Critical Discourse Analysis of Tenor in Ziarat-e-Ashura
Maryam Shahrokhi Shahraki
1
(
Linguistics Department, Faculty of Literature and Foreign Languages, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran. Iran
)
Keywords: Ashura Ziarat, Critical Discourse Analysis, Negative Face, Positive Face, Tenor, Vocative.,
Abstract :
Ziarat-e Ashura, a pivotal Shia pilgrimage, holds immense significance in shaping the relationship between the pilgrim, God and Imam Hussain (AS), and his companions. This relationship, often referred to as "tenor" is crucial for understanding the power dynamics and social implications embedded within the text. This study employs a critical discourse analysis approach to investigate the Tenor within the Ziarat, by adopting Fairclough's three-dimensional framework and drawing on Eggins' model (2004). To achieve the research objectives, adapting qualitative methodology, the communicative role of pilgrim, as well as the face strategies adopted by pilgrim toward other characters in the beginning, middle and end of the Ziarat were explored. In the initial passages, Imam Hussain and his companions are addressed as the vocative and addressee, while God Almighty, in the third person which implies a close and intimate relationship, as well as a sense of equality, between the pilgrim and Imam Hussein while distant, intermittent and unequal relationship to God. However, the shift in roles and positions of the characters significantly in the middle and, especially at the end of the pilgrimage, along with the use of affirmative face mechanisms toward God adopted by pilgrim finally, indicates the evolutionary path of proximity to God by reciting this Ziarat, which clearly demonstrates the important influence of resorting and proximity to the infallible Imams at the beginning of the human evolutionary path in order to reach proximity to the Almighty God at the end of it.
Al-Bundawi ZES. (2021). Narrative. In: Pihlaja S, ed. Analysing Religious Discourse. Cambridge University Press:52-69.
Aghahoseini, Hossein, Hematian, Mahboubeh, and Zohreh Mashaeri (2014). "The Position of 'Neda and Monada' in Persian Grammar and the Science of Meanings". Literary Arts. Vol.6, No.2, Serial 11, pp. 1-14.
Behrampur, Shabani Ali (1999). "An Introduction to Discourse Analysis", Collected Articles on Discourse and Discourse Analysis, Edited by Mohammad Reza Tajik, Tehran: Discourse Culture Publications.
Behrampur, Shabani Ali (2000). "Introducer's Preface", Critical Discourse Analysis by Norman Fairclough, Tehran: Center for Media Studies and Research.
Eggins, Suzanne. (2004). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistic, 2nd. Ed. London: Pinter.
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press.
Fairclough, Norman (2000). Critical Discourse Analysis, Translated by a Group of Translators, Tehran: Center for Media Studies and Research.
Fowler, R. (1996). On critical linguistics. Texts and practices: Readings in critical discourse analysis, 1.
Fowler, R. (2013). Language in the news: discourse and ideology in the press. Taylor and Francis.
Hakim, Mohammad Taghi (2013). Guide to Analysis, Composition, and Rules of Arabic Morphology and Syntax, Tehran: Islamic Culture Publishing Office.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1978). Language as Social Semiotic, the social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 3rd. ed. London: Edward Arnold.
Kalantari, Samed, Abbaszadeh, Mohammad, Saadati, Mousa, Pourmohammad, Raana, Mohammadpour, Nir (2009). "Discourse Analysis with Emphasis on Critical Discourse as a Qualitative Research Method". Sociological Studies, Vol.1, No.4, pp.7-28.
Kress, Gunther R. & Robert Hodge. (1979). Language as ideology. London: Rutledge.
Kulayni, Muhammad bin Ya'qub. Al-Kafi, Vol.1, p.69, No.5, Chapter "Adherence to the Sunnah and the Evidences of the Book".Lotfi Pour Saadi, Kazem (1993). "An Introduction to Discourse Analysis", Linguistics Journal, Spring and Summer.
Lemke, Jay L. (1995). Textual Politics: discourse and social dynamics. London & Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.
Martin, J.R. (2000). Close reading: functional linguistics as a tool for critical discourse analysis. In Unsworth, L. (Ed). Researching language in schools and communities’ Functional linguistic perspectives (pp. 275-302). London: Cassell.
Mirfakhraii, Teja (2004). Discourse Analysis Process, Tehran: Center for Media Studies and Research.
Moghaddasi Nia, Mehdi and Seyyed Ali Asghar Soltani (2014). "Pragmatics of Language and Mechanisms of Politeness in Some Shi'a Supplications". Bi-Monthly Journal of Linguistic Insights, Vol.5, No.5 (Serial 21), pp.207-228.
Salimi, Asghar (2004). Discourse in Foucault's Thought, Keyhan Farhangi, No. 219, Tehran: Keyhan Institute.
Taylor, T. (2013). What is discourse analysis? Bloomsbury Publishing. Aghagulzadeh, Ferdows (2006). Critical Discourse Analysis, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Yarmohammadi, Lotfollah (2003). Common and Critical Discourse Analysis, Tehran: Hermes.
Yule, George (2010). Pragmatics, Translated by Mehdi Amoozadeh Mehdi Roje and Manouchehr Tavanger, Tehran: Samt.