Factors Affecting Biomass Energy Utilization by Small Holder Farmers in Iran

الموضوعات :

سیده مرضیه رازقی ¹ (فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد توسعه روستایی، دانشگاه زنجان، ایران)
حسین شعبانعلی فمی ² (استاد گروه مدیریت و توسعه کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران)
روح اله رضایی ³ (دانشیار گروه ترویج کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، ایران)

تاريخ الإرسال : 27 الأحد , شعبان, 1439 تاريخ التأكيد : 18 الأحد , ذو القعدة, 1440 تاريخ الإصدار : 06 الأحد , رجب, 1441

الکلمات المفتاحية: biomass, Crop residue, renewable energy resources, small-holder farmers,

ملخص المقالة :

The main purpose of this survey was to assess biomass production and use as a source of energy by smallholders in Tafresh County located in Markazi Province, Iran. A descriptive survey method was used for data collection. The statistical population consisted of 2,470 smallholders. A sample size of 300 was selected by using the stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. A panel of experts confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to establish the reliability of the instrument. The Cronbach alpha's coefficient was higher than 0.75 for the main scales of the questionnaire. The results showed that the residues of plants and animals are recognized as a potential source of renewable energy, but there exists no specific policy or technical instruction for their optimal use, particularly in organizations such as Agriculture Jihad. Therefore, many farmers burn a considerable amount of firewood without being aware of its potential use. Findings revealed that “diversification of productive activities” had the greatest influence on the use of biomass energy, and the variables “annual cost of gas at home” and “animal farming experience” were ranked the 2nd and 3rd most important factors influencing the dependent variable, respectively.

المصادر:

Alam, M.S., Alam, M.R., & Islam, K.K. (2005). Energy flow in agriculture: Bangladesh. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(3), 213- 220.

Ashrafi, M., Mehrabanian E., & Ahmadpoor Kakhki, A. (2007). A study of peasant and small farming system in Iran; barriers, policies, and support solutions. In the proceedings of the Six^th Agricultural Economics' Conference. 30- 31 October, Iran. Mashhad (In Persian).

Barnard, G. W. (2019). Use of agricultural residues as fuel. In Bioenergy and the Environment (pp. 85-112). Routledge

Bender, M. (1999). Economic feasibility review for community-scale farmer cooperatives for biodiesel. Bioresource Technology, 70(1), 81–87.

Bhatia, R. (1990). Diffusion of renewable energy technologies in developing countries: A case study of biogas engines in India. World Development, 18(4), 575–590.

Chel, A., & Kaushik, G. (2011). Renewable energy for sustainable agriculture. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 31, 91-118.

Esengun, K., Gunduz, O., & Erdal, G. (2007). Input-output energy analysis in the dry apricot production of Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management, 48,592–598.

Fischer, J. R., Finnell, J. A., & Lavoie, B. D. (2006). Renewable energy in agriculture: Back to the future. Choices, 21(1), 27-32.

Geller, H. (2012). Energy Revolution, Policies for a Sustainable Future. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bazilian, M. D., Wagner, N., & Gorini, R. (2019). The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energy Strategy Reviews, 24, 38-50.

Hansen, C. L., & Cheong, D. Y. (2019). Agricultural waste management in food processing. In Handbook of Farm, Dairy and Food Machinery Engineering (pp. 673-716). Academic Press.

Hatirli, S.A.B., Ozkan, U., & Fert, C. (2005). An econometric analysis of energy input-output in Turkish agriculture. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 9, 608– 623.

Hiremath, R.B., Shikha, S., & Ravindranath, N.H. (2007). Decentralized energy planning: Modeling and application. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11, 729- 752.

Karkacier, O., & Goktolgu, Z.G. (2005). Input-output analysis of energy use in agriculture. Energy Conversion and Management, 46, 1513- 1521.

Krejcie, Robert, V., Morgan, & Daryle, W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.

Lal, R. (2008).  Soils and sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 28, 57–64.

Meijer Ineke, S.M., Hekkert Marko, P., & Joop, F.M.K. (2007). Energy Policy, 35(11), 5836–5854.

Menegaki, A. (2008) Valuation for renewable energy: A comparative review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 12, 2422–2437.

Naghiu, A., & Burnete, N. (2005). Agricultural Farms. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 3(6), 1-7.

Ozkan, B., Akcaoz, H., & Fert, C. (2004). Energy input-output analysis in Turkish agriculture. Renewable Energy, 29, 39-51.

Patlitzianas, K.D., Doukas, H., Kagiannas, A.G., & Psarras J. (2008). Sustainable energy policy indicators: Review and recommendations. Renewable Energy, 33, 966–973.

Perea-Moreno, M. A., Samerón-Manzano, E., & Perea-Moreno, A. J. (2019). Biomass as renewable energy: worldwide research trends. Sustainability, 11(3), 863.

Peskett, L., Slater, R., Stevens, C., & Dufey, A. (2007). Biofuels, agriculture and poverty reduction. In Natural Resources Perspectives; Overseas Development Institute: London, UK.

Ramachandra, T.V., & Shruthi, B.V. (2007). Spatial mapping of renewable energy potential. Renewable, and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11, 1460–1480.

Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS): Cambridge, UK, (2009). Renewable Energy and Agriculture: A Natural Fit Retrieved from http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/gd_reandag.html.

Scurlock, J. (2008). Biofuels, Agriculture, and Climate Change, The Heat Is On; Rowley Conference Centre: Newmarket, UK; Retrieved from www.nfuonline.com.

Shabanali Fami, H., Ghasemi, J., Malekipour, R., Rashidi, P., Nazari, S., & Arezoo, M. (2010). Renewable energy use in smallholder farming systems: A case study in Tafresh County of Iran. Sustainability, 2, 702-716.

Shabanali Fami, H. Samiee, A., & Sadati, S.A. (2009). An examination of challenges facing peasant farming system in Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal, 6(9), 1281-1286.

Sheehan, J., Aden, A., Paustian, K., Killian, K., Brenner, J., Walsh, M., & Nelson, R. (2003). Energy and environmental aspects of using corn stover for fuel ethanol. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 7(3-4), 117–146.

Singh, G. (1999). Relationship between mechanization and productivity in various parts of India. A paper presented during the XXXIV Annual Convention, Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers, CCSHAU, Hisar, December, 16–18.