Cannabis sativa in ethanol (Monkey Tail) and tramadol induced similar degrees of toxicity in adult female Wistar rats
الموضوعات : مجله گیاهان داروییچینومسو آرون 1 , امانوئل اکوبوگو 2 , سلیمان ایجیوما 3 , رابرت اوروکو 4 , اوچه آرونسی 5 , کینگزلی اوگووانی 6 , ویکتور اوگویک 7
1 - گروه بیوشیمی، دانشکده علوم زیستی و فیزیکی، دانشگاه ایالتی ابیا، اوتورو، نیجریه.
2 - گروه بیوشیمی، دانشکده علوم زیستی و فیزیکی، دانشگاه ایالتی ابیا، اوتورو، نیجریه.
3 - گروه جانورشناسی و زیست شناسی محیطی، کالج علوم طبیعی، دانشگاه کشاورزی مایکل اوکپارا، اومودیک، نیجریه.
4 - گروه بیوشیمی، کالج علوم طبیعی، دانشگاه کشاورزی مایکل اوکپارا، ایالت ابیا، نیجریه.
5 - گروه بیوشیمی، دانشکده علوم زیستی و فیزیکی، دانشگاه ایالتی ابیا، اوتورو، نیجریه.
6 - گروه جانورشناسی و زیست شناسی محیطی، کالج علوم طبیعی، دانشگاه کشاورزی مایکل اوکپارا، اومودیک، نیجریه.
7 - گروه بیوشیمی، دانشکده علوم زیستی و فیزیکی، دانشگاه ایالتی ابیا، اوتورو، نیجریه.
الکلمات المفتاحية: biochemical, Cannabis sativa, Alcohol, Antioxidant enzymes, Tramadol,
ملخص المقالة :
Background & Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of Cannabis sativa local gin formulation (CSLGF) and tramadol in adult female Wistar rats.Experimental: Cannabis sativa local gin formulation (CSLGF) was prepared and was subjected to acute toxicity tests together with tramadol. In the main study, 25 rats were assigned into 5 groups (n = 5) in which the group 1 received no treatment, groups 2 and 3 received 25 and 50 mg/kg of tramadol, respectively while groups 4 and 5 received 25 and 50 mg/kg of CSLGF, respectively, for 21 days before the rats were sacrificed.Results: Acute toxicity results indicated narrow margins of safety for CSLGF and tramadol with LD50 values of 123.0 and 133.0 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats treated with CSLGF lost weight significantly while that administered tramadol had lower weight gains when compared with the control (P<0.05). The red blood cell counts, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentrations were significantly lowered by CSLGF (P<0.05). However, a significant increase in the number of platelets and white blood cells were observed in groups treated with both CSLGF and tramadol. Results of biochemical changes showed a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, urea and creatinine with a concurrent decrease in total protein, albumin and globulin values following treatment with both agents (P<0.05), but serum electrolytes concentrations were not significantly altered (P>0.05). Treatment with CSLGF and tramadol also significantly lowered glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities but increased malondialdehyde concentrations when compared with control.Recommended applications/industries: The findings show that although the toxic effects of CSLGF and tramadol in rats are similar, CSLGF appears to have higher toxicity potentials. Extending the current control on tramadol to CSLGF (monkey tail) is urgently needed in Nigeria to protect human lives.
Akomas, S.C., Ijioma, S.N. and Emelike, C.U. 2015. Effects of Euphorbia hirta on Haematological and Biochemical Indices in Albino Rats. Applied Journal of Hygiene, 4(1): 1-5.
Atici, S., Cinel, L., Cinel, I., Doruk, N., Aktekin, M., Akca, A., Camdeviren, H., and Oral, U. 2005. Opioid neurotoxicity: comparison of morphine and tramadol in an experimental rat model. International Journal of Neuroscience, 114(8): 1001-1011.
Belin, N. 2017. Refractory Cardiogenic Shock during Tramadol Poisoning: A Case Report. Cardiovascular Toxicology, 17(2): 219-222.
Chung, G.E., Yim, J.M., Kim, D., Kwak, M., Yang, J.I., Chung, S.J., Yang, S.Y. and Kim, J.S. 2016. Associations between white blood cell count and the development of incidental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, Article ID 7653689, 6 pages.
Cummings, D.E. and Overduin, J. 2007. Gastrointestinal regulation of food intake. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117(1): 13-23.
Degenhardt, L., Coffey, C., Carlin, J., Swift, W., Moore, E. and Patton, G. 2010. Outcome of occasional cannabis use in adolescence: 10-year follow-up study in Victoria, Australia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196: 290-295.
Dhanjal, J.K., Wilson, D.V., Robinson, E., Tobin, T.T. and Dirokulu, L. 2009. Intravenous tramadol: effects, nociceptive properties, and pharmacokinetics in horses. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 36: 581-590.
Gautheir, M. 2005. Endothelium derived 2 arachiglonylorolL an intermediate in vasodilatoryeicosanoid release in bovine coronary arteries. American Journal of Physiology, 288: 1344-1351.
Goeringer, K.E., Barry, K.L. and Gary, D.C. 1997. Identification of tramadol and its metabolite in blood from drug related death and drug impaired-drivers. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 21: 529-537.
Haight, S.C., Ko, J.Y., Tong, V.T., Bohm, U.K. and Callagham, W.M. 2018. Opioid use disorder documented at delivery hospitalization in United States, 1999-2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 67: 845-849.
Ijioma, S.N. 2015. Blood coagulation tests and platelets counts in diabetic rats treated with Ficussur, Jatropha tanjorensis, Mucuna pruriens and Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts. International Blood Research and Reviews, 3(1): 47-53.
Ijioma, S.N., Osim, E.E., Nwankwo, A.A. and Nwosu, C.O. 2019. Antioxidant potentials and effects on the hematology and osmotic fragility scores of a polyherbal formulation used in southeast Nigeria. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, Article ID: 20170099.
Ismail, M., Al-Naqeep, G. and Chan, K. 2015. Nigella sativathymoquinone-rich fraction greatly improves plasma antioxidant capacity and expression of antioxidant genes in hypercholesterolemic rats. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 48(5): 664-672.
Jones, A.W., Holmgren, A. and Ahlner, J. 2016. Post-mortem concentrations of drugs determined in femoral blood in single-drug fatalities compared with multi-drug poisoning deaths. Forensic Science International, 267: 96-103.
Kanu C.K., Ijioma, N.S. and Atiata, O. 2016. Haematological, biochemical and antioxidant changes in wistar rats exposed to a dichlorvos based insecticide formulation used in southeast Nigeria. Toxics, 4(4):28-35.
Kumar, R.N., Chambers, W.A. and Pertweem, R.G. 2001. Pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of cannabis and cannabinoids. Anaesthesia, 56: 1059-1068.
Miller, M.A. 2001. Gender based difference in the toxicity of pharmaceuticals- the food and the drug administration’s perspective. International Journal of Toxicology, 20: 149-152.
Nicolson, T.J. and Roberts, R.R.A. 2010. Gender difference in drug toxicity. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 31(3): 108-114.
Obembe, A.O., Omini, G.C., Okon, U.A., Okpo-ene, A.I and Ikpi, D.E. 2015. Hematological and immunological effect of Cannabis sativa on albino wistar rats. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 7(1): 52-60.
Oshilonya, H.U., Ibeh, I.N., Nwachukwu, N.C. and Ijioma, S.N. 2015. Haematological and biochemical parameters in chinchilla rabbits treated with Caulis bambusae (Bamboo) Ssem extract. Central European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(1): 5-10.
Randal, M., Kendall, D.O. and Sullivan, S. 2004. The complexities of the cardiovascular actions of cannabinoids. British Journal of Pharmacology, 142: 20-26.
Shadnia, S. 2008. Tramadol intoxication: A review of 114 cases. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 27(3): 201-205.
Shahjahan, K.E., Malbika, S.J. and Shyamala-Devis, C.S. 2004. Effect of Solanumtrilobatum against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Indian. Journal of Medical Research, 120: 194-198.
Sun, Y., Oberley, L.W. and Li, Y. 1988. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clinical chemistry, 34: 497-500.
Teixeira, F.B., Santana, L.N., Bezema, F.R., De Carvalho, S. and Fontes-Junior, E.A. 2014. Chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence in rats induces motor impairements and cerebral cortex damage associated with oxidative stress. PLoS ONE, 9(6): e101074.
Thepa, B.R. and Walla, A. 2007. Liver function test and their interpretations. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 74:663-671.
Turner AR, Spurling BC, Agrawal S. Marijuana toxicity. [Updated 2020 Jul 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; Jan 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430823/. Accessed June 28, 2021.
Youssef, S.H. and Zidan, A.H.M. 2015. Histopathological and biochemical effects of acute and chronic tramadol drug toxicity on liver, kidney and testicular function in adult male albino rats. Journal of Medical Toxicology and Clinical Forensic Medicine, 1(2): 4-4
Zhou, T., Zhang, Y., Xu, D., Wang, F., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J. and Li, H. 2017. Protective effects of lemon on alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. BioMed Research International - Life Sciences and Medicine, 2017: 7463571.
