Comparing the Effects of Long-term Continuous and Interval Training on the Serum Levels of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Risk Factors in Elite Runners
الموضوعات :
Ardeshir Zafari
1
(Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Art, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran)
Zahra Malekian Broomi
2
(High School Teacher of Physical Education, Damghan, Iran)
Fatemeh Haji Ghorbanizadeh
3
(Department of Sport Sciences, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran)
Tahereh Bagherpour
4
(Department of Sport Sciences, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran)
Nematollah Nemati
5
(Department of Sport Sciences, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Running, Training, Fatty liver, Lipid profiles,
ملخص المقالة :
In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, serum levels of liver enzymes and lipid profiles were increased. One of the ways to deal with the risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver is to do physical activity and exercise. This semi-experimental study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of long-term continuous and interval training on non-alcoholic fatty liver risk factors in elite runners. Thirty elite runners with average height (176.5±0.05), weight (66.7±5.5) and age (20.2±0.00) were selected, and based on the specialized training were divided into two equal groups of continuous and interval training. Non-alcoholic fatty liver risk factors were measured with special laboratory techniques after standard fasting at the medical diagnosis laboratory. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used at the significance level of 0.05 to check the hypotheses. Despite high maximum oxygen consumption in both training groups, the levels of HDL_c, TG, LP (a) and HDL/LDL and HDL/TC ratio were lower in the interval training group than in the continuous training group, while the concentration of LDL_c, TC and BMI in the interval training group was higher than the continuous training group. Interval and continuous training increased liver enzymes. This increase was greater in the interval training group, which indicates more liver damage after performing this type of training. Therefore, performing interval and continuous training improves aerobic capacity and adjusts lipid profile and BMI.
Aragon G, Yaunossi Z, (2010) When and how to evaluate mildly elevated liver enzymes in apparently healthy patients. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 77(3), 195-198.
Barzegarzadeh-Zarandi H, Dabidy-Roshan V (2012) Changes in some liver enzymes and blood lipid level following interval and continuous regular aerobic training in old rats. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 14(5), 13-23. (In Persian).
Bentley DJ, Millet GP, Vleck VE, McNaughton LR (2002) Specific aspects of contemporary triathlon. Sports Medicine. 32(6), 345-359.
Bonekamp S, Barone B, Clark JM, Stewarts KJ, (2008) The effect of an exercise training intervention on hepatecsteatosis. Hepatology. 48(si), 806.
Burger M, Bielavsky M, Barbosa FC, (2008) Liver overload in Brazilian triathletes after half-ironman competition is related muscle fatigue. Ann Hepatol. 7, 245-248.
Burtis C, Ashwood E, Bruns DE, (2011) Clinical Biochemistry Tietz: analyze and Pathophysiology. Translate by: Amirrasouli H. 1 st ed. Tehran: Ketab Arjmand Publication. pp: 125-600.
Chatterjee S, Chatterjee P, Bandyopadhyay A, (2006) Prediction of Maximal Oxygen Consumption from Body mass, Height and Body Surface Area in Young Sedentary Subjects. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 50(2), 181–186.
Cinar K, Coban S, Idilman R, Tuzun A, Sarioglu M, Bektas M, Ozden A (2006) Long term prognosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Is pharmacological therapy actually necessary? Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 21(1), 169-173.
Devries MC, Samjoo IA, Hamadeh MJ, Tarnopolsky MA (2008) Effect of endurance exercise on hepatic lipid content, enzymes, and adiposity in men and women. Obesity. 16(10), 2281- 2288.
DiPietro L, James D, Catherine W. Yeckel P, Darrell N (2006) Exercise and improved insulin sensitivity in older women: evidence of the enduring benefits of higher intensity training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 100(1), 142-149.
Eftekhari E, Zafari A, Gholami M (2015) Physical activity, lipid profiles and leptin. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 56(4), 465-469.
Gholami M, Eftekhari E, Zafari A, Solatzadeh O (2017) Effect of eight weeks low and moderate intensity aerobic training on levels of HbA1C, some hematological parameters and percent body fat in overweight and obese men with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism and Exercise. 7(2), 155-168.
Gholami M, Sabaghian-Rad L, Eftekhari E, Zafari A (2012) The effect of aerobic training with or without calorie restriction on lipid profile in adult obese females. Daneshvar Medicine. 20(4), 27-34.
Hallsworth K, Fattakhova G, Hollingsworth KG, Thoma C, Moore S, Taylor R (2011) Resistance exercise reduces liver fat and its mediators in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of weight loss. Gut. 60(9), 1278-83. http://gut.bmj.com/site/about/unlocked.xhtml.
Han X, Feng Y, Han X, Guo H, Zhu J, Ning C, Liu F, Li S, Li X, Yang YN (2019) 8-Week Basic Military Training Improves Adiponectin Multimer Ratio in Healthy Young Males. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 40(1), 43-51.
Harris MB, Starnes JW (2001) Effects of body temperature during exercise training on myocardial adaptations. American Journal of Physiology and Heart Circulation Physiology. 280, 2271-2280.
Kannin B, ose- tutu sc, Phil D (2005) The Effects of Short Vs Long Bout Exercise on Mood, Vo2max, and Percent Body Fat. Preventive Medicine. 40, 92 -98.
Kilian W, Carina R, Wolfgang S, Christa F, Jens Encke, (2007) Are heat stroke and physical exhaustion underestimated causes of acute hepatic failure? Word Journal of Gastroenterology. 13, 306-309.
Kinoshita S, Yano h, Tsuji E (2003) An increase in damaged hepatocyte markers in rats after high intensity exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavia. 178(3), 225-30.
Kristin D (2011) For the NASH CRN Research Group. And Histological Severity of Nonalcolic. The Aj of gastroenterology Physical Activity Recommendations, Exercise Intensity. 488.
Lawlar DA, Naveed S, George DS, Shah E, (2005) The associations of physical activity and adiposity with alanine aminotransferase and gamma glutamyltransferase. American Journal of Epidemiology. 161, 1081-1088.
Leahy S, Cian O'Neill, Rhoda S, Clodagh T, Philip J, (2013) Generalized equations for the prediction of percentage body fat by anthropometry in adult men and women aged 18–81 years. British Journal of Nutrition. 109(04), 678-685.
MacLean PS, Rena R, Wing TD, Leonard E, Bret G, Kevin D, Hall BE (2015) NIH working group report: innovative research to improve maintenance of weight loss. Obesity. 23(1), 7-15.
Mir A, Aminai M, Marefati H (2012) The impression of aerobic exercises to enzymes measure and liver fat in the man suffering to non-alcoholic fatty liver. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 3(9), 1897-1901.
Mirdar SH, Raisi S, Nobahar A (2010) The effect of two-peak exercise training program on some of hepatic stress indexes in active girls. Journal of Physiology and Exercise Metabolism. 1(1), 11-22. (In Persian).
Mondal H, Mirsha SP, (2017) Effect of BMI, Body Fat Percentage and Fat Free Mass on Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Healthy Young Adults. Journal of Clinical Diagnosis Researches. 11(6), 17-20.
Ossanloo P, Najar L, Zafari A, (2012) The effects of combined training (aerobic dance, step exercise and resistance training) on body fat percent and lipid profiles in sedentary females of Al_zahra University. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2(5), 1598-1602.
Ossanloo P, Zafari A, Najar L (2012) The effects of combined training (aerobic dance, step exercise and resistance training) on body composition in sedentary females. Annals of Biological Research. 3(7), 3667-3670.
Ozcelik O, Aslan M, Ayar A, Kelestimur H (2004) Effects of Body Mass Index on Maximal Work Production Capacity and Aerobic Fitness During Incremental Exercise. Physiology Researches. 53(2), 165-70.
Reamy BV, Christopher CL (2013) Cardiovascular Considerations in Middle-Aged Athletes at Risk for Coronary Artery Disease. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 12(2), 70-76.
Rostami M, Zafari A (2012) The effects of running training on serum concentrations of lipoprotein (a), LDL-C and HDL-C in female. Annals of Biological Research. 3(2), 913-917.
Sadeghi F, Kazemzadeh Y, Zafari A (2016) Effect of cumin extract with exercise training on some metabolic parameters and body composition in obese middle-aged men suffering from metabolic syndrome. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences. 5(3), 145-149.
Shazia SM, Badaam KM, Deore DN (2015) Assessment of aerobic capacity in overweight young females: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medicine Research. 5(1), 18-20.
Shete AN, Bute SS, Deshmukh PR (2014) A Study of VO2 Max and Body Fat Percentage in Female Athletes. Journal of Clinical Diagnosis Researches. 8(12), BC01–BC03.
Suzuki A, Lindor K, Stsaver J, Lymp J, Mendes F, Muto A, Okada T, Anqulo P, (2005) Effect of changes on body and lifestyle in non–alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Hepatology. 43, 1060-1066.
Toshio M, Satoshi S, Yoshitomo I, Shigeo O (2002) Endurance exercise training inhibits activity of plasma GOT and liver caspase-3 of rats exposed to stress by induction of heat shock protein 70. Journal of Applied Physiology. 96, 1776-1781.
Whyte LJ, Gill JMR, Cathcart AJ, (2010) Effect of 2 weeks of sprint interval training on health-related outcomes in sedentary overweight/obese men. Metabolism. 59(10), 1421-1428.
Wu HJ, Chen KT, Shee BW, Chang HC, Huang YJ, Yang RS, (2004) Effects of 24h ultra-marathon on biochemical and hematological parameters. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 10, 2711-2714.
Zafari A (2012) The Chronic Effects of Morning Exercise Training on Lipoprotein (a) Levels in over weight Males. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2(5), 1400-1403.
Zafari A (2012) The effects of physical activity on serum concentrations of lipoprotein (a). Annals of Biological Research. 3(7), 3183-3186.
Zafrani ES (2004) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging pathological spectrum. Virchows Arch. 444(1), 3-12.
Zahedmanesh F, Zafari A, Zahedmanesh F, (2013) Lipid profiles changes induced by swimming combined training in academic level athlete's women. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 3(1), 223-227.
Zahedmanesh F, Zafari A, Zahedmanesh F, (2013) The effects of swimming combined training on body composition in academic level athletes’ women. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 3(1), 228-231.
Zelber-Sagi S, Ratziu V, Oren R (2001) Nutrition and physical activity in NAFLD: An overview of the epidemiological evidence. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 17(29), 3377– 3389.
