Influence of Method Supplementation of Yellow Grease on Growth Performance, Dietary Energetics, Carcass Characteristics and Nutrient Digestion of Feedlot Steers
الموضوعات :
A. Plascencia
1
(Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21100, Baja California, México
|Departamento de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Unidad Guasave 81048, Sinaloa, México)
R.A. Zinn
2
(Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, California, USA)
الکلمات المفتاحية: performance, digestion, Ruminal fermentation, feedlot, supplementation method, yellow grease,
ملخص المقالة :
Two experiments were conducted in order to evaluate two methods of yellow grease (YG) supplementation (5% on a dry matter basis in replaced to the steam-flaked corn in control diet) on cattle growth performance, dietary energetic and site and extent of nutrients digestion. Supplemental methods were as follows: 1) YG added directly on grain (YG was first mixed with the steam-flaked corn in the proportion 50 kg YG to 750 kg corn, prior to adding other dietary ingredients), or 2) YG added on ration (added to the mixer as the next to the last step, prior to adding molasses). A group without YG supplementation was included as controls. Growth-performance trial lasted 151 days (72 crossbred cattle, 273±0.8 kg LW). Method of YG supplementation did not affect growth-performance, dietary energetics or carcass characteristics. Addition of 5% YG in diets increased (P≤0.04) feed efficiency (4.7%) and dietary net energy (NE, 5.7%). Based on performance data, the estimated NEm value of YG was 4.38 Mcal/kg. In trial 2, six Holstein steers (313±5.5 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a replicated 3 × 3 latin square design experiment to evaluate treatment effects on digestive function and ruminal fermentation. Yellow grease added directly to the grain decreased (2.6%, p <0.05) postruminal digestion of N without effected the site and extent of digestion of organic matter (OM), starch and fiber. Supplemental YG did not affect ruminal proportion of volatile fatty acids nor ruminal pH, but decreased (P≤0.04) ruminal digestion of OM (10.4%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF, 36.7%). Supplemental YG tended (P=0.06) to decreased total tract digestion of OM (1.8%) and ADF (13.9%). It is concluded that there are no positive associative effects of adding YG directly to steam-flaked corn on growth-performance or digestive function.
AFOA. (1988). Trading and Arbitration Rules. American Fats and Oils Association, Inc., New York.
AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Washington, DC., USA.
AOCS. (2017). Official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS. 7th Ed. The American Oil Chemists' Society, Boulder, IL., USA.
Bergen W.G., Purser D.B. and Cline J.H. (1968). Effect of ration on the nutritive quality of rumen microbial protein. J. Anim. Sci. 27, 1497-1501.
Bock B.J., Harmon D.L., Brandt R.T.J. and Schneider J.E. (1991). Fat source and calcium level effects on finishing steer performance, digestion, and metabolism. J. Anim. Sci. 69, 2211-2124.
Brandt Jr R.T. and Anderson S.J. (1990). Supplemental fat source affects feedlot performance and carcass traits of finishing yearling steers and estimated diet net energy value. J. Anim. Sci. 68, 2208-2216.
Clary E.M., Brandt Jr R.T., Harmon D.L. and Nagaraja T.G. (1993). Supplemental fat and ionophores in finishing diets: Feedlot performance and ruminal digesta kinetics. J. Anim. Sci. 71, 3115-3123.
Corona L., Plascencia A., Ware R.A. and Zinn RA. (2005). Comparative feeding value of palmitate as a substitute for conventional feed fat in cattle. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 4, 247-253.
Deckart K., Khol-Parisini A. and Zebeli Q. (2013). Peculiarities of enhancing resistant starch in ruminants using chemical methods: Opportunities and challenges. Nutrients. 5, 1970-1988.
Garnsworthy P.C. (1997). Fats in dairy cows diets. Pp. 87-84 in Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. P.C. Garnsworthy and J. Wiseman, Ed. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Garrett W. (1971). Energetics efficiency of beef and dairy steers. J. Anim. Sci. 32, 451-456.
Goering H.K. and Van Soest P.J. (1970). Forage Fiber Analysis (Apparatus Reagents, Procedures and Some Applications). Agriculture Handbook. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC., USA.
Hess B.W., Moss G.E. and Rule D.C. (2008). A decade of developments in the area of fat supplementation research with beef cattle and sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 86(1), 188-204.
Hill F.N. and Anderson D.L. (1958). Comparison of metabolizable energy and productive determinations with growing chicks. J. Nutr. 64, 587-603.
Jenkins T.C. (1993). Lipid metabolism in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 76, 3851-3863.
Krebiel C.R. (2014). INVITED REVIEW: Applied nutrition of ruminants: Fermentation and digestive physiology. Prof. Anim. Scient. 30, 129-139.
NASEM. (2016). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 8th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
NRC. (1984). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 6th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Owens F.N., Secrist D.S., Hill W.J. and Gill D.R. (1998). Acidosis in cattle: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 76, 285-286.
Plascencia A. and Zinn R.A. (2002). Evaluation of a forage-fat blend as an isocaloric substitute for steam-flaked wheat in finishing diets for feedlot cattle: growth-performance and digestive function. Prof. Anim. Sci. 18, 247-253.
Plascencia A. and Zinn R.A. (2019). Comparative effects of “solid” fat sources as a substitute for yellow grease on characteristics of digestion of growing diets for feedlot cattle. Anim. Prod. Sci. 59, 1520-1527.
Plascencia A., Alvarez E., Corona L., Gonzalez V.M., Montaño M.F., Salinas J. and Zinn R.A. (2012). Effect of corn variety and fat supplementation on digestion of diet for feedlot cattle containing dry rolled or steam-flaked corn. Feed Sci. Technol. 173, 159-166.
Plascencia A., Estrada M. and Zinn R.A. (1999). Influence of free fatty acid content on the feeding value of yellow grease in finishing diets for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 77, 2603-2609.
Plascencia A., Mendoza G.D., Vazquez C. and Zinn R.A. (2003). Relationship between body weight and level of fat supplementation on fatty acid digestion in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 81, 2653-2659.
Ramirez J.E. and Zinn R.A. (2000). Interaction of dietary magnesium level on the feeding value of supplemental fat in finishing diets for feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 78, 2072-2080.
SAS Institute. (2007). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.3. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Toprak N.N. (2015). Do fats reduce methane emission by ruminants?-a review. Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep. 4, 305-321.
USDA. (1997). Official United States Standards for Grades of Carcass Beef. C and MS, SRA 99, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC., USA.
Vasconcelos J.T. and Galyean M.L. (2007). Nutritional recommendations of feedlot consulting nutritionists: The 2007 Texas Tech University survey. J. Anim. Sci. 85, 2772-2781.
Wolin M.J. (1960). A theoretical rumen fermentation balance. J. Dairy Sci. 43, 1452-1459.
Zinn R.A. (1988). Comparative feeding value of supplemental fat in finishing diets for feedlot steers supplemented with and without monensin. J. Anim. Sci. 66, 213-227.
Zinn R.A. (1989). Influence of level and source of dietary fat on its comparative feeding value in finishing diets for steers: Metabolism. J. Anim. Sci. 67, 1038-1049.
Zinn R.A. (1990). Influence of steaming time on site digestion of flaked corn in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 68, 776-781.
Zinn R.A. (1992). Comparative feeding value of supplemental fat in steam-flaked corn and steam-flakes wheat-based finishing diets for feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 70, 2959-2969.
Zinn R.A. (1994). Detrimental effects of excessive dietary fat on feedlot cattle growth performance and digestive function. Prof. Anim. Sci. 10, 66-72.
Zinn R.A. and Jorquera A. (2007). Feed value of supplemental fats used in feedlot cattle. Pp. 247-268 in Veterinary Food Animal Practice. L.C. Hollis and K.C. Olson, Eds. PA Elsevier, Mosby Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Zinn R.A. and Owens F.N. (1986). A rapid procedure for purine measurement and it use for estimating net ruminal protein synthesis. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 66, 157-166.
Zinn R.A. and Plascencia A. (1993). Interaction of whole cottonseed and supplemental fat on digestive function in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 71, 11-17.
Zinn R.A. and Plascencia A. (1996). Effect of forage level on the comparative feeding value of supplemental fat in growing-finishing diets. J. Anim. Sci. 74, 1194-1201.
Zinn R.A. and Plascencia A. (2004). Influence of level and method of supplementation on the utilization of supplemental fat by feedlot steers. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 3, 473-477.
Zinn R.A. and Plascencia A. (2007). Feed value of supplemental fats used in Feedlot cattle. Pp. 247-268 in Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. L.C. Hollis and K.C. Olson, Eds. W.B Saunders Co., Philadelphia, USA.
Zinn R.A., Barreras A., Owens F.N. and Plascencia A. (2008). Performance by feedlot steers and heifers: ADG, mature weight, DMI and dietary energetics. J. Anim. Sci. 86, 1-10.
Zinn R.A., Owens F.N. and Ware R.A. (2002). Flaking corn: Processing mechanism, quality standards and impacts on energy availability and performance of feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 1145-1156.
