Investigating the place of international law in the protection of the marine environment against Transportation of hazardous chemicals
الموضوعات :Hooman Fathi 1 , Seyed Bagher Mirabbasi 2 , Mansoor Pournoori 3
1 - Department of Public International Law, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Law, UAE Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
3 - Department of Law, UAE Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
الکلمات المفتاحية: International Conventions, Environmental Protection, International law, marine pollution, hazardous materials, maritime transport,
ملخص المقالة :
Seas have a special place in human life; In order to meet its needs to any extent, it has always considered the seas as one of the important geopolitical resources and today, regardless of the important role of the seas in other areas such as temperature regulation and food supply, this water area is the choice. It is the primary and irreplaceable human species for trans boundary transportation of goods. The purpose of this study is to identify the role of international environmental law in the protection of the seas. This research is a review that has been done through extensive studies. The results indicate that the attention to the transportation of dangerous goods is noteworthy because of their destructive and potential effects on the marine environment. The type of transportation and safe storage of hazardous materials in ports is an important issue emphasized by all governments and international maritime organizations. The international responsibility of governments and international organizations for marine pollution can be considered as one of the main causes of the evolution and development of international environmental law in this field. In addition, the damage caused by the maritime transport of hazardous materials is different from the maritime transport of other materials, and this requires the international community to provide effective means of managing the transport of hazardous materials with the most destructive effect. Put on the marine environment, adopt.
ADR. 2013. Jordan Training and Training of Trainers on the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), 2013, 7-10 October 2013,Transport of dangerous goods (ADR), (Note by the UNECE secretariat), P.2.
Bai, J., Li, X. 2021. IMO’s Marine Environmental Regulatory Governance and China’s Role: An Empirical Study of China’s Submissions. Sustainability. 2021; 13(18):10243. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810243
Bergkamp, G., Orlando, B. 2009. Exploring Collaboration between the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (IUCN, October 1999), available at 195.143.117.139/key_unfccc_bkgd.htm (accessed 25 September 2009).
Birnie, P., Boyle, A., Redgwell, C. 2009. International law and the environment. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Borelli, S. 2015. The (Mis)-Use of General Principles of Law: Lex Specialis and the Relationship between International Human Rights Law and the Laws of Armed Conflict, School of Law, University of Bedfordshire, February 7, 2015, P.1, At: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers? abstract_id=2575076
Bowring, B. 2009. Specialist and the Tensions in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, J Conflict Security Law (2009) 14 (3): 485-498. At: http://jcsl.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/3/485.full.pdf+html?frame=sidebar
Brown E.W. 1986. Environmental Disasters in International Law in Anuario Jurídico Interamericano, 1986(O.A.S, Washington, D.C, 1987), pp. 141-169, The 1983 Resolution of the European Council on Environmental Law concerning Principles Concerning International Cooperation in Environmental Emergencies Linked to Technological Development, Environmental Policy and Law, vol. 12(1984), p.68.
Brownlie, I. 2008. Principles of public international law, 7th edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Browman, H.I., K.I. Stergiou. 2004. Perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to the management of marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress Series 274: 269–303.
Curry, P. 2011. Ecological Ethics. An Introduction (2nd edn, Polity 2011); Alexander Gillespie, International Environmental Law, Policy and Ethics (OUP 2000).
Dabiri, F. 2012. Rapid and general assessment of the legal situation and identification of strengths and weaknesses of laws and regulations governing the protection of biodiversity in the Central Zagros region, Vice Chancellor for Research.
Dodds, F., Schneeberger, K., Ullah. F. 2012. Review of implementation of Agenda 21 and the Rio principles. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
ECE 2019. Provisional agenda for the 106th session, 4 March 2019, Doc. ECE/TRANS/WP.15/245/Add.1, P.2.
Elias, O. 2003. Sustainable Development, War Reparations and Environmental Damage, in M. Fitzmaurice & M. Szuniewicz (eds.), Exploitation of Natural Resources in the 21st Century, The Hague: Kluwer Law International 2003, pp 67-90.
Galindo-Leal, C., Bunnell, F. 2011. Ecosystem Management: Implications and Opportunities of a New Paradigm (1995), 71 The Forestry Chronicle 601; Mary Wallace and others ‘Moving Toward Ecosystem Management: Examining a Change in Philosophy for Resource Management, Knowing Nature: Conversations at the Intersection of Political Ecology and Science Studies (University of Chicago Press 2011) 140 which observe how the notion of ‘paradigm shift’ is increasingly invoked in wildlife management literature. For a contrary opinion see FAO (n 5).
Gerard peet. 1994. Green Globe year book of international co،operation on environment & development, Oxford University, 1994, P46.
Grant, P., John and Barker, J. Craig, 2009. Encyclopedic Dictionary of International Law (3 ed.), Oxford University Press, 2009.
Hasley, M. 2011. Majesty and Monstrosity: Delueze and the Defence of Nature in Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos (ed), Law and Ecology. New Environmental Foundations (Routledge 2011) 219.
Hill, C.L. 2015. Just another case of treaty interpretation? Reconciling humanitarian law and human rights law in the ICJ pp. 272-296 in Bjorge, Eirik, A Farewell to Fragmentation, Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Howarth, W. 2006. The Progression towards Ecological Quality Standards, 18 JEL 3, 4.
Houghton, K. 2014. Identifying new pathways for ocean governance: The role of legal principles in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Marine Policy 49: 118–126.
Hubert, A.M. 2015. Marine scientific research and the protection of the seas and oceans. In: Rayfuse R (ed) Research handbook on international marine environmental law. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 313–336
International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk, 1983.
Khadduri. M., Ghareeb. E. 1990. War in the Gulf, 1990-91: the Iraq-Kuwait conflict and its implications", Oxford university press, p.97.
Kill, J. 2015. Economic valuation and payment for environmental services recognizing nature‘s value or pricing nature‘s destruction?. Berlin: The Heinrich Böll Foundation.
Koivurova, T., Nengye, L. 2019. Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment, in Daud Hassan and Saiful Karim (eds), International Marine Environmental Law and Policy (Routledge, London) 206-222.
Ojaghi, A., Fataei, E., Gharibi Asl, S., Imani, A.A. (2021). Investigating the effects of hospital waste on coastal areas: A suitable solution for its sanitary disposal, Research in Marine Sciences 6 (1), 851-859.
OPRC-HNS. 2000. Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (OPRC-HNS)
UNEP. 2000. Transappel Guidance for Dangerous Goods Transport Emergency Planning in a Local Community, UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION,2000. P.VII.
UNEP. 2016. The regional oceans governance to make UNEP Regional Seas Programmes, Regional Fishery Bodies and Large Marine Ecosystem Mechanisms to work better together. UNEP, Nairobi.
Unterweger, I. 2014. International law on tuna fisheries management. Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden
Villiger, E., Customary, M. 1997. International Law and Treaties: A Manual on the Theory and Practice of the Interrelation of Sources, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997, P.59.
Viliger, M. 1969. Commentary on the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, LEIDEN / BOSTON, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009.P.402.
Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1985, vol. II (Part One, addendum)); and “Survey of liability regimes relevant to the topic of international liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law” (document A/CN.4/471)
Zorzetto, S. 2013. The Lex Specialis Principle and its Uses in Legal Argumentation. An Analytical Inquire, Eunomis, revista en cultura de la legalidad, No.3, 2012-2013, P.61(61-87) at: http://eunomia.tirant.com/?p=1164, ICJ: judgment Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) v. Uganda), (19 December 2005), Paras.215-216
