Evaluation of Agricultural Research, Extension and Farmers Linkages: A case study from Gezira State Sudan
الموضوعات :
Ahmed Bereir
1
1 - Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
تاريخ الإرسال : 20 الخميس , رمضان, 1443
تاريخ التأكيد : 30 الجمعة , ذو الحجة, 1443
تاريخ الإصدار : 02 الأربعاء , ذو القعدة, 1443
الکلمات المفتاحية:
Agricultural Research,
farmers,
Extension agents,
Sudan,
Extension linkages,
ملخص المقالة :
The present study seeks to evaluate the agricultural research, extension, and farmers linkages in Gezira State, Sudan. A field survey was used to collect data from50 extension agents, 50 farmers and50 researchers in Gezira State, Sudan. The collected data were coded, fed to the computer, statistically analyzed using (SPSS), discussed, and interpreted using descriptive statistics. The results revealed weak linkages between research and farmers, between extension and farmers, and between research and extension. The used method of communication between research, extension, and farmers are workshops, training periods for extension agents, field days, and demonstrations. The Main constraints facing the linkages between research, extension, and farmers are a lack of budgets for linkage activities, weak infrastructure, continuous change of extension agents' workplaces, and separate administrations of research and extension organizations. From this study, it can be concluded that the weak linkages between these three agricultural pillars will lead to low adoption of new agricultural technologies and consequently lead to low income from agricultural production in the country. The study recommends that constraints facing agricultural research, extension, and farmers linkages should be solved.
المصادر:
Abdel Rahman, A. M. and Omran A. Y. (2016). Role of Private Agricultural Extension Sector in Gezira State, Sudan. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS), 25 (1), 281-288.
Agbamu, J. U. (2000). Agricultural Research, Extension Linkage Systems: An International Perspective, Agricultural Research & Extension Network, Department for International Development, U.K., Network Paper No. 106, p.p. 1-7.
Asiabaka, C. (2002) Promoting Sustainable Extension Approaches: Farmer Field School (FFS) and its Role in Sustainable Agricultural Development in African. Paper presented at the CODESRIA-IFS Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Workshop I Held in Kampala, Uganda, 15-16.
Adesoji, S. A., and Aratunde, T (2012). Evaluation of the linkage system of Research-Extension-Farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria: Lesson for Agricultural Extension Administrators. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(20), 561-568.
Babu, S. C and Ram, P. S. (2019). Agricultural Research and Extension System in Nepal. An Organizational Review. IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 01810.
Belay, K and Alemu, D (2017). Agricultural Research and Extension Linkages: Challenges and Intervention Options. Ethiop. J. Agric. Sci. 27(1), 55-76.
Belay, K. and Alemu, D. (2004), Challenges Facing Agricultural Extension Agents: A Case Study from South Western Ethiopia, African Development Review, 16 (1): 139-168.
Park, Duk-Byeong and Sang-Jin Ma. (2016). Linkage of Agricultural Research and Extension in Paraguay. Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development, 23 (2), 181-193.
Faylon, P. S. and Acoba, E. P. (2002) Agricultural Research and Development (R&D)-Extension-Farmer Interface and Technology Transfer in the Philippines: Gearing up for the Challenges of a Liberalized Market Regime, Country paper presented during the Expert Consultation on Agricultural Extension, Research-Extension-Farmer Interface and Technology Transfer, 16-19, FAO Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand.
Havelock, R.G. (1986) Linkage: A key to Understanding the Knowledge System’ in G.M. Beal, W. Dissanayake and S. Konoshima, (eds) Knowledge Generation, Exchange and Utilization. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Jonathan, E. C. (2010). Factors Influencing Research-Extension –Farmers Linkages in Tanzania: A case study of the Western Agricultural Research Zone. MSc thesis, University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
Lacy, W. B., Lawrence, B and Paul, M. (1983).The Sudan Agricultural Research Corporation: Organization, Practices, and Policy Recommendations. Sociocultural Constraints in the Production and Consumption of Grain Sorghum and Pearl Millet in Less Developed Countries Project. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Munyua, C. N., Adams, P. F. and Thomson, J. S. (2002) Designing Effective Linkages for Sustainable Agricultural Extension Information Systems Among Developing Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education, Durban, South Africa, 301-307.
Purcell, D. and Anderson, J. R. (1997). Agricultural Extension and Research Achievements and Problems in National Systems. World Bank operations evaluation study. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Nyamupangedengu, Z. S., and Terblanche S. E. (2016).Weak or Non-existent Farmer-research-extension Linkages Structures, A case for Concern: the Nyanga district perspective, Zimbabwe. S. Afr. J. Agric. Ext. Vol. 44(2), 110 –120.
Ojacor, F.A. (2000). Research-extension-farmer Linkages. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5, 66-71.
Shantanu, K., Ram, K and Uma, S. (2001). Linkages among Research, Extension and Farmers- A review .Agric .Rev. 22 (3/4), 215-221.
Urhibo, F. A. (2021). Global Role Dimension of Research-extension-farmers Linkages in Agricultural Extension Service Delivery in Selected Countries. MOJOVTE Maiden Edition, 1, 114 – 123.
Yenesew, Sewnet, Edo Elemo and Dereje Derso (2015).A review of Agricultural Research, Extension and Farmers linkage in Ethiopia. American Journal of Social and Management Sciences. 6 (2), 48-52.
