• الصفحة الرئيسية
  • Sources and Seasonal Variance of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds in the Oil-Based Chemical Industry from 2020 to 2021: A Case Study of Iraq

شارک

عنوان URL للمقالة


رقم المقالة : 697644 زيارة : 235 الصفحة: 105 - 114

10.22034/jchr.2022.697644

نوع المخطوط: ابحاث

Sources and Seasonal Variance of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds in the Oil-Based Chemical Industry from 2020 to 2021: A Case Study of Iraq

الموضوعات :

Amir Fadhil Al-Tu'ma 1 , Enas Abdulgader Hassan 2 , Ali Taha 3 , Ibrahim Mourad Mohammed 4 , Zahraa Muhammed Mahdi 5 , Ali Abdul Hassan Rasuol 6

1 - Ahl Al Bayt University, College of MLT, Kerbala, Iraq
2 - Department of Anesthesia Techniques, AlNoor University College, Bartella, Iraq
3 - College of pharmacy, Al Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
4 - AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
5 - Mazaya University College, Baghdad, Iraq
6 - Department of Dentistry, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq

تاريخ الإرسال : 22 السبت , محرم, 1444 تاريخ التأكيد : 16 السبت , جمادى الأولى, 1444 تاريخ الإصدار : 09 الأربعاء , شعبان, 1444

الکلمات المفتاحية: GC/MS, Volatile organic compounds, Benzene, Chemical industries,

ملخص المقالة :

The measurement and analysis of pollutants is undoubtedly the first step in controlling them because, without complete knowledge of the quality and quantity of pollutants, it will not be possible to compare them with the permitted limits and ultimately control them. This descriptive-analytical study focused on the oil refineries and chemical industries. Approximately 279 air samples from 18 complexes in an industrial area were collected for this study in the winter of 2020 and 334 samples in the summer of 2021. In this study, 14 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were examined, measured, and sampled using procedures recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH). Finally, GC/FID and GC/MS devices were used to analyze the samples. SPSS version 22.0 was used to analyze the results. In this study, it was determined that the mean of the majority of the compounds in all of the complexes was higher in the summer than in the winter (p<0.05). Additionally, according to the findings, in both the winter and summer seasons, the average ratio of benzene to BTX, BTEX, and all VOCs showed the highest percentage (67.2%) and the average ratio of xylene concentration to these three variables showed the lowest percentage (3.15-7.35%). The findings of this study indicate that the multiplicity of pollution sources and the accumulation of numerous complexes in this area have increased the amount of pollution spread throughout the region's air. As a result, it is advised to use engineering solutions to reduce the amount of pollution.

المصادر:


  1. Chernyshev V.V., Zakharenko A.M., Ugay S.M., Hien T.T., Hai L.H., Kholodov A.S., Burykina T.I., Stratidakis A.K., Mezhuev Y.O., Tsatsakis A.M., 2018. Morphologic and chemical composition of particulate matter in motorcycle engine exhaust. Toxicology Reports. 5, 224–230.
    2.
  2. Ali M.U., Liu G., Yousaf B., Ullah H., Abbas Q., Munir M.A.M., 2019. A systematic review on global pollution status of particulate matter-associated potential toxic elements and health perspectives in urban environment. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 41(3), 1131–1162.
    3.
  3. Marquès M., Domingo J.L., Nadal M., Schuhmacher M., 2020. Health risks for the population living near petrochemical industrial complexes. 2. Adverse health outcomes other than cancer. Science of the Total Environment. 730 139122.
    4.
  4. Guo H., Chang Z., Wu J., Li W., 2019. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in China: Who are faced with a greater effect? Environment International. 132 105077.
    5.
  5. Li R., Dong Y., Zhu Z., Li C., Yang H., 2019. A dynamic evaluation framework for ambient air pollution monitoring. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 65 52–71.
    6.
  6. Oz K., Merav B., Sara S., Yael D., 2019. Volatile organic compound emissions from polyurethane mattresses under variable environmental conditions. Environmental Science & Technology. 53(15), 9171–9180.
    7.
  7. Brantley H.L., Thoma E.D., Eisele A.P., 2015. Assessment of volatile organic compound and hazardous air pollutant emissions from oil and natural gas well pads using mobile remote and on-site direct measurements. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 65(9), 1072–1082.
    8.
  8. Gudarzi M., Soleimani N., Seyyed Jafari Olia M., 2021. Cytotoxicity Effect of Shigella flexneri Fraction on Breast Cancer Cell as a New Compound for Cancer Therapy. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 11(2), 121–127.
    9.
  9. Piccot S.D., Watson J.J., Jones J.W., 1992. A global inventory of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic sources. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 97(D9), 9897–9912.
    10.
  10. Yin S., Zheng J., Lu Q., Yuan Z., Huang Z., Zhong L., Lin H., 2015. A refined 2010-based VOC emission inventory and its improvement on modeling regional ozone in the Pearl River Delta Region, China. Science of the Total Environment. 514, 426–438.
    11.
  11. Barwise Y., Kumar P., 2020. Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement: A practical review for appropriate plant species selection. Npj Climate and Atmospheric Science. 3(1), 1–19.
    12.
  12. Gouw J.A. de, Parrish D.D., Brown S.S., Edwards P., Gilman J.B., Graus M., Hanisco T.F., Kaiser J., Keutsch F.N., Kim S.-W., 2019. Hydrocarbon removal in power plant plumes shows nitrogen oxide dependence of hydroxyl radicals. Geophysical Research Letters. 46(13), 7752–7760.
    13.
  13. Lilley S., 2006. Debunking False Solutions: Ethanol subsidies harm environment, benefit corporate agriculture. Race, Poverty & the Environment. 13(1), 77–79.
    14.
  14. Li Q., Qiao F., Yu L., 2015. Will vehicle and roadside communications reduce emitted air pollution. International Journal of Science and Technology. 5(1), 17–23.
    15.
  15. Holman C., 2019. Atmospheric emissions from road transport, in Acid Rain, Routledge. pp. 203–228.
    16.
  16. Polvara E., Roveda L., Invernizzi M., Capelli L., Sironi S., 2021. Estimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries. Atmosphere. 12(11), 1531.
    17.
  17. Dantes E., Fildan A.P., Toma C.L., Voicu G.H., Oancea C., 2016. Respiratory impact in workers exposed to air pollutants from petroleum refinery. J Environ Prot Ecol. 17(2), 523–531.
    18.
  18. Liu Y., Lu S., Yan X., Gao S., Cui X., Cui Z., 2020. Life cycle assessment of petroleum refining process: A case study in China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 256, 120-422.
    19.
  19. Soni V., Singh P., Shree V., Goel V., 2018. Effects of VOCs on human health, in Air Pollution and Control, Springer. pp. 119–142.
    20.
  20. Li Y., Yan B., 2022. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China. Open Chemistry. 20(1), 192–203.
    21.
  21. Arı A., Arı P.E., Yenisoy-Karakaş S., Gaga E.O., 2020. Source characterization and risk assessment of occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a barbecue restaurant. Building and Environment. 174 106791.
    22.
  22. Blanc-Lapierre A., Sauvé J.F., Parent M.E., 2018. Occupational exposure to benzene, toluene, xylene and styrene and risk of prostate cancer in a population-based study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 75(8), 562–572.
    23.
  23. Maung T.Z., Bishop J.E., Holt E., Turner A.M., Pfrang C., 2022. Indoor air pollution and the health of vulnerable groups: A systematic review focused on particulate matter (pm), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their effects on children and people with pre-existing lung disease. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19(14), 8752.
    24.
  24. Bălă G.P., Râjnoveanu R.M., Tudorache E., Motișan R., Oancea C., 2021. Air pollution exposure—the (in) visible risk factor for respiratory diseases. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28(16), 19615–19628.
    25.
  25. Lamplugh A., Harries M., Xiang F., Trinh J., Hecobian A., Montoya L.D., 2019. Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and health risks in Colorado nail salons. Environmental Pollution. 249 518–526.
    26.
  26. Zhao Q., Li Y., Chai X., Xu L., Zhang L., Ning P., Huang J., Tian S., 2019. Interaction of inhalable volatile organic compounds and pulmonary surfactant: Potential hazards of VOCs exposure to lung. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 369, 512–520.
    27.
  27. Shaffie A., Soliman A., Eledkawy A., Fu X.A., Nantz M.H., Giridharan G., Berkel V. van, El-Baz A., 2022. Lung Cancer Diagnosis System Based on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Profile Measured in Exhaled Breath. Applied Sciences. 12(14), 7165.
    28.
  28. Finamore P., Scarlata S., Incalzi R.A., 2019. Breath analysis in respiratory diseases: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. 19(1), 47–61.
    29.
  29. Lavra L., Catini A., Ulivieri A., Capuano R., Baghernajad Salehi L., Sciacchitano S., Bartolazzi A., Nardis S., Paolesse R., Martinelli E., 2015. Investigation of VOCs associated with different characteristics of breast cancer cells. Scientific Reports. 5(1), 1–12.
    30.
  30. Ulanowska A., Kowalkowski T., Trawińska E., Buszewski B., 2011. The application of statistical methods using VOCs to identify patients with lung cancer. Journal of Breath Research. 5(4), 046008.
    31.
  31. Gao Q., Su X., Annabi M.H., Schreiter B.R., Prince T., Ackerman A., Morgas S., Mata V., Williams H., Lee W.Y., 2019. Application of urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clinical Genitourinary Cancer. 17(3), 183–190.
    32.
  32. Mozaffar A., Zhang Y.L., 2020. Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China: a review. Current Pollution Reports. 6(3), 250–263.
    33.
  33. Kotrlik J., Higgins C., 2001. Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal. 19(1), 43.
    34.
  34. Zhang X., Yan Y., Duan X., Chai J., Li R., Xu Y., Li Z., Peng L., 2022. Sources and Seasonal Variance of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds in the Typical Industrial City of Changzhi, Northern China. Atmosphere. 13(3), 393.
    35.
  35. Dumanoglu Y., Kara M., Altiok H., Odabasi M., Elbir T., Bayram A., 2014. Spatial and seasonal variation and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a heavily industrialized region. Atmospheric Environment. 98, 168–178.
    36.
  36. Zhang Z.-F., Zhang X., Zhang X., Liu L.Y., Li Y.F., Sun W., 2020. Indoor occurrence and health risk of formaldehyde, toluene, xylene and total volatile organic compounds derived from an extensive monitoring campaign in Harbin, a megacity of China. Chemosphere. 250, 126-324.
    37.
  37. Yuan C.S., Cheng W.H., Huang H.Y., 2022. Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and potential sources of VOCs at an industrial harbor city in southern Taiwan: Three-year VOCs monitoring data analysis. Journal of Environmental Management. 303, 114-259.
    38.

سند

Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications

الروابط

المراكز ذات الصلة

دعامة

الصفحات الرسمية

حقوق هذا الموقع الإلكتروني مملوكة لنظام SANAD Press Management. © 1442-1446

الصفحة الرئيسية| دخول| معلومات عنا| اتصل بنا|
[English] [فارسی] [en] [fa]