Effect of Distributed Leadership on Teacher Engagement, Teacher Accountability, and Teacher Competencies
الموضوعات : نشریه تخصصی زبان، فرهنگ، و ترجمه (دوفصلنامه)زهره جراح زاده 1 , زهره محمدی زنوزق 2
1 - دانشجوی دکترا، گروه مترجمی و آموزش زبان انگلیسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج، کرج، ایران
2 - دانشیارگروه مترجمی و آموزش زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج، کرج، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: Teacher engagement, Distributed leadership, Online discussion, Teacher accountability, Teacher competencies,
ملخص المقالة :
The current study is mixed-method research that inspected the effect of distributed leadership on 3 factors of teacher engagement, accountability, and competencies on 15 EFL instructors and their improvements toward the abovementioned elements. To this end, the research was conducted through 2 phases, comprised of a quantitative inquiry which was intended to determine the teachers’ level of engagement, accountability, and engagement through implementing 3 questionnaires. Then, the participants took part in online workshops concerning various issues of each questionnaire to share their perspectives toward them. The effect of online discussions regarding distributed leadership was depicted through implementing the questionnaires as the posttest. The second phase was qualitative and aimed to illustrate the participants’ attitudes, opinions, experiences, and solutions toward the abovementioned components through writing a reflective essay. Results of the study indicated a good amount of difference between the participants’ performance on the pretest and posttest of the teachers’ engagement, accountability, and competencies questionnaires. The contents of the participants’ reflective essays were analyzed and presented in the second phase of the study. The outcomes showed that distributed leadership was a novel concept for all the participants and with presented various issues concerning each component, they achieved new insights toward their students, society, colleagues, and profession. Moreover, the resulted manifested that the participants accomplished benefit solutions and perspectives through online discussions and could find ways to develop themselves toward clinical, technical, critical, and personal competencies, all of which can lead to having a better educational atmosphere and students’ achievement.
References
Aliakbari, M., & Sadeghi, A. (2014). Iranian teachers’ perceptions of
teacher leadership practices in schools. Educational management
administration & leadership, 42(4), 576-592.
Attarwala, P. A. R. U. L. (2015). A study of teachers' accountability in
relation to teachers’ professionalism of primary schools of
Kadi. International Journal of Research in Humanities & Soc.
Sciences, 3(8), 47-50.
Avalos, B. (2011). Teacher professional development in teaching and
teacher education over ten years. Teaching and teacher
education, 27(1), 10-20.
Bakker, A. B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2013). Creativity and charisma
among female leaders: The role of resources and work
engagement. The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, 24(14), 2760-2779.
Bektaş, F., Kılınç, A. Ç. & Gümüş, S. (2020). The effects of distributed
leadership on teacher professional learning: mediating roles of teacher
trust in principal and teacher motivation. Educational studies, 1-23.
Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (2006). Research in education (3
rd ed.).
Boston: Pearson Education Inc.
Blašková, M., Blaško, R., & Kucharčíková, A. (2014). Competencies and
competence model of university teachers. Procedia-Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 159, 457-467.
Bolden, R., Petrov, G., & Gosling, J. (2009). Distributed leadership in
higher education: Rhetoric and reality. Educational Management
Administration & Leadership, 37(2), 257-277.
Bolden, R. (2011). Distributed leadership in organizations: A review of
theory and research. International Journal of Management, 13(3), 251-
269.
Jarrahzade, Z. & Mohamadi Zenouzagh, Z./Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 5(1) (2022), 17-48
39
Bush, T. (2018). School leadership theories and the Malaysia education
blueprint. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(7),
1245-1265.
Chen, Y. H. (2007). Principals' distributed leadership behaviors and their
impact on student achievement in selected elementary schools in Texas.
Texas A&M University.
Çoban, Ö. & Atasoy, R. (2020). Relationship between Distributed
Leadership, Teacher Collaboration and Organizational
Innovativeness. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in
Education, 9(4), 903-911.
Creswell, J. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and
mixed-method approaches (4th ed.). London: SAGE.
Dampson, D. G., Havor, F. M., & Laryea, P. (2018). Distributed
leadership an instrument for school improvement: The study of public
senior high schools in Ghana. Journal of Education and e-Learning
Research, 5(2), 79-85.
Dehghani Poor, F., Hosseingholizadeh, R., & Javidi Kalateh Jafarabadi,
T. (2021). Identifying the conditions for the establishment of
distributed leadership in the primary schools in Mashhad, Iran. Journal
of School Administration, 9(2), 516-490.
Duţă, N., Pânişoară, G., & Pânişoară, I. O. (2014). The profile of the
teaching profession–empirical reflections on the development of the
competencies of university teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 140, 390-395.
Dyment, J., Downing, J., & Budd, Y. (2013). Teacher educator
engagement in an online environment. Australian Journal of Teacher
Education, 38(1), 134-149.
El-Hani, C. N., & Greca, I. M. (2013). ComPratica: A virtual community
of practice for promoting biology teachers’ professional development
in Brazil. Research in Science Education, 43(4), 1327-1359.
González, G., & Skultety, L. (2018). Teacher learning in a combined
professional development intervention. Teaching and Teacher
Education, 71, 341-354.
Gronn, P. (2002). Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. The
leadership quarterly, 13(4), 423-451.
Grubb, W. N., & Flessa, J. J. (2009). A job too big for one. Multiple
principals and other non-traditional approaches to school leadership.
En Leithwood, K., Mascall, B. y Strauss, T. Distributed leadership
according to the evidence. New York: Routledge, 137-164.
Jarrahzade, Z. & Mohamadi Zenouzagh, Z./Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 5(1) (2022), 17-48
40
Harris, A. (2004). Distributed leadership and school improvement:
Leading or misleading? Educational management administration &
leadership, 32(1), 11-24.
Harris, A. (2010). Distributed leadership. In T. Bush, L. Bell, & D. Middle
wood (Eds.), The principles of educational leadership and
management (pp. 55-69). London: SAGE.
Harrison, N. (2005). The Impact of distributed leadership on teachers.
(Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, 2005). Dissertation
Abstracts International, AAT3189149.
Hata, H. A. M., Nor, M. Y. M., & Hamid, A. H. A. (2020). The influence
of distributed leadership on teachers’ competency in secondary school.
International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education
and Development, 9(4), 53-66.
Hatcher, R. (2005). The distribution of leadership and power in schools.
British Journal of Sociology of Education, 26(2), 253-267.
Hinton, P. R., McMurray, I., & Brownlow, C. (2014). SPSS explained.
London: Routledge.
Holloway, J., Nielsen, A., & Saltmarsh, S. (2017). Prescribed distributed
leadership in the era of accountability: The experiences of mentor
teachers. Educational Management Administration & Leadership,
46(4), 538-555.
Hristov, D., & Zehrer, A. (2019). Does distributed leadership have a place
in destination management organizations? A policymaker’s
perspective. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(9), 1095-1115.
Huber, S. G., & Skedsmo, G. (2016). Teacher evaluation—accountability
and improving teaching practices. Educational Assessment, Evaluation
and Accountability, 28(2), 105-109.
Hulpia, H. et al. (2011). The relation between school leadership from a
distributed perspective and teachers’ organizational commitment:
Examining the source of the leadership function. Educational
Administration Quarterly, 47(5), 728-771.
Järvelä, S., Järvenoja, H., Malmberg, J., Isohätälä, J., & Sobocinski, M.
(2016). How do types of interaction and phases of self-regulated
learning set a stage for collaborative engagement? Learning and
Instruction, 43, 39-51.
Joo, Y. H. (2020). The effects of distributed leadership on teacher
professionalism: The case of Korean middle schools. International
Journal of Educational Research, 99, 101-115.
Klassen, R. M., Yerdelen, S., & Durksen, T. L. (2013). Measuring
Teacher Engagement: Development of the Engaged Teachers Scale
(ETS). Frontline Learning Research, 1(2), 33-52.
Jarrahzade, Z. & Mohamadi Zenouzagh, Z./Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 5(1) (2022), 17-48
41
Klenowski, V., & Lunt, I. (2008). Enhancing learning at doctoral level
through the use of reflection? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher
Education, 33(2), 203-217.
Lauderdale, S. M. (2011). Student-teacher relationships in early
elementary school and impact on later academic engagement.
University of California, Riverside.
Leadbeater, C. (2004). Personalization through participation: A new
script for public services. Demos.
Lee, H. Y. (2021). Qualitative content analysis: The significance of
distributed leadership and its role in education. Journal of Distribution
Science, 19(9), 65-77.
Leithwood, K., Mascall, B., & Strauss, T. (Eds.). (2009). Distributed
leadership according to the evidence. New York: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203868539
Lewis, A. H. (2015). Developing Global Citizens: Perceptions Regarding
Educational Leadership in an International Expatriate
School (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University)
Long, C. S., Ibrahim, Z., & Kowang, T. O. (2014). An Analysis on the
Relationship between Lecturers' Competencies and Students'
Satisfaction. International Education Studies, 7(1), 37-46.
Lumby, J. (2013) Distributed leadership: The uses and abuses of power.
Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 41(5), 581-
597.
Malin, J. R., & Hackmann, D. G. (2017). Enhancing students’ transitions
to college and careers: A case study of distributed leadership practice
in supporting a high school career academy model. Leadership and
Policy in Schools, 16(1), 54-79.
Marchington, M., & Wilkinson, A. J. (2012). Human resource
management at work. London: SAGE.
Mohamadi, Z., & Malekshahi, N. (2018). Designing and validating a
potential formative evaluation inventory for teacher
competencies. Language Testing in Asia, 8(1), 1-21.
Niculescu, B. (2014). Specific Competencies Required in Promoting the
Quality of the English Language Teaching Process. Scientific BulletinNicolae Balcescu Land Forces Academy, 19(2), 144.
Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data
analysis using SPSS for windows (4th ed.). Crows Nest NSW 2065
Australia.
Pettaway, A. S. (2018). A Case Study of an Outperforming Urban Magnet
High School (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California).
Jarrahzade, Z. & Mohamadi Zenouzagh, Z./Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 5(1) (2022), 17-48
42
Picard, K., & Kutsyuruba, B. (2017). Teachers' engagement in
professional development: A collective case study. Educational
Policies and Current Practices, 2(2), 89-100.
Prenger, R., Poortman, C. L., & Handelzalts, A. (2017). Factors
influencing teachers' professional development in networked
professional learning communities. Teaching and teacher
education, 68, 77-90.
Rabindarang, S., Bing, K. W., & Yin, K. Y. (2014). The influence of
distributed leadership on job stress in technical and vocational
education. International Journal of Academic Research in Business
and Social Sciences, 4(1), 490.
Rahmatollahi, M., & Zenouzagh, Z. M. (2021). Designing and validating
an evaluation inventory for assessing teachers’ professional
accountability. Language Testing in Asia, 11(1), 1-21.
Rao-Nicholson, R., Khan, Z., Akhtar, P., & Tarba, S. Y. (2020). The
contingent role of distributed leadership in the relationship between
HR practices and organizational ambidexterity in the cross-border of
emerging market multinationals. The International Journal of Human
Resource Management, 31(2), 232-253.
Reeve, J., & Tseng, C. M. (2011). Agency as a fourth aspect of students’
engagement during learning activities. Contemporary Educational
Psychology, 36(4), 257-267.
Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. E. (2015). The power of interest for
motivation and engagement. Routledge.
Sachs, J. (2016). Accountability, standards and activism: A challenge or
opportunity for teacher education. In Quality and change in teacher
education (pp. 251-262). Springer, Cham.
Salleh, K. M., Othman, M. Y. H., Radiman, S., Dakir, J., Tamuri, A. H.,
Alwi, N. H., & Badzis, M. (2011). Teachers' concerns, perception and
acceptance toward tauhidic science education. イスラーム世界研究:
Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, 4(1-2), 124-155.
Samancioglu, M., Baglibel, M., & Erwin, B. J. (2020). Effects of
distributed leadership on teachers’ job satisfaction, organizational
commitment, and organizational citizenship. Pedagogical Research,
5(2), em0052. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/6439
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The
measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A crossnational study. Educational and psychological measurement, 66(4),
701-716.
Jarrahzade, Z. & Mohamadi Zenouzagh, Z./Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 5(1) (2022), 17-48
43
Silverman, D. (2001). Interpreting qualitative data (2nd ed.). London:
SAGE Publications.
Spillane, J. P. (2012). Distributed leadership (Vol. 4). John Wiley &
Sons.
Stein, M., K., Nelson, B. S. (2003). Leadership content knowledge.
Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 25(4), 423-448.
Torres, D. G. (2018). Distributed leadership and teacher job satisfaction
in Singapore. Journal of Educational Administration.
Yoon, K. S., Duncan, T., Lee, S. W. Y., Scarloss, B., & Shapley, K. L.
(2007). Reviewing the evidence on how teacher professional
development affects student achievement. Regional Educational
Laboratory Southwest (NJ1).
van Uden, J. M., Ritzen, H., & Pieters, J. M. (2013). I think I can engage
my students. Teachers' perceptions of student engagement and their
beliefs about being a teacher. Teaching and Teacher Education, 32,
43-54.
Vlachadi, M., & Ferla, M. (2013). Differentiation of teachers' and
principals' engagement in distributed leadership according to their
demographic characteristics. Journal of Education and
Learning, 2(4), 19-30.
Wu, C. S. (2019). The Concepts and Practice of Teacher Professional
Accountability. Journal of Education Research, (302), 4-24.
Youngs, H. (2014). Moving beyond distributed leadership to distributed
forms: a contextual and socio-cultural analysis of two New Zealand
secondary schools. Leading and Managing, 20(2), 89-104.
York Barr, J., & Duke, K. (2004). What do we know about teacher
leadership? Findings from two decades of scholarship. Review of
Educational Research, 74(3), 255-316.
Zenouzagh, Z. M. (2019). The effect of online summative and formative
teacher assessment on teacher competencies. Pacific Education
Review, 20(3), 343-359.
Zyngier, D. (2008). (Re) conceptualizing student engagement: Doing
education not doing time. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(7),
1765-1776.