Evaluation of fluoride concentration at inlet and outlet household water treatment systems and bottled water distributive high consumption Ardabil city, Iran
الموضوعات :Zahra Poorakbar 1 , Amir Hosein Mahvi 2 , Hadi Sadeghi 3 , Mehdi Vosoughi 4 , S.Ahmad Mokhtari 5 , Abdollah Dargahi 6
1 - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
2 - Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran|Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
4 - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran|Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
5 - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
6 - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran|Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Water Quality, Ardabil, Bottled water, fluoride, Household Water Treatment Systems,
ملخص المقالة :
Fluoride is needed for better health, but it can cause adverse health effects if used at higher levels. There are different sources for the uptake of the fluoride, and drinking water is its primary resource. The aim of this study is the evaluation of fluoride concentration at the inlet and outlet of household water treatment systems and highly consumed bottled water distributed in Ardabil city in 2020. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 60 water samples (30 samples of bottled water from 10 distribution brands of Ardabil city and 30 samples of inlet and outlet of household water treatment system). The concentration of fluoride was measured using the SPADNS standard method and spectrophotometer techniques. The SPSS version 22 software was used for analyzing the data. The concentration of fluoride in all samples was obtained to be in the range of 0 to 0.87 mg.l-1, with an average of 0.35 mg.l-1, which was less than the standard. According to the results, the concentration of fluoride in the studied groups was significantly different (P = 0.001). Moreover, the efficiency of the household water treatment system in the reduction of fluoride was observed to be 67.25%. Although the concentration of fluoride in most samples was lower than standard, further studies on other sources of fluoride, such as vegetables, tea, and so on, are required for accurate comment on fluoride deficiency in drinking water of one area.
1. Afsharnia M., Kianmehr M., Biglari H., Dargahi A., Karimi A., 2018. Disinfection of dairy wastewater effluent through solar photocatalysis processes. Water Sci Eng. 11(3), 214-219.
2. Pirsaheb M., Ejraei A., 2016. Evaluating the performance of inorganic coagulants (Poly aluminum chloride, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and al minum sulfate) in removing the turbidity from aqueous solutions. IJPT. 8(2),13168-81.
3. Grzegorzek M., Majewska-Nowak K., Ahmed AE., 2020. Removal of fluoride from multicomponent water solutions with the use of monovalent selective ion-exchange membranes. Sci Total Environ. 722,137681.
4. Owusu-Agyeman I., Reinwald M., Jeihanipour A., Schäfer AI., 2019. Removal of fluoride and natural organic matter from natural tropical brackish waters by nanofiltration/reverse osmosis with varying water chemistry. Chemosphere. 217,47-58.
5. Sadeghi H., Rohollahi S., 2007. Study of Ardabil Drinking Water Physicochemical Parameters . J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 7(1), 52-56
6. Almasi A., Dargahi A., Ahagh M., Janjani H., Mohammadi M., Tabandeh L, 2016. Efficiency of a constructed wetland in controlling organic pollutants, nitrogen, and heavy metals from sewage. JCPS. 9(4):2924-8.
7. Sadeghi H., Bagheri Ardebilian P., Rostami R., Poureshgh Y., Fazlzadeh M., 2014. Biological and Physicochemical Quality of Thermal Spring Pools, with Emphasis on Staphylococcus Aureus: Sarein Tourist Town, Ardabil. Jehe. 1 (3),203-215
8. Soltanian M., Dargahi A., Asadi F., Ivani A., Setareh P., 2015. Variation of PhysicoChemical Quality of Groundwater Watershed in Gharehsou during 2003-2012. JMUMS. 24(121),275-87.
9. Mahmoudi M.M., Nasseri S., Mahvi A.H., Dargahi A., Khubestani M.S., Salari M., 2019. Fluoride removal from aqueous solution by acid-treated clinoptilolite: isotherm and kinetic study. Desalination Water Treat. 146, 333-340.
10. Daifullah A., Yakout S., Elreefy S., 2007. Adsorption of fluoride in aqueous solutions using KMnO4-modified activated carbon derived from steam pyrolysis of rice straw. J Hazard Mater. 147(1-2), 633-643.
11. Dobaradaran S., Fazelinia F., Mahvi A.H., Hosseini S.S., 2009. Particulate airborne fluoride from an aluminium production plant in Arak, Iran. Fluoride. 42(3),228.
12. Dargahi A., Atafar Z., Mohammadi M., Azizi A., Almasi A., Ahagh M., 2016. Study the efficiency of alum coagulant in fluoride removal from drinking water. IJPT. 8(3),16772-16778.
13. Rahmani A., Rahmani K., Mahvi A.H., Usefie M., 2010. Drinking water fluoride and child dental caries in Noorabademamasani, Iran. Fluoride. 43(3), 187. 33-41.
14. Dean H.T., 1942. The investigation of physiological effects by the epidemiological method. Fluorine and dental health. 23-31.
15. Organization W.H., 2004. Fluoride in Drinking water, Background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva: World Health Organization. Report No. HO/SDE/WSH/03.04/96.
16. Ahiropoulos V., 2006. Fluoride content of bottled waters available in Northern Greece. J Paediatr Dent. 16(2),111-116.
17. Yousefi M., Ghoochani M., Mahvi AH., 2018. Health risk assessment to fluoride in drinking water of rural residents living in the Poldasht city, Northwest of Iran. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 148,426-30.
18. Bengharez Z., Farch S., Bendahmane M., Merine H., Benyahia M., 2012. Evaluation of fluoride bottled water and its incidence in fluoride endemic and non endemic areas. e-SPEN Journal. 7(1), e41-e45.
19. Sawangjang B., Hashimoto T., Wongrueng A., Wattanachira S., Takizawa S., 2019. Assessment of fluoride intake from groundwater and intake reduction from delivering bottled water in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Heliyon, 5(9),e02391.
20. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), 2014. Drinking Water Contaminants: National Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Regulations; U.S. EPA: Washington, DC, USA; EPA 816-F-09-004. Available: <http://water.epa.gov>.
21. United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), 2009. Regulations of Bottled Water. U.S. FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA. Available: <http://www.fda.gov>.
22. United States Food and Drug Administration & Code of Federal Regulations (U.S. FDA/CFR), 2013. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 – Food and Drugs: Food and Drug Administration, (21CFR165.110 revised as of April 1, 2013). Available: <http:// www.fda.gov>.
23. European Commission (EC), 1998. Council directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998, on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Off. J. Eur. Comm. L330, 32–54.
24. Rizk Z.S., 2009. Inorganic chemicals in domestic water of the United Arab Emirates. Environ Geochem Health. 31(1), 27-45.
25. World Health Organization (WHO), 2011. Guidelines for Drinking- Water Quality. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN: 978 92 41548151. Available: <http://www.who.int>.
26. World Health Organisation (WHO), World Health Organisation Staff. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization; 2004 Aug 31.
27. Edition F., 2011. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO Chronicle. 38(4), 104-108.
28. Szmagara A., Krzyszczak A., 2019. Monitoring of fluoride content in bottled mineral and spring waters by ion chromatography. J Geochem Explor. 202, 27-34.
29. Abouleish M.Y.Z., 2016. Evaluation of fluoride levels in bottled water and their contribution to health and teeth problems in the United Arab Emirates. Saudi Dent J. 28(4),194-202.
30. Villena R.S., Borges D.G., Cury J.A., 1996. Avaliação da concentração de flúor em águas minerais comercializadas no Brasil. Rev Saúde Públ. 30, 512-518.
31. Cochrane N., Saranathan S., Morgan M., Dashper S., 2006. Fluoride content of still bottled water in Australia. Aust Dent J. 51(3),242-244.
32. Alimohammadi M., Nabizadeh R., Yaghmaeian K., Mahvi A.H., Foroohar P., Hemmati S., Heidarinejad Z., 2018. Data on assessing fluoride risk in bottled waters in Iran. Data in Brief. 20, 825.
33. Tavangar A., Naimi N., Alizade H., Tavakoli Ghochani H., Ghorbanpour R., 2014. Evaluation of water treatment systems’ performance available in Bojnurd ciry during 2013. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 5(5), 1107-1119.
34. Miranzadeh M.B., Rabbani D.K., 2010. Chemical quality evaluation for the inlet and outlet water taken from of the desalination plants utilized in Kashan during 2008. Kaums Journal (FEYZ). 14(2)120-125.
35. Deghani M., Nourmoradi H., Hashemi H., Azimi A.A., Doleh M., Vafaee R., 2013.An evaluation of physical, chemical and biological quality of influent and effluent water obtained by reverse osmosis and multistage flash processes for drinking consumption. Research in Medicine. 36(5),36-42.
36. Matloob M.H., 2011. Fluoride concentration of drinking water in Babil-Iraq. Japsc. 11(18),3315-21.
37. Mwabi J.K., Adeyemo F.E., Mahlangu T.O., Mamba B.B., Brouckaert B.M., Swartz C.D., Offringa G., Mpenyana-Monyatsi L., Momba M.N., 2011. Household water treatment systems: a solution to the production of safe drinking water by the low-income communities of Southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 36(14-15),1120-8.
38. Bazrafshan E., Ownagh K.A., Mahvi A.H., 2012. Application of Electrocoagulation Process Using Iron and Aluminum Electrodes for Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Environment. E-Journal of Chemistry. 9(4), 2297-2308.
