 41:3677–3685
-42Ertekin O, Kaymak PSS, Akçael E, Oztürk S (2019) Aflatoxin-specific monoclonal antibody selec- tion for immunoaffinity column development. BioTechniques 66:261–268
-43Fan J, Yuan X, Li W, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhou B (2020) Rapid and ultrasensitive method for determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Food Agric Immunol 31:849–858
-44FDA, Food and Drug Administration (2019) Guidelines for the validation of chemical methods in food, feed, cosmetics, and veterinary products. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, pp 1–39.
-45González-Jartín JM, Rodríguez-Cañás I, Alfonso A, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Gomes A, Botana LM (2021) Multianalyte method for the determination of regulated, emerging and modified myco- toxins in milk: QuEChERS extraction followed by UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. Food Chem 356:129647
46-Jimenez Medina ML, Lafarga T, Garrido Frenich A, Romero-González R (2021) Natural occur- rence, legislation, and determination of aflatoxins using chromatographic methods in food: a review (from 2010 to 2019). Food Rev Int 37:244–275
47- LD, Kimanya ME, Macha IJ, Mlalila N (2021) Aflatoxin contamination and recommenda- tions to improve its control: a review. World Mycotoxin J 14:27–40
48-Kamel E, Bazalou M, Sdeek FA, Konuk M (2017) Comparison of liquid chromatography instru- ments with single quadrupole and tandem mass spectrometry for trace level analysis: Aflatoxin M1 in white cheese. Int J Food Prop 20:2294–2304
49-Kong Z, Wang H, Zou L, Ji Z (2018) Enhancement of aflatoxin B1 detection using electrochemical immunoassay method and 2-aminoethanethiol. Mater Res Express 5:066414
1Adebo OA, Njobeh PB, Gbash S, Nwinyl OC, Mavumengwana V (2017) Review on microbial degradation of aflatoxins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57(15):3208–3217
-2Akhtar S, Riaz M, Naeem I, Gong YY, Ismail A, Hussain M, Akram K (2020) Risk assessment of aflatoxins and selected heavy metals through intake of branded and non-branded spices col- lected from the markets of Multan city of Pakistan. Food Control 112:107132
-3Austwick PKC, Ayerst G (1963) Groundnut microflora and toxioity. Chem Indust 2(Japan 12):55–61 Awasthi V, Bahman S, Thakur LK, Singh SK, Dua A, Ganguly S (2012) Contaminants in milk and impact of heating: an assessment study. Indian J Public Health 56:95–99
-4Azam K, Akhtar S, Gong YY, Routledge MN, Ismail A, Oliveira CAF, Iqbal SZ, Ali H (2020) Evaluation of the impact of activated carbon-based filtration system on the concentration of aflatoxins and selected heavy metals in roasted coffee. Food Control 121:107583
-5Benkerroum N (2020) Aflatoxins: producing-molds, structure, health issues and incidence in southeast Asian and sub-Saharan African countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(4):1215
-6Chen Y, Kong Q, Chi C, Shan S, Guan B (2015) Biotransformation of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin G1 in peanut meal by anaerobic solid fermentation of Streptococcus thermophilus and lactoba- cillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Int J Food Microbiol 211:1–5
-7García S, Heredia NL (2014) Aflatoxins: an overview. Aflatoxin control: safeguarding animal feed with calcium smectite (aflatoxincontro), pp. 1–10
-8Guan Y, Chen J, Nepovimova E, Long M, Wu W, Kuca K (2021) Aflatoxin detoxification using microorganisms and enzymes. Toxins 13(1):46
-9Hassan HF, Kassaify Z (2014) The risks associated with aflatoxins M1 occurrence in Lebanese dairy products. Food Control 37:68–72
-10Iram W, Anjum T, Iqbal M, Ghaffar A, Abbas M (2015) Mass spectrometric identification and tox- icity assessment of degraded products of aflatoxin B1 and B2 by Corymbia citriodora aqueous extracts. Sci Rep 5:146–172
-11Ismail A, Riaz M, Akhtar S, Yoo SH, Park S, Abid M, Ahmad Z (2017) Seasonal variation of afla- toxin B1 content in dairy feed. J Anim Feed Sci 26:33–37
-12Fasoyin OE, Wang B, Qiu M, Han X, Chung KR, Wang S (2018) Carbon catabolite repression gene creA regulates morphology, aflatoxin biosynthesis and virulence in aspergillus flavus. Fungal Genet Biol 115:41–51
-13Fasoyin OE, Yang K, Qiu M, Wang B, Wang S, Wang S (2019) Regulation of morphology, afla- toxin production, and virulence of aspergillus flavus by the major nitrogen regulatory gene areA. Toxins 11:718
-14Gacem MA, El Hadj-Khelil AO (2016) Toxicology, biosynthesis, bio-control of aflatoxin and new methods of detection. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 6:808–814
-15Gallo A, Solfrizzo M, Epifani F, Panzarini G, Perrone G (2016) Effect of temperature and water activity on gene expression and aflatoxin biosynthesis in aspergillus flavus on almond medium. Int J Food Microbiol 217:162–169
-16Akhtar S, Riaz M, Naeem I, Gong YY, Ismail A, Hussain M, Akram K (2020) Risk assessment of aflatoxins and selected heavy metals through intake of branded and non-branded spices col- lected from the markets of Multan city of Pakistan. Food Control 112:107–132
-17Al Jabir M, Barcaru A, Latiff A, Jaganjac M, Ramadan G, Horvatovich P (2019) Dietary exposure of the Qatari population to food mycotoxins and reflections on the regulation limits. Toxicol Rep 6:975–982
-18Alegbe S, Yakubu S, Olonitola S, Mukhtar M (2017) Assessing Aflatoxin M1 levels among lactat- ing mothers’ in Damaturu Yobe state, Nigeria. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci 10(1):198–203
-19Ali N, Hossain K, Blaszkewicz M, Rahman M, Mohanto NC, Alim A, Degen GH (2016) Occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in urines from rural and urban adult cohorts in Bangladesh. Arch Toxicol 90(7):1749–1755
-20Ali N, Blaszkewicz M, Hossain K, Degen GH (2017) Determination of aflatoxin M1 in urine samples indicates frequent dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 in the Bangladeshi population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 220(2):271–281
-21Al-Jaal BA, Jaganjac M, Barcaru A, Horvatovich P, Latiff A (2019) Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochra- toxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in human biological fluids. A systematic literature review, 2001–2018. Food Chem Toxicol 129:211–228
-22Alvarez CS, Hernández E, Escobar K, Villagrán CI, Kroker-Lobos MF, Rivera-Andrade A, Smith JW, Egner PA, Lazo M, Freedman ND (2020) Aflatoxin B1 exposure and liver cirrhosis in Guatemala: a case–control study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 7(1):e000380
-23Robertson O, Isah (2016) Aflatoxin M1 in breast milk, cow milk and milk products in Minna, Nigeria and their predisposing factors. Biochem Anal Biochem 5:4
-24Akhtar S, Shahzad MA, Yoo SH, Ismail A, Hameed A, Ismail T, Riaz M (2017) Determination of aflatoxin M1 and heavy metals in infant formula milk brands available in Pakistani markets. Korean J Food Sci 37(1):79–96
-25Shrestha R, Wang JS (2019) Relatively low maternal aflatoxin exposure is associated with small-for-gestational-age but not with other birth outcomes in a prospective birth cohort study of Nepalese infants. J Nutr 149(10):1818–1825
-26Apeagyei F, Lamplugh S, Hendrickse R, Affram K, Lucas S (1986) Aflatoxins in the livers of children with kwashiorkor in Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 38:273–276 Asrani SK, Devarbhavi H, Eaton J, Kamath PS (2019) Burden of liver diseases in the world. J Hepatol 70(1):151–171
-27Ayelign A, Woldegiorgis AZ, Adish A, De Saeger S (2018) Total aflatoxins in complementary foods produced at community levels using locally available ingredients in Ethiopia. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 11(2):111–118
-28Bao XY, Li SL, Gao YN, Wang JQ, Zheng N (2019) Transcriptome analysis revealed that aflatoxin M1 could cause cell cycle arrest in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 59:35–43
-29Benkerroum N (2020) Chronic and acute toxicities of aflatoxins: mechanisms of action. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(2):423
-30Bischoff K, Mukai M, Ramaiah SK (2018) Liver toxicity. In: Veterinary toxicology. Academic Press, pp 239–257
-31Chen C, Mitchell NJ, Gratz J, Houpt ER, Gong Y, Egner PA, Groopman JD, Riley RT, Showker JL, Svensen E (2018) Exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin in children at risk for growth impair- ment in rural Tanzania. Environ Int 115:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.001
-32Chilaka CA, Mally A (2020) Mycotoxin occurrence, exposure and health implications in infants and young children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Foods 9(11):1585
-33Sant'Ana AS, Corassin CH (2019) The occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk, fruit products and cereal-based infant formula: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 92:81–93
-34Al-Zoreky NS, Saleh FA (2019) Limited survey on aflatoxin contamination in rice. Saudi J Biol Sci 26(2):225–231
-35AlFaris NA, Wabaidur SM, Alothman ZA, Altamimi JZ, Aldayel TS (2020) Fast and efficient immu- noaffinity column cleanup and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxins in baby food and feeds. J Sep Sci 43:2079–2087
-36Al-Ghouti MA, AlHusaini A, Abu-Dieyeh MH, Abd Elkhabeer M, Alam MM (2020) Determination of aflatoxins in coffee by means of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector and fungi isolation. Int J Environ Anal Chem:1–16
-37Amirkhizi B, Nemati M, Arefhosseini SR, Shahraki SH (2018) Application of the ultrasonic- assisted extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the analysis of AFB1 in egg. Food Anal Methods 11:913–920
-38Ayelign A, De Saeger S (2020) Mycotoxins in Ethiopia: current status, implications to food safetyand mitigation strategies. Food Control 113:1–9
-39Bakirci GT (2020) Investigation of aflatoxins levels in commercial dried figs from western Turkey. Int Food Res J 27:245–251
-40Choochuay S, Phakam J, Jala P, Maneeboon T, Tansakul N (2018) Determination of aflatoxin B1 in feedstuffs without clean-up step by high-performance liquid chromatography. Int J Anal Chem 2018:1–9
-41Du L, Wang S, Huang J, Chu C, Li R, Li Q, Yang J (2018) Determination of aflatoxin M1 and B1 in milk and jujube by miniaturized solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 41:3677–3685
-42Ertekin O, Kaymak PSS, Akçael E, Oztürk S (2019) Aflatoxin-specific monoclonal antibody selec- tion for immunoaffinity column development. BioTechniques 66:261–268
-43Fan J, Yuan X, Li W, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhou B (2020) Rapid and ultrasensitive method for determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Food Agric Immunol 31:849–858
-44FDA, Food and Drug Administration (2019) Guidelines for the validation of chemical methods in food, feed, cosmetics, and veterinary products. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, pp 1–39.
-45González-Jartín JM, Rodríguez-Cañás I, Alfonso A, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Gomes A, Botana LM (2021) Multianalyte method for the determination of regulated, emerging and modified myco- toxins in milk: QuEChERS extraction followed by UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. Food Chem 356:129647
46-Jimenez Medina ML, Lafarga T, Garrido Frenich A, Romero-González R (2021) Natural occur- rence, legislation, and determination of aflatoxins using chromatographic methods in food: a review (from 2010 to 2019). Food Rev Int 37:244–275
47- LD, Kimanya ME, Macha IJ, Mlalila N (2021) Aflatoxin contamination and recommenda- tions to improve its control: a review. World Mycotoxin J 14:27–40
48-Kamel E, Bazalou M, Sdeek FA, Konuk M (2017) Comparison of liquid chromatography instru- ments with single quadrupole and tandem mass spectrometry for trace level analysis: Aflatoxin M1 in white cheese. Int J Food Prop 20:2294–2304
49-Kong Z, Wang H, Zou L, Ji Z (2018) Enhancement of aflatoxin B1 detection using electrochemical immunoassay method and 2-aminoethanethiol. Mater Res Express 5:066414
