The effect of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer on leaf area, chlorophyll, and grain protein of Zea mays in competition with Amaranthus retroflexus
الموضوعات :
Mojtaba Fateh
1
(Department of agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.)
Hamdollah Kazemi Arbat
2
(Department of agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.)
Soleyman Mohammadi
3
(Agricultural Research Center, , Miandoab, Iran)
Farhad Farahvash
4
(Department of agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.)
Eskandar Zand
5
(Agronomy Pest and Disease Research Institute, Tehran, Iran)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Protein, Maize, Fertilizer, weed, leaf,
ملخص المقالة :
In order to investigate the effect of plant density and different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on yield components, leaf area, chlorophyll and grain protein content of Zea mays cultivars and Amaranthus retroflexus biomass. The experiment was conducted in two crop years (2012-2013) in the form of a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main factors included maize cultivars (single cross hybrids of 370 and 704) and sub factors included different levels of maize densities (60000, 70000, 80000 and 90000 plant ha-1) and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer including 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg ha-1. The effect of density on all traits was significant, but the effect of cultivar on chlorophyll and leaf area index and nitrogen effect on number of ear per square meter were not significant. Maize cultivar of 704 had significantly higher number of grain per ear, weight of one thousand grains and grain protein compared to cultivar 370 but the number of ear was significantly lower than that of cultivar 370 and there was no significant difference in chlorophyll content and leaf area index between the two cultivars. The highest grain protein was obtained at densities of 80000 plant ha-1 and application of 400 kg ha-1 N. Also, cultivar 704 significantly decreased redroot biomass compared to cultivar 370. According to the results, recommended to farmers in Miandoab region to use cultivar 704 with a density of 80,000 plant ha-1 along with 400 kg N ha-1.
Abdollahian-Noghabi, M. and R. Froud, 1997. 'Competition above and below ground between fat hen (Chenopodium album L.) and two sugarbeet cultivars'. Brighton Crop Protection Conference Weeds. Brighton, United Kingdom. pp. 44.
Abedi, T., A. Alemzadeh and S. A. Kazemeini, 2011. Wheat yield and grain protein response to nitrogen amount and timing. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5 (3): 330-336.
Abouziena, H., M. F. El-Karmany, M. Singh and S. D. Sharma, 2007. 'Effect of nitrogen rates and weed control treatments on maize yield and associated weeds in sandy soils'. Journal of Weed Technology, 21: 1049-1053.
Abuzar, M. R., G. U. Sadozai, A. A. Baloch, I. H. Shah, T. Javaid and N. Hussain, 2011. 'Effect of plant population densities on yield of maize'. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 21 (4): 692-695.
Andrade, F., H. Calvino, P. A. Cirilo and P. Barbieri, 2002. 'Yield responses to narrow rows depend on increased radiation interception'. Agronomy Journal, 94: 975-980.
Azeez, J. O. and M. T. Adetunji, 2007. 'Nitrogen use efficiency of maize genotypes under weed pressure in tropical Alfisol in northern Nigeria'. Journal of Tropiculture, 25 (3): 174-179.
Balem, Z., A. J. Modolo, M. M. Trezzi, T. O. Vargas, M. B. Baesso, E. M. Brandelero and E. Trogello, 2014. 'Conventional and twin-row spacing in different population densities for maize (Zea mays L.)'. African Journal of Agriculture Research, 23: 1787-1792.
Barker, D. C., S. Z. Knezevic, A. R. Martin, D. T. Walters and J. L Lindquist, 2006. 'Effect of nitrogen addition on the comparative productivity of corn and velvetleaf'. Journal of Weed Science, 54: 363-354.
Blackshaw, R. E., L. J. Molnar and H. H. Janzen, 2004. 'Nitrogen fertilizer timing and application method affect weed growth and competition with spring wheat'. Journal of Weed Science, 52: 614-622.
Bruns, H. A. and H. K. Abbas, 2005. 'Ultra high plant population and nitrogen fertility effects on corn in the Mississippi Valley'. Journal of Agronomy, 97: 1136-1140.
Chen, K., J. I. Camberato and T. J. Vyn, 2017. 'Maize grain yield and kernel component relationships to morphophysiological traits in commercial hybrids separated by four decades'. Journal of Crop Science, 57 (3): 1641-1657.
Costa, C., D. Frigon, P. Dutilleul, L. Dwyer, V. P. Pillar, D. W. Stewart and D. L. Smith, 2003. Sample Size Determination for Chlorophyll Meter Readings on Maize Hybrids with a Broad Range of Canopy Types. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 26 (5): 1117-1130.
Cox, W. J., J. J. Hanchar, W. A. Knoblauch and J. H. Cherney, 2006. 'Growth, yield, quality and economics of corn silage under different row spacings'. Agronomy Journal, 98: 163-167.
Di paolo, E. and M. Rinaldi, 2008. 'Yield response of corn to irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in a Mediterranean environment'. Journal of Crop Science, 105: 202-210.
Evans, S., S. Z. Knezevic, J. L. Lindquist and C. A. Shapiro, 2003. 'Influence of nitrogen and duration of weed interference on corn growth and development'. Journal of Weed science, 51(4): 546-556.
Hashemi, A. M., S. J. Herbert and D. H. Putnam, 2005. 'Yield response of corn to crowding stress'. Agronomy Journal, 97: 839-846.
Izadi, M. H. and Y. Emam, 2009. 'Effect of planting pattern, plant density and nitrogen levels on grain yield and yield components of maize cv. SC704'. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 3: 239-251.
Kolb, L. N., E. R. Gallandt and E. B. Mallory, 2012. 'Impact of spring wheat planting density, row spacing, and mechanical weed control on yield, grain protein, and economic return in maine'. Journal of Weed Science, 60: 244- 253.
Lindquist, J. L., D. C. Barker, S. Z. Knezevic, A. R. Martinand and D. Walters, 2007. 'Competative nitrogen uptake and distribution in corn and velvetleaf (Abutilon Theophrasti)'. Journal of Weed Science, 55:102-110.
Lindquist, J. L., S. P. Evans, C. A. hapiro and S. K. Knezevic, S. K, 2010. 'Effect of nitrogen addition and weed interference on soil nitrogen and corn nitrogen nutrition'. Journal of Wed Technology, 45: 50-58.
Makarian, H., M. Banaian, H. Rahimian and E. Isadi Darbandi, 2003. 'Planting date and population density influence on competitiveness of corn (Zea mays L.) with redoot (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)'. Journal of Crop Research, 2: 271-279.
Monneveux, P., P. H. Zaidi and C. Sanchez, 2005. 'Population density and low nitrogen affects yield. Associated Traits in Tropical Maize'. Journal of Crop Science, 45 (2): 103-106.
Oktem, A., A. Gulgunoktem and Y. Coskon, 2004. 'Determination of sowing dates of sweet corn (zea mays L. saccharata sturt.) under sunliurfa conditions'. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 28: 83-91.
Olsen, J. M., H. W. Griepentrog, J. Nielsen and J. Weiner, 2012. 'How important are crop spatial pattern and density for weed suppression by spring wheat'. Journal of Weed Science, 60: 501-509.
Prasad, K. and P. Singh, 1990. 'Response of promising rain fed maize. Varieties to nitrogen application in north western Himalaya region'. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 60 (7):475-477.
Purcell, L. C., R. A. Ball, J. D. Reaper and E. D. Vories, 2002. 'Radiation use efficiency and biomass production in soybean at different plant population ddensities'. Journal of Crop Science, 42: 172-177.
Quevedo, Y., E. Barragan and J. Beltran, 2015. 'High density sowing effect on the corn hybrid (Zea mays L.)'. Agronomy Journal, 2: 18-24.
Raja, V. 2001. 'Effect of nitrogen and plant population on yield and quality of super sweet corn (Zea mays L.)'. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 46: 246-249.
Saberali, S. F., M. A. Baghestani and A. Zand, 2008. 'Influence of corn density and planting pattern on the growth of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.)'. Journal of Weed Biology and Management, 8 (1): 54-63.
Saberi, A. R., D. Mazaheri and H. Abad. 2006, 'Effect of density and planting on yield and some agronomic characteristics of maize KS.C647'. Agricultural and Natural Resources Science, 1: 66-76.
Sangoi, L., M. A. Gracietti and C. R. Bianchetti, 2002. 'Response of Brazilian maize hybrids from different ears it changes in plant density'. Journal of Field Crop Research, 79: 39-51.
Sedlar, O., J. Balik, O. Kozlovsky, L. Peklova and K. Kubesova. 2011, 'Impact of nitrogen fertilizer injection on grain yield and yield formation of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)'. Journal of Plant, Soil and Environment, 57: 547-552.
Shafi, M., J. Bakht, F. Jalal, M. Amankhan and S. G. Khattak, 2011. 'Effect of nitrogen application on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare)'. Journal of Botany, 43 (3): 1471-1475.
Shapiro, C. A. and C. S. Wortman, 2006. 'Corn response to nitrogen rate, row spacing and plant density in eastern Neberaska'. Agronomy Journal, 98: 529-535.
Shi, D., Y. Li, J., hang, P. Liu, B. Zhao and S. Dong, 2016. 'Increased plant density and reduced N rate lead to more grain yield and higher resource utilization in summer maize'. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15 (11): 2515-2528.
Soleymani, A., M. R. Khajepour, G. H. Noormohamadi and Y. Sadeghyian, 2003. 'Effect
of planting date and pattern on some physiological groth indices of sugarbeet'. Journal of
Agricultural Science, 9 (1): 105-123.
Vazin, F. 2012. 'The effects of redroot (Amaranthus retoflexus) weed competition and its economic thresholds in corn (Zea mays)'. Journal of Planta Daninha, 30 (3): 477-485.
Zaman, R. and A. Khan, 2016. 'Growth and yield performance of maize seeded in line and broadcasted to varing doses of nitrogen'. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 2: 21-27.
