Occurrence of Root Gall Disease on Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) in Iran
الموضوعات :
1 - Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Guilan, Rasht, AREEO, PO.BOX: 41635-3394, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Corylus avellana, Hazelnut, AAgrobacterium tumefaciens, Root gall,
ملخص المقالة :
Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), one of the world's major tree nut crops, is widely produced in Iran, with an annual yield of more than 21,500 tons of hazelnuts. A survey of hazelnut orchards in Iran was conducted during 2021-2022, revealing the presence of root tumors on hazelnut trees in Guilan (northern Iran), Mazandaran (northern Iran), Qazvin (northwestern Iran), and Qom (north-central Iran) provinces. Samples of these root tumors were collected for further analysis. Isolations from fresh galls on SNA, D1M, IA, LB, and SC culture media yielded predominant colonies similar to Agrobacterium, which were subsequently purified and characterized. All 29 strains isolated were Gram-negative, rod-shaped, obligate aerobic, motile, and tested positive for oxidase, catalase, arginine dihydrolase, and urease. However, they did not hydrolyze starch, gelatin, or esculin, but did hydrolyze Tween-80 and urea. They exhibited growth on 2% NaCl and at 35°C, and were able to produce 3-ketolactose but not indole, DNase, pectinase, levan, or reduce nitrate. Furthermore, 11 representative strains were randomly selected for PCR amplifications of T-DNA genes using specific primers At1/At2, F8360/F8361, and tms2F1/tms2R2, resulting in 338, 453, and 617 bp amplicons, respectively. In pathogenicity tests, bacterial strains were inoculated into tomato, hazelnut, sunflower seedlings, and carrot discs, leading to the formation of tumors on plant stems and callus on carrot discs. Based on phenotypic, physiological, and biochemical properties, pathogenicity tests, and molecular methods, the bacterium responsible for causing root gall in hazelnut trees was identified as A. tumefaciens biovar 1. This bacterial root gall appears to be widespread among various local hazelnut cultivars (Gerd-e-Eshkavar, Alamout, Tarom, etc.), with a higher prevalence in old hazelnut orchards with stony soils. This study represents the first report of root gall on hazelnut trees grown in Iran. It was observed that the number of sites where tumors have developed and the number of galls present in old hazelnut orchards with stony soils are higher.
Agrios GN, 2005. Plant pathology (5th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN: 9780120445653. OCLC 55488155Akca Y, Sahin U (2022) Responses of ‘Chandler’ walnut variety grafted onto different rootstocks to salt stress. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9, 1-13.
Arab MM, Marrano A, Abdollahi-Arpanahi R, Leslie CA, Cheng H, Neale DB, Vahdati K. (2020). Combining phenotype, genotype, and environment to uncover genetic components underlying water use efficiency in Persian walnut. Journal of Experimental Botany. 71(3), 1107-1127.
Burr TJ, Otten L (1999) Crown gall of grapevine: biology and disease management. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 37, 9004.
Contini M, Frangipane MT, Massantini R (2011) Nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention; Chapter 72, Antioxidants in hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.). pp. 611-625.
Creasap JE, Reid, CL, Goffinet, MC, Aloni R, Ullrich C, Burr TJ (2005) Effect of wound position, auxin, and Agrobacterium vitis strain F2/5 on wound healing and crown gall in grapevine. Phytopathology. 95, 362-367.
Cristofori V, Bizzarri S, Silvestri C, Muleo R, Rugini E, De Salvador FR (2014) First Evaluations on Vegetative and Productive Performance of Many Hazelnut Cultivars in Latium Region. Acta Horticulture. 1052, 91–97.
Cubero J, Martinez MC, Llop P, Lopez MM (1999) A simple and efficient PCR method for the detection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in plant tumors. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 86, 591–602.
D’Arcy CJ, Eastburn DM (2003) Crown gall. Plants, Pathogens, and People website. Includes animation in disease cycle. http://www .ppp.uiuc.edu.
De Costa DM, Suzuki K, Satou M, Yoshido K (2001) Genome analysis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: linkage map and genetic of the left region of the linear chromosome. Genes and Genetic Systems. 76, 363-371.
Fahy PC, Persley GJ (1983). Plant Bacterial Diseases: A Diagnostic Guide. Academic Press. Australia. 378p.
FAO. World Food and Agriculture-Statistical Yearbook; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2020; p. 366.
Flores-Flix JD, Menendez E, Peix A, Garcia-Fraile P, Velazquez E (2020) History and current taxonomic status of genus Agrobacterium. Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 43(1),126046.
Froschle MV (1994) The common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha L.) has to be taken seriously again in Baden-Wurttemberg. Pflanzenschutzdienstes 46, 6-9.
Furuya N, Shimokusuzono F, Nakamura Y, Takeshita KNM, Matsuyama N, Takanami KMY (2004) Crown gall of tobacco caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens biovar 1 in tobacco fields. Journal of General Plant Pathology. 70, 39-44.
Galsky AB, Wilsey JP, Powell RG (1980) Crown-gall tumor disc bioassay: a possible aid in the detection of compounds with antitumor activity. Plant Physiology. 65,184-185.
Gohlke J, Deeken R (2014) Plant Responses to Agrobacterium Tumefaciens and Crown Gall Development. Frontiers in Plant Science. 5,155.
Guerrero J, Pérez S, Ferrada E, Bensch E (2014) Phytopathogens of Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) in Southern Chile. VIII Congreso Internacional de Avellano Europeo. 19-21 abril 2012. Temuco. Chile.
Hass JH, Moore LW, Ream W, Manulis S (1995) Universal PCR primers for detection of phytopathogenic Agrobacterium strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 61, 2879-2884.
Houshyarfard M (2020). Survey on Etiology and Distribution of Dieback / Decline of Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) in Northern Iran. Journal of Nuts. 11(3), 245-256.
Islam MS, Munsina Akter M, Atikur Rahman M, Mostafizur Rahman M, Mauluda Akhtar M, Firoz Alam M (2010) Isolation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Strains from Crown Gall Sample of Dicot Plants in Bangladesh.Current Research in Bacteriology. 3(1), 27-36.
Jones DA, Raju BC (1988) Systemic movement of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in symptomless stem tissue of plants. Plant Disease. 72, 51- 54.
Kado CI (2002) Crown gall tumors. Pages 1-3. in: Encyclopedia of Genetics. S. Brenner and J. H. Miller, eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Knauf VC, Panagopoulos CG, Nester EW (1982) Genetic factors controlling the host range of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Phytopathology. 72, 1545-1549.
Koksal I, Gunes NT, Solar A (2008) Descriptors for Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). In Bioversity International; FAO: Rome, Italy.
Loper JE, Kado CI (1979) Host range conferred by virulence-specifying plasmid of Agrobaterium tumefaciens. Journal of Bacteriology. 139, 591-596.
Luisa M, Mauro V (1996) Presence and diffusion of the common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha L.) in the areas of Mezzocorona and San Michele a/A in Trento Province. Bulletin OILB SROP. 19, 15-20.Mafakheri H, Taghavi SM, Pulawska J, de lajudie P, Lasalle F, Osdaghi E (2019) Two Novel Genomospecies in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Species Complex Associated with Rose Crown Gall. Phytopathology. 109(11), 1859.
Mancini G, Moretti F, Palenzona M (1975) Gracilacus audriellus Brown: possibile agente del “seccume” del nocciolo “Gentile delle Langhe”. Redia 56, 447-454.
Marefat AR (2000) Bacterial root and crown gall in Moghan orchards. Proc. 14 th. Iran. Plant Protec. Cong., Isfahan University of Technology. pp. 136.
Matthysse AG (1986) Initial interactions of Agrobacterium tumefaciense with plant host cells. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 13(3), 281-307.
Mazzola M, Cook RJ, Thomashaw LS, Weller DM, Pierson LS (1992) Contribution of phenazine antibiotic biosynthesis to the ecological competence of fluorescent pseudomonads in soil habitats. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 58, 2616-2624.
Moore LW (1988) Use of Agrobacterium radiobacter in agricultural ecosystems. Microbiological Sciences. 5(3), 92-95.
Moore LW, Kado CI, Bouzar H (1988) Agrobacterium. In: Schaad NW, ed. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: APS Press.
Moore LW, Bouzar H, Burr TJ (2001) Agrobacterium. In: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. ed. N.W. Schaad, J.B. Jones and W. Chun pp. 17–34. St Paul, MN: APS Press.
Niknejad M (2002) Plant disease management. Tehran, Iran, Agricultural Sciences Publication 280p. [In Persian].
Pscheidt JW, Stone J (2001) Diseases of European Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Hazelnut (Corylus spp.). https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/Hazelnut.aspx
Pulawska J, Sobiczewski P (2005) Development of semi-nested PCR based method for sensitive detection of tumorigenic Agrobacterium in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 98, 710-721.
Reed BM, Jessica Mentzer J, Tanprasert P, Xiaoling Yu X (1998) Internal bacterial contamination of micropropogated hazelnut: identification and aotibiotic treatment. Plant Cell.tissue and Organ Culture. 52, 67-70.
Ride M, Ride S, Pett A, Bollet C, Desaux Y, Gardan L (2000) Chracterization of plasmid-borne and chromosome-encoded traits of Agrobacterium biovar 1, 2 and 3 strains from france. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 66, 1818-1825.
Rovira M, Cristofori V, Silvestri C, Celli T, Hermoso JF, Tous J, Romero A (2014) Last results in the evaluation of ‘Negret’ hazelnut cultivar grafted on non-suckering rootstocks in Spain. Acta Horticulture. 1052, 145–150.
Salehi S, ghasemie A, Rhimian H, Emamie M, Nohi A (2004) Agrobacterium tumefaciens causal agent of grapevine gall in Qazvin province. Proc. 16 th. Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Tabriz University. p. 357.
Schaad NW (1988) Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 2nd. Ed. Amer. Phytopathol. Soc. St. Paul, MN. Press U.S.A. pp.164
Schaad NW, Jones JB, Chun W (2001) Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3th. ed. APS Press. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. pp.373
Shams M,Vial L, Chapulliot D, Nesme X, Lavire C (2013) Rapid and accurate species and genomic species identification and exhaustive population diversity assessment of Agrobacterium spp. using recA-based PCR. Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 36, 351–358.
Sheikh Beig Goharrizi MA, Dejahang A, Tohidfar M, Izadi Darbandi A, Carillo N, Hajirezaei MR and Vahdati K (2016) Agrobacterium mediated transformation of somatic embryos of Persian walnut using fld gene for osmotic stress tolerance. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 18, 423-435.
Sigee DC (1993) Bacterial Plant Pathology: Cell and Molecular Aspects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511525476.
Snare L. 2006. Pest and disease analysis in hazelnuts. Project Number: NT05002. Published by Horticultural Australia Ltd.
Thamashow MF, Panagopoulus CG, Gordon MP, Nester EW (1980) Host range of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is determined by the Ti plasmid. Nature. 283, 794-796.
Vahdati K, Sheikhi A, Arab MM, Sarikhani S, Habibi A, Ataee H (2023) Cultivars and Genetic Improvement. In: Mir, MM, Rehman, MU, Iqbal, U, Mir, SA (Eds.) Temperate Nuts. Springer, Singapore.
Vlug HJ (1996) Occurrence and biocontrol of grass grubs, especially of M. melolontha. Bulletin OILB SROP 19, 35-36.
Young JM, Kuykendall LD, Martinez-romero E, Kerr A, Sawada H (2003) Classification and nomenclature of Agrobacterium and Rhizobium. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53(5), 1689-1695.
Zhu J, Oger PM, Schrammeijer B, Hooykass PJ, Farrand SK, Winans SC (2000) The basis of crown gall tumorigenesis. Journal of Bacteriology. 182, 3885-3895.
