طراحی الگوی تدریس مبتنی بر توسعه تفکر انتقادی در دوره متوسطه
محورهای موضوعی : آموزش و پرورشعلی محمد سیاهی اتابکی 1 , فاطمه سیاهی اتابکی 2
1 - دکتری برنامه ریزی درسی، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان،شیراز،ایران
2 - استان فارس- شهرستان مرودشت-بخش مرکزی-شهر مرودشت-پشم زنی-خیابان انصار-کوچه 18-طبقه همکف-
کلید واژه: تفکر انتقادی, دوره متوسطه, الگوی تدریس,
چکیده مقاله :
مقدمه و هدف: یکی از مهارتهای لازم در جهانی که پیوسته در حال تغییر و تحول است، توانمندی اندیشیدن به خصوص اندیشیدن انتقادی است. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی و ارائه رویکرد های مطرح در تدریس مبتنی بر توسعه تفکر انتقادی و طراحی الگوی تدریس مبتنی بر توسعه تفکر انتقادی در دوره متوسطه بود. روش شناسی پژوهش: در این پژوهش کیفی از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی نظام مقوله بندی استقرایی استفاده شد. حوزه پژوهش کلیه منابع مکتوب و دیجیتال در دسترس مرتبط با تفکر انتقادی و نمونه گیری به صورت هدفمند و ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات فیش برداری از کلیه منابع مکتوب و دیجیتال در دسترس بود. تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از طریق کد گذاری موضوعی که طی سه مرحله کد گذاری باز ( 477 کد )،کد گزاری محوری( 80 کد) و کد گذاری گزینشی( 20 کد ) صورت گرفت. سپس کد های دسته بندی و مولفه های نهایی استخراج گردید یافته ها: مهمترین رویکردهای مطرح در تدریس مبتنی بر توسعه تفکر انتقادی عبارتند از حل مساله، بحث گروهی، استفاده از فن پرسشگری، فعال بودن دانش آموزان، ارائه شفاهی و سنجش مداوم دانش آموزان. الگوی تدریس پیشنهادی شامل سه بخش قبل از تعامل، ضمن تعامل و بعد از تعامل است. بحث و نتیجه گیری: تعیین رویکردهای مطرح در تدریس تفکر انتقادی و طراحی الگوی تدریس مبتنی بر توسعه تفکر انتقادی و آشنایی معلمان با آنها می تواند زمینه ساز استفاده آنها در مدارس و افزایش مهارت تفکر انتقادی دانش آموزان شود.
Introduction: One of the necessary skills in a world that is constantly changing is the ability to think, especially critical thinking. The aim of the current research was to investigate and present the significant approaches in the teaching area based on the development of critical thinking and to design a teaching model based on the development of critical thinking in high schools. Research methodology: In this qualitative research, qualitative content analysis method of inductive categorization system was used. The research field (statistical population) included available written and digital resources related to critical thinking, and sampling was done in a purposeful method, and the data collection tool was note-taking from all available written and digital sources. Data analysis was done through thematic coding in three stages of open coding (477 codes), axial coding (80 codes) and selective coding (20 codes). Then the codes were categorized and the final components were extracted. Findings: The most important approaches in teaching based on the development of critical thinking include problem solving, group discussion, using the questioning technique, students being active, oral presentation and continuous assessment of students. The proposed teaching model includes three sections: before the interaction, during the interaction and after the interaction. Conclusion: Determining the proposed approaches in teaching critical thinking and designing a teaching model based on the development of critical thinking and teachers' familiarity with them can become the basis for their use in high schools and increase students' critical thinking skills.
References
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Altun, N. Y. (2023). What does critical thinking mean? Examination of pre-service teachers’ cognitive structures and definitions for critical thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 49(September 2023).
Alipoor, v. (2010). Obstacles of critical thinking. Educational, 2(7). ]in persian[
Atabaki, A. (2015). Scrutiny of Critical Thinking Concept. International Education Studies, 8(3), 93-103. doi:10.5539/ies.v8n3p93. ]in persian[
Aveh, F. (2016). Introduction to research (H. Jalili, Trans.). Tehran: Nashr Nei.
Bahrami, S. M. (2022). The effectiveness of teaching creative problem solving by Tezer’s method on increasing problem solving skill with the emphasis on the role of critical thinking. Inovation and creativity in humanity science, 1(SUMMER 1400), 161-188. ]in persian[
Barta, A., & Fodor, L. A. (2022). The development of students critical thinking abilities and dispositions through the concept mapping learning method – A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 37(2).
Boonjeam, W., Tesaputa, K., & Sri-ampai, A. (2017). Program Development for Primary School Teachers’ Critical Thinking. International Education Studies, 10(2), 131-143.
Elder, L. (2008). Critical thinking: Strategies for improving student learning. Journal of Developmental Education, 32(2), 32-42.
Ennis, R. (2000). A conception of rational thinking. philosophy of education, 3(10).
Eslami, M. (2007). Presenting an Model to do the porogram of critical reading and checking its effect on critical thinking. (Phd), Tarbitmoalem, Tehran. ]in persian[
Facione, P. (2010). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts? Retrieved from October 20, 2006, from www. calpress. com/pdf_files/what&why. pdf website. Gall, M., Gall, P., & Borg, W. (2015). Educational research: An introduction New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Garrett, M. (2013). An Examination of Critical Thinking Skills in High School Choral Rehearsals. Journal of Research in Music Education, 61(3), 332-345.
Halpren, D. (2009). Teaching critical thinking for transfer acrossDomains. American Psychologist, 53(4), 449-455.
Heidegger, M. (2010). Dicourse on thinking. New York: harper and Row.
Hove, G. (2011). Developing critical thinking. Educational technology, 10(3).
Jager`, T. (2013). Can first year students' critical thinking skill develope in a space of three method? . Procedia- social and Behavioral Science, 3(47).
Kadivar, P. (2015). Educational psychology. Tehran: Samt. ]in persian[
Karami, H. (2015). The effect of advestigating pattern on critical thinking and stusents' atititute Reseach in Curriculum, 2(11), 93-113. ]in persian[
Kartika, M., Zurweni. (2022). The Implementation and Effect of Problem-Based Learning Based on Local Wisdom Toward Students’ Communication and Critical Thinking Ability on Temperature and HeatmTopic. JPPPF (Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Fisika) 8(June 2022). doi:doi.org/10.21009/1.08115
Kettler, T. (2014). Critical Thinking Skills Among Elementary School Students: Comparing Identified Gifted and General Education Student Performance. National Association for Gifted Children, 58(2), 287-298.
Manen, V. (2008). Pedagogical sensitivity and teachers practical knowing in action. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Mayring, P. (2010). Qualitative content Analysis Forum Qualitative social Research. Online Journal, 1(2). Retrieved from http://qualitative – research. net/fqs-e/200inhalt-e.
McConnell, J. (2008). An educational strategy to improve graduate nurses critical thinking skills during the hospital orientation program. The jornal of continuing education in nersing, 139(3).
McPeck, J. (2010). Teaching critical thinking: Dialogue and dialectic. New York: Routledge.
Meinecke, J. (2010). Toward an operational definition of critical thinking for the NMSU college of Business Administration and Economics.
Newton, B. (2005). Theoretical bases for higher cognitive questioning—An avenue to critical thinking. Educational technology, 9(3), 286-291.
Noshadi, N. (2013). Evaluation of critical thinking in social studies text book. (Phd), Shiraz, Shiraz. ]in persian[
Nosich, J. (2005). Learning to think things through: A guide to critical thinking across the curriculum. Learning to think things through: A guide to critical thinking across the curriculum (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2016). Critical thinking: Competency standards essential for the cultivation of intellectual skills. . Journal of Developmental Education, 35(1), 36-46.
Perkins, D. (2010). eaching for understanding. The Professional Journal of the American Federation of Teachers, 17(3), 28-38.
Sajedi, H. (2021). Designing a critical thinking training model on critical thinking skills of sixth grade elementary students. Research in Curriculum Planning, 18(43), 113-134. ]in persian[
Sezer, R. (2008). ntegration of critical thinking skills into elementary school teacher education courses in mathematics. Educational technology, 128(3), 349-362.
Shariatmadari, A. (2010). Society and Education. Tehran: Amikabir. ]in persian[
Strenberg, R. (2015). eaching intelligence: The application of cognitive psychology to improvement of intellectual skill. New York: W.(Dewey, 1993) H. Freeman.
Vojdani, F. (2015). Comparing Three approaches in critical thinking. Reseach in Curriculum,
Zarei, V. a. (2022). The effect of spiritual Masnavi stories on the development of critical thinking skills of high school students. Research in Curriculum Planning, 69(Summer 1400), 200-213. 2(11), 12-23. ]in persian[
Zarkoosh, Z. G. B. (2021). Suervy of critical thinking og students. New findins in humanity science studies, 13, 38-48. ]in persian[
_||_References
Ahgaei, N. (2011). Relationship between critical thinking and students’health. Physical education journal, 7(3), 50-66. ]in persian[
Altun, N. Y. (2023). What does critical thinking mean? Examination of pre-service teachers’ cognitive structures and definitions for critical thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 49(September 2023).
Alipoor, v. (2010). Obstacles of critical thinking. Educational, 2(7). ]in persian[
Atabaki, A. (2015). Scrutiny of Critical Thinking Concept. International Education Studies, 8(3), 93-103. doi:10.5539/ies.v8n3p93. ]in persian[
Aveh, F. (2016). Introduction to research (H. Jalili, Trans.). Tehran: Nashr Nei.
Bahrami, S. M. (2022). The effectiveness of teaching creative problem solving by Tezer’s method on increasing problem solving skill with the emphasis on the role of critical thinking. Inovation and creativity in humanity science, 1(SUMMER 1400), 161-188. ]in persian[
Barta, A., & Fodor, L. A. (2022). The development of students critical thinking abilities and dispositions through the concept mapping learning method – A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 37(2).
Boonjeam, W., Tesaputa, K., & Sri-ampai, A. (2017). Program Development for Primary School Teachers’ Critical Thinking. International Education Studies, 10(2), 131-143.
Elder, L. (2008). Critical thinking: Strategies for improving student learning. Journal of Developmental Education, 32(2), 32-42.
Ennis, R. (2000). A conception of rational thinking. philosophy of education, 3(10).
Eslami, M. (2007). Presenting an Model to do the porogram of critical reading and checking its effect on critical thinking. (Phd), Tarbitmoalem, Tehran. ]in persian[
Facione, P. (2010). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts? Retrieved from October 20, 2006, from www. calpress. com/pdf_files/what&why. pdf website. Gall, M., Gall, P., & Borg, W. (2015). Educational research: An introduction New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Garrett, M. (2013). An Examination of Critical Thinking Skills in High School Choral Rehearsals. Journal of Research in Music Education, 61(3), 332-345.
Halpren, D. (2009). Teaching critical thinking for transfer acrossDomains. American Psychologist, 53(4), 449-455.
Heidegger, M. (2010). Dicourse on thinking. New York: harper and Row.
Hove, G. (2011). Developing critical thinking. Educational technology, 10(3).
Jager`, T. (2013). Can first year students' critical thinking skill develope in a space of three method? . Procedia- social and Behavioral Science, 3(47).
Kadivar, P. (2015). Educational psychology. Tehran: Samt. ]in persian[
Karami, H. (2015). The effect of advestigating pattern on critical thinking and stusents' atititute Reseach in Curriculum, 2(11), 93-113. ]in persian[
Kartika, M., Zurweni. (2022). The Implementation and Effect of Problem-Based Learning Based on Local Wisdom Toward Students’ Communication and Critical Thinking Ability on Temperature and HeatmTopic. JPPPF (Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Fisika) 8(June 2022). doi:doi.org/10.21009/1.08115
Kettler, T. (2014). Critical Thinking Skills Among Elementary School Students: Comparing Identified Gifted and General Education Student Performance. National Association for Gifted Children, 58(2), 287-298.
Manen, V. (2008). Pedagogical sensitivity and teachers practical knowing in action. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Mayring, P. (2010). Qualitative content Analysis Forum Qualitative social Research. Online Journal, 1(2). Retrieved from http://qualitative – research. net/fqs-e/200inhalt-e.
McConnell, J. (2008). An educational strategy to improve graduate nurses critical thinking skills during the hospital orientation program. The jornal of continuing education in nersing, 139(3).
McPeck, J. (2010). Teaching critical thinking: Dialogue and dialectic. New York: Routledge.
Meinecke, J. (2010). Toward an operational definition of critical thinking for the NMSU college of Business Administration and Economics.
Newton, B. (2005). Theoretical bases for higher cognitive questioning—An avenue to critical thinking. Educational technology, 9(3), 286-291.
Noshadi, N. (2013). Evaluation of critical thinking in social studies text book. (Phd), Shiraz, Shiraz. ]in persian[
Nosich, J. (2005). Learning to think things through: A guide to critical thinking across the curriculum. Learning to think things through: A guide to critical thinking across the curriculum (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2016). Critical thinking: Competency standards essential for the cultivation of intellectual skills. . Journal of Developmental Education, 35(1), 36-46.
Perkins, D. (2010). eaching for understanding. The Professional Journal of the American Federation of Teachers, 17(3), 28-38.
Sajedi, H. (2021). Designing a critical thinking training model on critical thinking skills of sixth grade elementary students. Research in Curriculum Planning, 18(43), 113-134. ]in persian[
Sezer, R. (2008). ntegration of critical thinking skills into elementary school teacher education courses in mathematics. Educational technology, 128(3), 349-362.
Shariatmadari, A. (2010). Society and Education. Tehran: Amikabir. ]in persian[
Strenberg, R. (2015). eaching intelligence: The application of cognitive psychology to improvement of intellectual skill. New York: W.(Dewey, 1993) H. Freeman.
Vojdani, F. (2015). Comparing Three approaches in critical thinking. Reseach in Curriculum,
Zarei, V. a. (2022). The effect of spiritual Masnavi stories on the development of critical thinking skills of high school students. Research in Curriculum Planning, 69(Summer 1400), 200-213. 2(11), 12-23. ]in persian[
Zarkoosh, Z. G. B. (2021). Suervy of critical thinking og students. New findins in humanity science studies, 13, 38-48. ]in persian[