Studying the Relationship between Environmental Factors, Runoff Characteristics and Infiltration Depth Using Rainfall Simulator in Northwestern Rangelands of Iran
الموضوعات :
Sedigheh Mohamadi
1
(IAUB Baft)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Rangeland, Species Diversity, Runoff coefficient, Time to runoff, Time to stop runoff, Infiltration depth,
ملخص المقالة :
Runoff leads to the leaching of soil nutrients, transports the topsoil particles and deposits the sediments in water reservoirs. Recognition of different environmental factors affecting the runoff properties and water infiltration depth has a great importance concerning soil for the integrated management of watershed and the distinguishment of complex hydrological processes. Thus, this research aims to determine the environmental factors related to the infiltration depth (ID) and runoff properties including runoff coefficient (RC), time to runoff (TR) and time to stop runoff (TSR) after stopping rainfall using a rainfall simulator. Three catchments involving Shahrchy, Zanjanrood and Glinak were selected based on the rain intensity in 30 minute duration with a 10 year return period in northwestern rangelands of Iran in 2013. The rainfall simulator was established in the rangeland units of each district to operate regarding 30 mm/h rainfall intensity for 30 minutes. Afterwards, data collection with respect to the environmental factors including vegetation (canopy cover and four species diversity indices), topography (slope, height and direction) and soil factors (from 0-30 cm horizons) was fulfilled. Data analysis (71 samples) was done using Pearson correlation and multivariate stepwise regression method. The validity of regression models (18% gathering data equivalent to 15 samples) was tested by R2 and other statistic indices. Results indicated that 77% variations of RC variable were accounted for canopy cover, sand content, organic carbon, clay content and nitrogen content of soil. Such factors as soil moisture, sand content level, lime content level, species number and Shannon diversity indices explained 73% variations of runoff after rainfall. Similarly, clay content, organic carbon and gypsum content of soil explained 82% variations of time to stop runoff )TSR( and such parameters as slope, latitude, organic carbon and silt content of soil explained 60% variations of infiltration depth )ID.
Abdinejad, P., Fiznia, S., Pyrowan, H., Fayazi, F., Shabani, T., 2010. An investigation of factors affecting runoff generation in Zanjan province marl units of formations geological using simulation rainfall. Watershed Management Researches. 1(2): 31-51. (In Persian).
Aqil, M., Kita, I., Yano, A., Nishiyama, S., 2007. A comparative study of artificial neural networks and neuron-fuzzy in continuous modeling of the daily and hourly behavior of runoff. Jour. Hydrology, 337: 22– 34.
Castillo, V.M., Go´mez-Plaza, A., Martı´nez-Mena, M., 2003. The role of antecedent soil water content in the runoff response of semi arid catchments: a simulation approach. Jour. Hydrology, 284: 114– 130.
Ceballos, A., Schnabel, S., 1998. Hydrological behavior of small catchments in the dehesa land use system (Extremadura, SW Spain). Jour. Hydrology, 210: 146–160.
Chaplot, V.A.M., Le Bissonnais, Y., 2003. Runoff features for inter rill erosion at different rainfall intensities, slope lengths, and gradients in an agricultural loess hill slope. Soil Science Society of America Jour., 67: 844–851.
Dastorani, M.T. Sharifi darani, H., Talebi, A., Moghadamnia, A.R., 2011. Evaluation of the application of artificial neural networks and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems for rainfall-runoff modeling in Zayandeh Rood dam basin. Water & Waste Jour., 22(4): 114- 125. (In Persian).
Defersha, M.B., Melesse, A.M., 2012. Effect of rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture content on sediment concentration and sediment enrichment ratio. Catena, 90: 47–52.
Foltz, R.B., Copeland, N.S., Elliot, W.J., 2009. Reopening abandoned forest roads in northern Idaho, USA: Quantification of runoff, sediment concentration, infiltration, and interrill erosion parameters. Jour. Environmental Management, 90: 2542 2550.
Ghehsareh Ardestani, E., Bassiri, M., Tarkesh, M., Borhani, M., 2010. Distributions of species diversity abundance models and relationship between ecological factors with Hill (1 N) species diversity index in 4 range sites of Isfahan province. Jour. Range and Watershed Management, 63(3): 387-397. (In Persian)
Habibzade, A., Nikjou, M.R., Peyrevan, H.R., 2013. Investigating the runoff and sediment yield in marl formation of East Azarbaeyjan. Management and Geography Jour., 17(43): 71-91. (In Persian).
Issak, E.H., Srivastava, R.M., 1989. An introduction to applied geostatistics. Oxford University Press, 561p.
Jafari, M., Vafakhah, M., Abghari, H., Tavasoli, A., 2012. Storm runoff coefficient prediction using neural networks in Barerieh watershed of Neyshaboor. Jour. Iranian Natural Ecosystems, 2(3): 85-97. (In Persian).
Kavian, A., Azmodeh, A., Soleimani, K., Vahabzadeh, G., 2010. Effect of soil properties on runoff and soil erosion in forest lands. Jour. Range and Watershed Management, 63 (1): 89-104. (In Persian).
Lang, J., Schick, A. P., Leibundgut, C., 1999. A non calibrated rainfall-runoff model for large, arid catchments. Water Resource Research, 35(7): 2126-2177.
Li, C., Hao, X., Zhao, M., Han, G., Willms, W.D., 2008. Influence of historic sheep grazing on vegetation and soil properties of a Desert Steppe in Inner Mongolia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 128: 109–116.
Matinez, M., 1998. Factors influencing surface runoff generation in a Mediterranean semi-arid environment. Chicamp Watershed Spain, 12(5): 741-745.
McGill, W.B., Figueiredo, C.T., 1993. Total nitrogen. In: Carter, M.R. (Ed.), Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Lewis Publishers, Boca Rton, F.L, pp: 201-211.
McLeen, E., 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. In: Page, A.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Agron, 9, ASSA-SSA, Madison, Wl, USA, pp: 199-223.
Merz, R., Blölchl, G., 2009. A regional analysis of event runoff coefficients with respect to climate and catchments characteristics in Austria. Water Reso. Res., 45:103-113.
Najafian, L., Kavian, A., Ghorbani, J., Tamartash, R., 2010. Effect of life form and vegetation cover on runoff and sediment yield in rangelands of Savadkooh region, Mazandaran. Rangeland, 4(2): 334-347. (In Persian).
Nayak, P.C., Sudheer, K.P., Rangan, D.M., Ramasastri. K.S., 2005. Short-term flood forecasting with a neurofuzzy model. Water Resources Research., 30: 15-26.
Norbiato, D., Borga, M., Merz, R., Blöschl, G., Carton, A., 2009. Controls on event runoff coefficients in the eastern Italian Alps. Jour. Hydrol, 375: 312–325.
Olsen, S.R, Cole, C.V., Watanable, F.S., Dean, L.A., 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Dept, Agr., Cir, 939 pp.
Orsham, A., Akhund Ali, A.M., Behnia, A., 2010. Effect of soil antecedent moisture contents on runoff and sedimentation values with simulated rainfall method. Iranian Jour. Range and Desert Research, 16(4): 445-455. (In Persian).
Perez-Latorre, F.J., Castro, L. D., Delgado, A., 2010. A comparison of two variable intensity rainfall simulators for runoff studies. Soil and Till. Res, 107: 11-16.
Puigdefbregas, J., 2005. The role of vegetation patterns in structuring runoff and sediment fluxes in dry lands. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 30: 133– 147.
Quansah, C., 1981. The effect of soil type, slope, rain intensity and their interactions on splash detachment and transport. Jour. Soil Science, 32: 215–224.
Rezaei. A., 2011. Mathematical infiltration model in steep undisturbed plots. Agronomy Journal, Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 91: 10-18. (In Persian).
Sadeghi, S.H.R., 2010. Study and measurement of water erosion. Tarbiat Modares University., 195p. (In Persian).
Saghafian, B., 2002. Determination of criteria's for rain simulator in relation with climate conditions of Iran. Final report of research design. Research Center of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management of Tehran, 113 pp. (In Persian).
Salajegheh, A., Fathabadi. A., Mahdavi, M., 2009. Investigation on the efficiency of Neuro-Fuzzy method and statistical models in simulation of rainfall-runoff process. Jour. Range and Watershed Management, 62 (1): 65-79. (In Persian).
Santos, F.L., Reis, J.L., Martins, O.C., Castanheria, N.L., Serralherio, R.P. 2003. Comparative assessment of infiltration, runoff and erosion of sprinkler irrigation soils. Biosystems Engineering, 86(3): 355-364.
Seeger, M., 2007. Uncertainty of factors determining runoff and erosion processes as quantified by rainfall simulations. Catena, 71: 56-67.
Sharifi, F., Safarpour, S.H., Ayoubzadeh, S. A., Vakilpour, J., 2004. An Investigation of factors affecting runoff generation in arid and semi-arid area using simulation and rainfall runoff data. Iranian Jour. Natural Resources, 57(1): 33-45. (In Persian).
Sheklabadi, M., Khademi, H., Charkhabi, A.M., 2003. Runoff and deposition yield in different material parrent in Golabad watershed, Ardestan. Jour. Agriculture and Natural Resources Science and Technology, 7(2): 85-100. (In Persian).
Simard, R.R., 1993. Ammonium acetate –extractable elements. In: Carter, M.R. (Ed.), Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Lewis Publishers, Boca Rton, F.L, pp: 39-42.
Singh, R., Panigrahy, N., Philip, G., 1999. Modified rainfall simulator infiltrometer for infiltration, runoff and erosion studies. Agricultural Water Management, 41: 167-175.
Stavi, I., Ungar, E.D., Lavee, H. Sarah, P., 2008. Grazing- induced spatial variability of soil bulk density and content of moisture, organic carbon and calcium carbonate in a semi arid rangeland. Catena, 75: 288- 296.
Vaezi, A.R., Bahrami, H.A. Sadeghi, S.H.R., Mahdian, M.H., 2008. Spatial variations of runoff in a port of calcareous soils of semi-arid region in northwest of Iran. J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resour, 15(5): 113-123. (In Persian).
Vahabi, J., Mahdian, M.H., 2009. Investigating the effect of edaphic parameters on runoff using a rainfall simulator. Watershed Management Researches (Pajhohesh & Sazandegi), 83,11-20. (In Persian).
Walkley, A., Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Jour. Soil Sci., 37: 29-37.
Wei, W., Chen, L., Fu, B., Huang, Z., Wu, D., Gui, L., 2007. The effect of land uses and rainfall regimes on runoff and soil erosion in the semi-arid loess hilly area, China. Jour. Hydrol, 335: 247–258.
Zare Khormizi, M., Najafinejad, A., Noura, N., Kavian, A., 2012. Effects of slope and soil properties on runoff and soil loss using rainfall simulator, Chehel-chai watershed, Golestan province. Jour. Water and Soil Conservation, 19(2): 165-178. (In Persian).
Zarinkafsh, M., 1993. Applied pedology, morphology and soil-water-plant qualitative analysis. Tehran university press, 342 pp. (In Persian).
Zhao, Z., Huang, J., Gao, X., Wu, P., Wang, J., 2014. Runoff features of pasture and crop slopes at different rainfall intensities, antecedent moisture contents and gradients on the Chinese Loess Plateau: A solution of rainfall simulation experiments. Catena, 119: 90–96.
