Responses of Herbaceous Species to Fire in Persian Oak (Quercus brantii) in Coppice Forests
الموضوعات :Saeideh Karimi 1 , Hassan Pourbabaei 2 , Yahya Khodakarami 3
1 - Department of Natural Resources, University of Guilan,
2 - Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Iran
3 - Senior Research Expert, Forests and Rangelands Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Diversity, Fire, Disturbance, Persian oak, Plant species composition,
ملخص المقالة :
Zagros forests are one of the important natural ecosystems in Iran with high plant diversity and variety of plant communities. In recent decades, fire events have frequently occurred in some of these ecosystems. The purpose of this research is to investigate the composition and diversity of herbaceous species after nine years of fire occurrence in the forests of Zagros in western Iran. For this purpose in 2015, an area of 40 ha that had burned in 2006 was selected and compared with the unburned area (control area). In both areas, 80 plots were selected. The optimal size of plots was determined based on Whittaker's nested plot sampling and minimal area method. Then, vegetation cover percent of each herbaceous species was estimated according to Van der Marel criterion in each plot. The results showed that the fire reduced the diversity, evenness and richness indices, but this decrease was not significant between Shannon-Wiener (P= 0.57) and species density index (P= 0.06). Species Avena fatua with 21.51 and 18.56% had the highest coverage in the burned and control areas, respectively. In addition, the average of herbaceous percent cover was significantly higher in the burned area (P<0.05). Also, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae families were the most important families in both areas. The overall results of this study revealed that many species are able to restore their primary conditions over time.
Adel, M. N., Ghodskhah Daryayi, M., Seddighi Pashaki, M., Sadegh Kuhestani, J., 2013. Effect of repeated fire on understory plant species diversity in Saravan forests, northern Iran. Folia Forestalia polonica, series A. 55 (3): 137–145.
Ahmadi, J., Farzam; M., Lagzian, A., 2017.Investigating Effects of a prescribed spring fire on symbiosis between Mycorrhiza fungiand range plant species. Journal of Rangeland Science, 7(2): 138-147.
Assadi, M., Maassoumi, A. A., Khatamsaz, M., Mozaffarian, V., 1991-2011. Flora of Iran, Nos. 1-67, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands press, Tehran. (In Persian)
Banj Shafiei, A., Akbarinia, M., 2006. Effect of fire on herbal layer biodiversity in a temperate forest of fire Northern Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biodiversity Sciences, 9 (12): 2273-2277.
Bouchard, M., Pothier, D., 2011. Long-term influence of fire and harvesting on boreal forest age structure and forest composition in eastern Québec. Forest Ecology and Management, 261: 811–820.
Burkle, L. A., Myers, J. A., Belote, R. T, 2015. Wildfire disturbance and productivity as drivers of plant species diversity across spatial scales. Ecosphere, 6(10): 1- 14.
Calabuing, E. L., Calvo, L., Fernandez, B., Marcos, E., Martinez, C., Tarrega, R., Valbuena, L., 2006. Fire recurrence effects on biodiversity and community structure in Sanabria Natural Park (Spain), Forest Ecology and Management, 234(1): S189.
Capitanio, R., Carcaillet, C., 2008. Post-fire Mediterranean vegetation dynamics and diversity: a discussion of succession models. For. Ecol. Manage, 255(3-4): 431– 439.
Certini, G., 2005. Effect of fire on properties of forest soil: a review. Journal of Oecologia, 143(1):1–10.
Currie, D. J., Mittelbach, G. G., Cornell, H. V., Field, R., Guegan, J. F., Hawkins, B. A., Kaufman, D. M., Kerr, J T., Oberdorff, T., Obrien, E., Turner, J. R. G., 2004. Predictions and test of climate based hypotheses of broad- scale variation in taxonomic richness. Ecology Letters, 7: 1121- 1134.
Costa, L.G., Miranda, I. S., Grimaldi, M., Lopes, M., Mitja, D., Santana Lima, T., 2012. Biomass in different types of land use in the Brazils arc of deforestation, Forest Ecology and Management, 278: 101- 109.
Chaneton, E. J., Facelli, J. M., 1991. Disturbance effects on plant community diversity: spatial scales and dominance hierarchies. Plant Ecology, 93 (2): 143-155.
Chuvieco, E., Salas, J., 1996. Mapping the spatial distribution of forest fire danger using GIS. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, 10 (3): 333–345.
Davis, P. H., (ed.) 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey, Vols. 1- 9. Edinburgh University Press, Edenborough.
Davis, M. A., Grime, J. P., Thompson, k., 2000. Fluctuating resources in plant. Communities: A general theory of invisibility. Journal of Ecology, 88 (3): 528-534.
DeFalco, L. A., Esque, T. C., Kane, J. M., Nicklas, M. B., 2009. Seed banks in a degraded desert shrubland: Influence of soil surface condition and harvester ant activity on seed abundance. Journal of Arid Environments, 73 (10): 885-893.
Esque, T. C., Young, J. A., Tracy, C. R., 2010. Short-term effects of experimental fires on a Mojave Desert seed bank. Journal of Arid Environments, 74 (2):1302-1308.
Fattaahi, M., 1994. Study on Zagros oak forests and the most important their destruction causes. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press. No.101, 63 p. (In Persian)
Fearnside, P. M., 2005. Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: History, rates, and consequences Conservation Biology, 19 (3): 680-688.
Fleming, G. M., Diffendorfer, J. E., Aedler, P. H., 2009. The relative importance of disturbance and exotic- plant abundance in California coastal sage scrub. Ecological Applications, 19 (8): 2210- 2227.
Gholami, SH., Sayad, E., 2015. Fractal description of canopy cover and apparent density of soil in Zagros forests (Case study: Bistoon Protected Area). Applied ecology, 4 (12):77- 85. (In Persian)
Gonzales- tagle, M. A., Schwendenmann, L., Jimenez, J., schulz, R., 2008. Forest Structure and Woody Plant Species composition along a fire Chronose quence in Mixed Pine-Oak forest in the Sierra Madre Oriental ̦ Northeast Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management, 256(1): 161-167.
Goudelis, G., Ganatsas, P. P., Spanos, I., Karpi, A., 2004. Effect of repeated fire on plant community recovery in Penteli, central Greece. Eco-and ground bio-engineering: the use of vegetation to improve slope stability. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Eco-engineering 13–17 September, pp 337–343.
Heydari, M., Attar Roshan, S., Hatami, Kh. 2011. The evaluation of herb Layer biodiversity in relation to physiographical factors in south of Zagros forest ecosystem (Case study: Dalab protected area). Journal of renewable natural resource research, 1 (2), 28-42. (In Persian)
Heydari, M., Faramarzi, M., Pothier, D. 2016. Post-fire recovery of herbaceous species composition and diversity, and soil quality indicators one year after wildfire in a semi-arid oak woodland. Ecological Engineering, 94: 688-697.
Hamzehee, B., Khanhasani, M., Khodakarami, Y., Nemati, P. M., 2008. Floristic and phytosociological study of Chaharzebar forests in Kermanshah. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar, 16 (2): 211-229. (In Persian)
Haubensak, K., D'antonio, C., Wixon, D., 2009. Effects of fire and environmental variables on plant structure and composition in grazed salt desert shrub lands of the Great Basin (USA). Journal of Arid Environments, 73 (6): 643-650.
Herath, N. D., Lamount, B. B., Enright, N. N., miller, P., 2009. Impact of fire on plant species persistence in post mine restored and natural shrub land communities in southern Australia, Biological conservation, 142 (10): 2175-2180.
Jahantab, E., Sepehry, A., Hanafi, B., Mirdeilamy, S. Z., 2010. Comparison of plant species diversity in two grazed and enclosed rangeland sites in mountainous rangelands of central Zagros (Case study: Dishmook in Kohgiluyeh & Buyer Ahmad province). Iranian journal of Range and Desert Research, 17 (2), 293-300. (In Persian)
Jazirehei, M., Ebrahimi Rostaqi, M., 2005. Silvicalture of Zagros. Tehran University Press, 56 p. (In Persian)
Jamshidi Bakhtar, A., Marvi Mohajer, M. R., Sagheb Talebi, K. h., Namiranian, M., Marofi, H., 2013. Alteration of plant diversity after a fire in Zagros Forests (Case study: Marivan forests). Iranian Journal of forest and poplar Research, 21(3): 529- 541. (In Persian)
Karimi, S., Pourbabaei, H., Khodakarami, Y., 2018. The effect of fire on the relative importance (SIV) index and frequency distribution models of plant species of plant species in the Zagros forests. Natural Ecosystems of Iran, 8 (3):111-126. (In Persian)
Keeley, J. E., Lubin, D., Fortheringham, C. J., 2003. Fire and grazing impacts on plant diversity and aline plant invasions in the southern sierra Nevada. Ecological Application, 13 (5): 1355-1374.
Knnap, A. K., Seastedt, T. R., 1986. Detritus accumulation limits productivity of tall grass prairie. Bio Science, 36 (10): 662-668.
Krebs, J. C., 1999. Ecological methodology, Harper and Row, New York, p 432.
Lahav, H., 1989. Renewal of Vegetation after Fire in a Natural Pine Forest on Mt. Carmel (M.Sc. Diss.) Tel Aviv University.
Leverkus, A. B., Lorite J., Navarro, F B., Sánchez-Cañete E P., Castro J. 2014. Post-fire salvage logging alters species composition and reduces cover, richness, and diversity in Mediterranean plant communities. Journal of environmental management, 133: 323-331.
Martin, P. H., Canham, C. D., Marks, P. L., 2009. Why forests appear resistant to exotic plant invasions: intentional introductions, stand dynamics, and the role of shade tolerance. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7 (3): 142-149.
Marvi-Mohajer, M., 2012. Silviculture. University of Tehran Press, Tehran. p 418. (In Persian).
Mirdavodi, H. R., Marvi Mohadjer, M. R., Zahedi Amiri, G. h., Etemad, V., 2013. Disturbance effects on plant diversity and invasive species in western oak communities of Iran (Case study: Dalab Forest, Ilam). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 21 (1), 1- 16. (In Persian)
Mirzaei Mossivand, A., Keivan Behjou, F., Zandi Esfahan, E., Ghorbani, A., 2015. Assessment of fire effects on surface cover changes and forage production (Case Study: Delfan County, Lorestan Province, Iran). Journal of Rangland Science, 5 (1): 60-71.
Mohammadi, F., Shabanian, N., Pourhashemi, M., Fataehi, P., 2011. Risk zone mapping of forest fire using GIS and AHP in a part of Paveh forests. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18:569- 586. (In Persian).
McKenzie, D., Miller, C., Falk, D. A., 2011. Toward a theory of landscape fire. In The Landscape Ecology of Fire (pp. 3-25). Springer, Dordrecht.
Myers J A, Chase J M, Crandall R M, Jimenez I. 2015. Disturbance alters beta‐diversity but not the relative importance of community assembly mechanisms. Journal of Ecology, 103(5), 1291-1299.
Ortman, J., Beran, D. D., 2008. Grassland management with prescribed Fire. Nebraska cooperative extension, EC, 148, 122-132.
Pang, X. Y., Bao, W. K., Wu, N., 2012. The effects of clear- felling subalpine coniferous forest on soil physical and chemical properties in the eastern Tibetan. Plateau. Soil Use and Management, 27 (2): 213-220.
Pereira, P., Úbeda, X., Martin, D., Mataix-Solera, J., Guerrero, C., 2011. Effects of a low severity prescribed fire on water-soluble elements in ash from a cork oak (Quercus suber) forest located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Environ. Res. 111 (2): 237–247.
Pourreza, M., Safari, H., Khodakarami, Y., Mashayekhi, Sh., 2009. Preliminary results of post fire resprouting of manna oak (Quercus brantii L.) in the Zagros forests, Kermanshah. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 17: 225−236. (In Persian)
Pourreza, M., Hosseini, S. M., Safari Sinegani, A. A., Matinizadeh, M., Alavai, S. J., 2014. Herbaceous species diversity in relation to fire severity in Zagros oak forest Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 25(1): 113−120.
Rabinovich, A., 1982. The effect of the fire in the Mediterranean Maquis. Teva Varetz 5, pp. 205 (in Hebrew).
Raunkiaer, C., 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical geography, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 6.
Razavi, S. A., 2008. Flora study of life forms and geographical distribution in Kouhmian region (Case study: Azadshahr- Golestan). Journal of Agriculture Science and Natural Resource, 15 (3): 95-108. (In Persian)
Rechinger, K. H., 1963-2010. Flora Iranica, nos. 1-167. Akad. Druk-u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Vols. 175-178, Naturhistorisches Museum, Wine.
Salamati, H., Mostafa Lou, H., Mastoori, A., Honardoust, F., 2011. Assessment and mapping forest fire risk using GIS in Gloestan province forests. Abstracts of 1st International Conference on Wildfire in Natural Resource Lands, Iran, 26-28 Oct. 2011, p 10. (In Persian).
Salehi, A., Mohammadi, A., Safari, A., 2011. Investigation and comparison of physical and chemical soil properties and quantitative characteristics of trees in less-damaged and damaged area of Zagros forests (Case study: Poldokhtar, Lorestan province). Iranian Journal of Forest, 3(1): 81-89. (In Persian)
Scudieri, C. A., Sieg, C. H., Haase, S. M., Thode, A. E., sackett, S. S., 2010, Understory vegetation response after 30 years of interval prescribed burning in two ponderosa pine sites in northern Arizona, USA. Forest ecology and management, 260: 2134- 2142.
Siahmansour, R., Arzani, H., Jafari, M., Javadi, S. A., Tavili, A., 2016. The effect of short-time fire on life form and palatable classes in Zagheh pasture in Lorestan. Iranian Journal Of Natural Resource, 68 (3): 517- 531. (In Persian)
Tahmasi, P., 2013. The study of destructive effect and potential of water uses as a management tools for vegetation cover in semi-steppe pastures. Iranian Journal Of Natural Resource, 66(2): 287-298. (In Persian)
Tessler, N., Wittenberg, L., Greenbaum, N., 2016. Vegetation cover and species richness after recurrent forest fires in the Eastern Mediterranean ecosystem of Mount Carmel, Israel. Science of the Total Environment, 572:1395- 1402.
Townsend, C. C., Guest, E., 1974. Flora of Iraq, vol. 3. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian reform, Iraq. pp. 636.
Valendik, E., Vekshin, V., 2005. Basics of fire management in Eurasia. International Forest Fire News, 32, 62-63.
Vanschoenwinkel, B., Buschke, F., Brendonck, L., 2013. Disturbance regime alters the impacts of dispersal on alpha and diversity in a natural meta community. Ecology, 94 (11): 2547-2557.
Varma, S., Jayakumar, S., 2015. Post-fire regeneration dynamics of tree species in a tropical dry deciduous forest, Western Ghats, India. Forest Ecology and Management, 341: 75–82.
Wanthongchai, K., Bauhus, J., Goldammer, J. G., 2008. Nutrient losses through prescribed burning of aboveground litter and understory in dry dipterocarp forests of different fire history. Catena, 74: 321–332.
Whittaker, R. H., 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs, 26, 1-80.
Zakeri Pashakalaee, M., Alvaninejad, S., Esmailzade, O., 2015. The relationship between plant species diversity with topography factor in western forest of Mazandaran (Case study: research forest of Trabiat Modares University), Applied ecology, 3 (8), 1- 15. (In Persian)
Zhang, Q. F., Chen, W. J., 2007. Fire cycle of the Canadas boreal region and its potential response to global change. Journal of Forestry Research, 18(1): 55-61.
