Sociological analysis of the prevalence of alcohol consumption as a risky lifestyle: Iranian youth group
Subject Areas : Sociological Studies of Youth
Taha Ashayeri
1
,
Tahereh Jahanparvar
2
,
Faezeh Raghami
3
1 - faculty member of the Department of History and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2 - PhD student of Cultural Sociology, Dep.Social sciences, Fac.Social Sciences, Communication & Media, University of Islamic Azad , Central Tehranbranchm Tehran, Iran
3 - BA student of Sociology at Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardebil. Iran
Keywords: social disorganization, family, socio-cultural issues, alcohol consumption.,
Abstract :
Consumption of alcoholic beverages is known as a socio-cultural problem (anomy) in the society, which is more prevalent among the youth, the elderly and different groups. The purpose of this research is to study the factors affecting the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Quantitative meta-analysis research method; sample size of 29 items; the period from 2007 to 2021; It was done by following the validity and entry criteria (correlation coefficient; sample size, year of research; and significance level) and exit criteria (lack of research validity; lack of clear hypothesis; lack of correlation coefficients). The results show that family factors (history of consumption in the family; family control weakness; family emotional crisis; family conflict and conflict); cultural factors (inappropriate leisure style; cultural capital; religious affiliation; social label; medicinal norm of alcoholic beverages; ethnic norms); Psycho-personality factors (decrease in self-confidence; social aggression; social anxiety; abnormal feeling; sensation seeking; acquisition and experience of pleasure-seeking; weak self-control); failure factors (academic-educational failure; job-social failure; love-marriage failure); socialization factors (belonging to a subculture; negative reference model; peer-friend pressure; socializing with deviant people; inappropriate social environment; incomplete socialization); social capital (social participation; social support; social trust; social commitment); There is a significant relationship between economic factors (relative deprivation, economic poverty, socio-economic base, unemployment) and contextual factors (age, education, place of residence) and alcohol consumption.
References
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ISSN: 2645-5498, SSYJ
2024, 15 (53), 25-52
Sociological analysis of the prevalence of alcohol consumption as a risky lifestyle:Iranian youth group
Taha Ashayeri1*
Tahereh Jahanparvar2
Faezeh Raghami3
Received 23 Decembe 2023, Accepted 29 August 2024
Abstract
Consumption of alcoholic beverages is known as a socio-cultural problem (anomy) in the society, which is more prevalent among the youth, the elderly and different groups. The purpose of this research is to study the factors affecting the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Quantitative meta-analysis research method; sample size of 29 items; the period from 2007 to 2021; It was done by following the validity and entry criteria (correlation coefficient; sample size, year of research; and significance level) and exit criteria (lack of research validity; lack of clear hypothesis; lack of correlation coefficients).
The results show that family factors (history of consumption in the family; family control weakness; family emotional crisis; family conflict and conflict); cultural factors (inappropriate leisure style; cultural capital; religious affiliation; social label; medicinal norm of alcoholic beverages; ethnic norms); Psycho-personality factors (decrease in self-confidence; social aggression; social anxiety; abnormal feeling; sensation seeking; acquisition and experience of pleasure-seeking; weak self-control); failure factors (academic-educational failure; job-social failure; love-marriage failure); socialization factors (belonging to a subculture; negative reference model; peer-friend pressure; socializing with deviant people; inappropriate social environment; incomplete socialization); social capital (social participation; social support; social trust; social commitment); There is a significant relationship between economic factors (relative deprivation, economic poverty, socio-economic base, unemployment) and contextual factors (age, education, place of residence) and alcohol consumption.
Keywords:. social disorganization, family, socio-cultural issues, alcohol consumption.
1. Introduction
One of the social deviations is the tendency to alcohol or the phenomenon of alcoholism; But the biggest issue with alcohol consumption is normalization (Darshti et al., 2022). Alcohol consumption has become a normal phenomenon in civil society and cultures (Vega et al., 1993). This phenomenon is considered a central issue in most different cultures from the Neolithic period onwards. People argue that with the beginning and development of agriculture, legumes were planted where beer consumption was equivalent to bread in life. through acceptance by the community; The indifference of society and culture has led to an excessive increase among the youth. Alcohol consumption among young people and adults is strongly influenced by social-environmental patterns and makes their attitude towards alcohol and drinks positive, that this drink has a therapeutic and leisure effect (Erik et al., 2005). In addition to increasing the commission of social crimes and social corruption, alcohol reduces life expectancy by 10 to 15 years and makes physical and mental illness more severe (Sideranjabr Saghazchi et al., 2019: 168).
These are the most exposed group to alcohol consumption, and the reason for that is risky behavior and identity search period (Perto, 2009: 21; Sarami et al., 2012: 13). Social isolation, religious beliefs, sub-cultural system and socio-environmental welfare, social control (Jaafarian et al., 2015); Identity anomie, psychological crises, adventure, pleasure-seeking and diversification (Abbasi et al., 2014); Ease of access to illegitimate opportunities, parents' education and occupation, social failure (Ahmadi, 2009), wrong leisure style; Belonging to the skewed subcultural system (Bani Asad and Bahrami, 2012); Huge profitability, commercial profit, lack of legal control have provided grounds for its spread. For this reason, alcohol consumption is a social problem and harm that has complex economic, social and cultural causes (Haqdoost et al., 2013: 991) and has shaken the moral foundations of society (Abassi et al., 2014; Rostami et al. , 2017: 67). Merten attributes the problem of alcohol to social failure and social pressures from these conditions (Qurbani and Faizabadi, 2012: 107). The theory of family socialization emphasizes that the behaviors and actions of parents (normative representative) transfer high-risk lifestyle behaviors such as alcohol, drug use, etc. to new generations (Polson et al., 2002). One of the consequences of the tendency to drink alcohol is violent behavior, violent crimes and civil disorder (Waddell, 1980). So that with globalization and the increase of mass media; Among the youth, the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages has increased (Bengal, 2005).
Alcoholic beverages are a part of the social abnormality that is more common among the youth group (Tarmian et al., 2006: 335); And the age of its consumption has decreased and it usually starts from the ages of 17 and 18 (Serajzadeh and Faizi, 2006) and men have a greater tendency towards it than women (Alivardinia et al., 2010). reasons for consuming alcoholic beverages according to social norms; social subcultures; The control system and socialization patterns are more related (Mutolyan et al.,2015: 102). In Iran, its consumption is strictly prohibited and it is considered a crime and a part of sin from the customary-legal point of view. Despite the increase in the price of alcoholic beverages, its underground production and smuggling have increased (Mohammadkhani and Rezaei Jamaloui, 2017: 135) and in 2010, the amount of its discovery has increased by 69% compared to 2010, and more than 90 people died in 2010. The effect of excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages has been lost. Drinking alcohol has become a way of life in the society, so it is considered one of the entertainment styles and a joyful atmosphere for young people and different social classes, including during friendly gatherings, weddings and parties; Both in rural and urban environments, its use has become an unconcealed reality, which among social subcultures is not considered as a cultural crisis and contrary to the laws and moral norms of society, but as a new lifestyle, which is presented in Table 1. Ashairi et al., 2021).
Table 1. Closed cases of alchohole drinking in the country from 2006 to2012
Year | drinking wine | Percentage of changes | The population is divided into one hundred thousand people |
2006 | 14824 | 5.26 | 0.21 |
2007 | 15859 | 0.7 | 2.22 |
2008 | 23946 | 0.51 | 0.33 |
2010 | 21315 | -6.10 | 1.29 |
2011 2012 | 23331 30609 | 9.8 1.31 | 2.31 40.3 |
Globally, alcohol abuse has spread at an alarming rate and has become a global crisis. No country has been spared from the effects of alcohol on consumers. In European countries, many young people drink alcohol from the age of 16. A recent national survey found that 40 percent of people between the ages of 15 and 65 drink alcohol. About 80% of children aged 10 to 14 years use alcohol, and among them 2% use local brew (Kendall, 2002). Research studies conducted on the general topic of alcohol use and abuse show that although alcohol is widely used as a recreational drink and has been legalized in many countries, alcohol has devastating consequences for society. According to the international drug control conventions of the United Nations, about one million people die every year in Russia due to diseases related to alcohol and tobacco. In recent years, more than half of all deaths in Russia between the ages of 15 and 54 have been due to alcohol (Midigo, 2002).
Based on this, the tendency to consume alcohol among Iranian youths according to empirical research (systematic review); It is influenced by multiple social, cultural, psychological and economic conditions. The research and studies conducted from 2007 to 2023 show that the high-risk lifestyle, unhealthy and abnormal leisure time is destroying social-cultural norms and values (weakening of Iranian-Islamic lifestyle). In this regard, nearly 29 scientific documents (survey-based and with feedback tools) have been researched. Due to the high volume of studies and the lack of empirical coherence, the current research aims to organize experimental studies; Answer the following questions:
What factors in Iranian society have created the grounds for the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages among young people?
What is the size of the effect and the final effect of each factor in the model?
2.Review of Literature
Consumption of alcoholic beverages: Alcoholic beverages are any substance (wine, beer, whiskey, alcoholic juices, and vodka) that contains ethanol alcohol and is used for pleasure (Abassi et al., 2013: 54).A liquor user is a person who has the experience of drinking liquor even once (Mohammadkhani and Rezaei Jamaloui, 2014: 135). The way of operationalizing the consumption of alcoholic beverages is presented in the table below (Mokhtari and Pourzare, 2014).
Table 2. Attitude towards alcohol consumption
Dimensions | objects | |
cognitive dimension | The effect of alcohol use on the nervous system and causes disturbance in decision - making . _ _ _ _ _ _ | |
Over time , the use of alcohol causes physical insufficiency | ||
Drinking alcohol is the first step in drug addiction | ||
Using alcoholic beverages and preparing them will waste money | ||
Emotional dimension | Using alcohol is a very good way to reduce mental pressure | |
Using alcoholic beverages is an interesting and life - threatening experience | ||
Using alcoholic beverages is enjoyable | ||
When someone uses alcohol He wants to prove that he is mature | ||
Alcoholic beverages can reduce anger and discomfort | ||
When a person is sad And He is grieving, he can reduce it by drinking alcoholic beverages | ||
Enjoyment in the use of alcoholic beverages is nothing more than a type of indoctrination | ||
The type of packaging of alcoholic beverages is tempting _ _ | ||
who use alcohol are normal people | ||
Behavioral dimension | I enjoy being friends with people who drink alcohol . _ | |
I am not ready with People who use alcohol go on a trip | ||
If If I want to buy or sell something, I don't like to be a seller or buyer of alcohol | ||
I never want to marry a box that uses alcohol | ||
If it happens in the park, I am ready to use alcohol | ||
If I am alone at home, I may drink alcohol | ||
If I am not afraid of my parents' reprimands, When we are together , I may drink alcohol in front of them | ||
when I am with my friends I should use alcoholic beverages with them . | ||
In a party and celebration where friends and family members drink alcohol, I am ready to drink alcohol with them . | ||
Emile Durkheim's Anomie and Social Disorganization
The theory of social disorganization is derived from the structuralist paradigm (Ashairi et al., 2022) and consists of two components: disorganized (lack of organization) or disorganization and social (society, group, collective) (Shayan Mehr, 2021: 121). The origin of the theory of social disorganization dates back to the early 1990s, and in 1929, two researchers from the University of Chicago, Shaver and Mackey, used this theory to study social delinquency. This theory points out that the inability of the local community to identify the common values of its members and maintain the effectiveness of social control; And it emerges when, in the first place, the structure and culture of that social environment; memorized; The strengthening and development of public values is weak, there is no consensus in terms of social values and environmental customs between them (Den et al., 2020). This theory reminds of the crisis, rupture, and collapse of institutions and social organizations (family, governmental and non-governmental institutions). (Saroukhani, 2019: 13). Emile Durkheim's theory of social disorganization refers to a dysfunctional and anomic society in which collective effectiveness (social capital) is disabled and the society is on the path of indifference, individualism and chaos (Sampson, 2013). In this case, moral boundaries are disabled and individualism and moral anomie are prevalent. Social crimes and abnormal behaviors are a sign of a decrease in social control and loss of local community cohesion (Markowitz et al., 2001).
Social disorganization is the result of a society that is transitioning from tradition to modernity, moral and social norms are changing and there is no place for it, a kind of social disorder or anomie has emerged that has disrupted rules and regulations. Collective moral values occur during the transition of society from tradition to modernity. Individualism, consumerism, new lifestyle, broken and critical families, and finally the weakness of social capital are the manifestations of modernity (Rabbani et al., 2008). According to Durkheim, in modern society, social abnormality increases and risky behaviors increase. reducing religious standards, collective norms and social capital; It has led to an increase in social problems and harms (Durkheim, 2019; Kargar et al., 2017: 180 and 181).
Unbridled individualism, social isolation and exclusion from traditional groups lead a person to delinquent groups (Giddens,1994: 110). social disorder and anomie; It cannot keep people together in the new society, so individual patterns and lifestyles replace collective standards and collective interests. Ethical individualism based on the ethics of cooperation, focusing on the well-being and comfort of others and having sympathy with others is in conflict with selfishness and is the basis for organic solidarity. He "persuasively argues that freedom for humans can only exist in the context of social and moral order. The freedom of self-mastery is within a broad framework of social control. Without social organization, there will be chaos, and in chaos there is no rule or law. Although this statement may seem imaginary, without rules and laws, it is hard to imagine anything other than social conflict, power based on force, and disregarding the freedom of anyone but oneself" (Sharon, 2000: 188). In an unorganized society, which is in the collapse of social order, people are wandering and do not have specific anchors and safety (Ritzer, 2010: 50). The weakness of collective conscience and collective nervousness, which were strong controllers, lead to delinquency and violation of social norms during modernization (Durkheim, 2012: 100).
In human social life, one of the issues that humans have dealt with in any time of history has been the issue of abnormality. Abnormality can take many different forms, depending on things like innovation, rebellion, social reformation or antisocial behavior, conflict and non-acceptance of norms, rule of divergence or inconsistency arising from lethargy or from creation and innovation. Also, in some way, the common standard between the members of the society is shaky and disappearing, a problem that according to some experts, is happening mostly in the societies. On the other hand, people who suffer from "anomie feeling" play a role in spreading the same feeling to others and making them suffer from "anomie feeling" with their behaviors and interactions. According to Durkheim, when there is a lack of social commitment to laws, norms and rules, people feel that they have no guidance in their choices, as a result, a state of disorganization and disorganization is revealed in the social system. In fact, the weakening of the norms regulating people's behavior is called an anomic situation. From Durkheim's point of view, abnormality refers to a kind of mental state in which a person gets confused in choosing norms and following behavioral rules due to social disorders, and this leads to incapacity and emptiness in him. Durkheim sees the human spirit in need of movement, a movement that is predicted in the form of social order and is in accordance with the social organization.
According to him, if the reality beyond the material and beyond the human world is violated, the meaning of life and sanctity will be lost, and the result is that the social man needs something in front of the physical-material man, something that will elevate him, the feeling of living. arouse in him; Therefore, there is no normative consensus in a disordered society. Such a situation leads to the distortion of (1) the common sense (2) of values and standards. This distortion, in turn, weakens the regulating link and the restraining force of the collective consciousness. In his opinion, with the increase in the division of labor, the collective consciousness is weakened. As the division of labor increases, the individual ethic (the decline of established norms of mechanical cohesion) increases the potential for alienation. In his opinion, we in society do not know what to do with our knowledge. We are in the state of individual ethics; In other words, society's norms dictate the failure of collective activities by leaving the individual to himself to arrange and carry out the activities. alienation, failure and feeling of social deprivation; social pressures; Social label and individual psycho-personality instability are effective in the development of alcohol consumption.
Research background
The research conducted on the consumption of alcoholic beverages and its reasons are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Background of research studies
Title | The writer | The investigated group | Sample size | State | Statistical Society | ethnic identity | Sampling method |
Investigating the causes of the tendency of women and girls in Tehran to consume alcoholic beverages | Drashti et al(2022) | Women and girls | 384 | Tehran | Girls and women | Fars | by accident |
Social analysis of the situation and causes of alcohol consumption | Aghaei(2021) | Citizens | 413 | Esfahan | Citizens | Fars | clustered |
Urbanization and consumption of alcoholic beverages _ | Firouzabadi (2021) | 19 to 24-year-old male citizens of Bardsir city | 350 | Kerman | Youth | Fars | by accident |
The relationship between social bonding and tendency to drink alcohol | Ranjbar Saghazchi et al (2020) | Students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University | 432 | Ardabil | Students | Turkish | floor |
The relationship between social connection and tendency to drink alcohol (case study of Mohaghegh Ardabili University students ) | Gholami Kotnai et al(2019) | Students of Mohaghegh Ardabil University in the academic year 2016-2017 | 432 | Ardabil | students | Turkey | accidental |
The lived experience of alcohol consumption among the youth of Kerman city in 2018 | Mohammadkhani et al (2018) | The youth of Kerman | 21 | Kerman | Youth | Fars | Targeted |
Longitudinal study of changes in consumption and attitude towards substances and changes in alcohol and cigarette consumption among a sample of college students based on a retrospective panel design. | Akbari and Sirajzadeh (2017) | Male and female students of Kharazmi University | 299 | Tehran | students | Fars | floor _ |
Prediction of alcohol consumption in young people based on family control and support components | Sadeghi et al . ( 2016) | Young people aged 18 to 24 | 249 | Tehran | Youth | Fars | Available |
The influence of socio -cultural factors on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages among the youth of Kurdistan province | Ahmadi et al . (2016) | Young people aged 18 to 29 | 342 | Kurdistan | Youth | did | clustered |
Jafarian et al(2016) | Kurdish city youth | 50 | Kurd city | Youth | Lor | accidental | |
Examining the role of the family in the experience of alcohol consumption in public university students | Rafat of Jah (2015) | Students of public universities | 3305 | Tehran | Students | Fars | clustered |
Examining autonomy in committing crimes of alcohol and drug use by students of Sama University in Yasouj city | Dadgar and Pasad (2015) | Students | 258 | Yasuj | Students | Lor | by accident |
Investigating the mutual effect of prayer on the consumption of drugs, cigarettes and alcohol in students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences | Abdul Jabari et al (2015) | Students | 679 | Tabriz | Students | Turkish | clustered |
The role of pressure variables in explaining the attitude towards alcohol consumption | Alivardinia et al (2015) | Students of Mazandaran University
| 467 | Mazandaran | Students | Fars | by accident |
Predictors of drug and alcohol consumption in teenagers | Mohammad Khani and Rezaei Jamaloyi (2015) | High school male students | 201 | Najaf Abad | students | Fars | clustered _ |
Investigating social factors affecting the tendency to alcoholic beverages | Nikkhah et al . (2015) | Men aged 18 to 35 in Bandar Abbas | 400 | Bandar Abbas | Youth | Baloch | clustered |
The role of self-control in the relationship between peers' consumption and students' tendency | Bezazian et al(2014) | Graduate students | 470 | Abhar | students | Turkey | clustered _ |
Investigating the causes of alcohol consumption among the youth of Farrokh Shahr | Abbasi et al(2014) | Young people aged 20 to 30 in Farrokh Shahr | 384 | Chahar Mahal Bakhtiari | Youth | Lor | floor |
Examining the effect of social control on the attitude of young people 18 up to 29 years of age to consume alcoholic beverages in Behbahan city | Mokhtari and Pourzare (2014) | 18-29-year-old youth of Behbahan | 384 | Khuzestan | Youth | Arab | clustered |
Predictors of drug and alcohol consumption in adolescents | Mohammad Khani and Rezaei Jamalo(2014) | High school male students | 201 | Esfahan | students | Fars | clustered |
Examining the status and causes of alcohol consumption: Epidemic study of alcohol poisoning in Rafsanjan | Mehr al-Hosni et al . ( 2014) | Visitors to the treatment center | 104 | Rafsanjan | Citizens | Fars | floor |
Check reasons social Orientation Youth To Consumption Wine At City Bandar Abbas | Benny Asad And Bahrami (2013) | Citizens based in the city | 400 | Bandar Abbas | Youth | Fars | Targeted |
Investigating the status and causes of alcohol consumption: a case study of the epidemic of alcohol consumption poisoning in Rafsanjan. | Haq Doust and Colleagues (2013) | Clients to medical centers | 80 | Rafsanjan | Citizens | Fars | Targeted |
Investigating the effect of self -control and social connection on students' attitudes towards alcohol consumption | Alivardinia et al (2013) | Students of Mazandaran University in the academic year 2010-2011 | 530 | Mazandaran | Students | Mazni | floor |
Social analysis of the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages among students of the Faculty of Social Sciences | Alivardi Nia and Hemet Ya (2013) | Students of Tehran Faculty of Social Sciences | 400 | Tehran | Students | Fars | floor |
Measuring the tendency to use drugs and alcoholic beverages and investigating the social factors affecting it among secondary school students in Kazeroon in the academic year of 2018-2019 | Ahmadi (2010) | Middle school students of Kazeroon city in the academic year of 2018-2019 | 363 | Caseron | students | Fars | clustered _ |
Sobriety, resilience and substance use status in adolescents at risk: evaluating the explanatory model of the role of mediating variables and the place of influence of poisons | Parto (2010) | Male students at risk of the third year of high school in Tehran, in the academic year 88-89 | 764 | Tehran | Youth | Fars | accidental |
Economic poverty and drug and alcohol abuse among the youth of Tehran and Shemiranat | Ezzyzy(2008) | Ordinary young people aged 18 to 25 in Tehran and Shemiranat | 400 | Tehran | Youth | Fars | by accident |
Social factors affecting the consumption of opium and alcoholic beverages among students | Sirajzadeh and Faizy ( 2006 ) | Students of 1982-1981 under the cover of the Ministry of Science | 250 | Tehran | Students | Fars | clustered |
Figure 1: Theoretical model of tendency to consume alcoholic beverages
Research innovation
Social issues have different types and substances, in Iran, more work is done on repeated social issues such as conflict, drugs, suicide and anomie, we understand less about the reasons for the consumption of alcoholic beverages, there is no need for meta-analysis in this field. Considering that there has been a research about the consumption of alcoholic beverages, which summarizing and glorifying it is important for knowing and understanding the scientific reasons and policy making for the consumption of alcoholic beverages, this research is worth exploring.
3. Methodology
The research method is quantitative meta-analysis, which the researcher identified by reviewing the literature and research conducted in the period of 2007 to 2021, with the consumption of alcoholic beverages, with a sample size of 29, and after controlling in terms of method, reliability, validity and Scientific findings have categorized and organized them according to method, sample size, correlation coefficients and significance level, statistical population, year, etc. After identifying the correlation coefficients and the sample size and the significance level of the research, they were entered into the software and the final effect size of each study and the total final effect were estimated by the Fisher and Cohen formula. To detect the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the above research, the funnel plot, Q test was used and after proving the assumption of heterogeneity between the studies, the moderating variable (contextual) was used to measure its effect on the amount of alcohol consumption.
4. Findings
The research findings have been evaluated in descriptive and analytical categories.
4-1. Descriptive
Descriptive findings include the process of conducting studies; specialized field of writers; Sampling method; Sample size; ethnic identity, studied gender; The type of region and the level of development of the provinces are investigated.
4.1.1. The process of conducting studies
Table 4. Years of research implementation
the writer | nationality | investigated group | Method | State |
Drashti et al(2022) | Fars | Girls and women | Quantitative + questionnaire | Tehran |
Aghaei(2021) | Fars | Citizens | Quantitative + questionnaire | Esfahan |
Firouzabadi (2021) | Fars | Youth | Quantitative + questionnaire | Kerman |
Ranjbar Saghazchi et al (2020) | Azari | Students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Ardabil |
Gholami Kotnai et al(2019) | Azari | students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Ardabil |
Mohammadkhani et al (2018) | Fars | Youth | Quantitative + questionnaire | Kerman |
Akbari and Sirajzadeh (2017) | Fars | students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Tehran |
Sadeghi et al . ( 2016) | Fars | Youth | Quantitative + questionnaire | Tehran |
Ahmadi et al . (2016) | Kord | Youth | Quantitative + questionnaire | Kurdistan |
Jafarian etal(2016) | Lor | Youth | Quantitative + questionnaire | Kahgiloyeh and Boyerahmad |
Rafat of Jah (2015) | Fars | Students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Tehran |
Dadgar and Pasad (2015) | Lor | students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Kahgiloyeh and Boyerahmad |
Abdul Jabari et al (2015) | Azari | students | Quantitative + questionnaire | East Azarbaijan |
Alivardinia et al (2015) | Fars | Students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Mazandaran |
Mohammad Khani and Rezaei Jamaloyi (2015) | Fars | students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Esfahan |
Nikkhah et al . (2015) | Baloch | Men | Quantitative + questionnaire | Hormozgan |
Bezazian et al(2014) | Azari | students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Zanjan |
Abbasi et al(2014) | Lor | Youth | Quantitative + questionnaire | Chahar Mahal Bakhtiari |
Mokhtari and Pourzare (2014) | Arab | Youth | Quantitative + questionnaire | Khuzestan |
Mohammad Khani and Rezaei Jamalo(2014) | Fars | Clients | Quantitative + questionnaire | Rafsanjan |
Mehr al-Hosni et al . ( 2014) | Fars | Youth | Quantitative + questionnaire | Hormozgan |
Benny Asad And Bahrami (2013) | Fars | Citizens | Quantitative + questionnaire | Rafsanjan |
Haq Doust and Colleagues (2013) | Mazni | Students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Mazandaran |
Alivardinia et al (2013) | Fars | Students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Tehran |
Alivardi Nia and Hemet Ya (2013) | Fars | students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Fars |
Ahmadi (2010) | Fars | Youth | Quantitative + questionnaire | Tehran |
Parto (2010) | Fars | Youth | Quantitative + questionnaire | Tehran |
Ezzyzy(2008) | Fars | Students | Quantitative + questionnaire | Tehran |
In 2014, the largest number of researches (21.4%) was conducted in the field of alcohol consumption.
4-1.2. Specialized field of responsible writers
Table 5. Statistical population under study
Specialized field of writers | Abundance | Percent |
social Sciences | 20 | 68.9 |
Medical sciences | 1 | 3.4 |
Legal sciences | 1 | 3.4 |
Islamic teachings | 2 | 6.8 |
Psychological sciences | 4 | 13.7 |
total | 29 | 100 |
68.9% of the authors of the article in this field belong to the field of social sciences.
4.1.3. Study sampling method
Table 6. Study sampling method
Sampling method | Abundance | Percent |
Tabaghe | 5 | 17.2 |
a simple accident | 8 | 27.5 |
clustered _ | 11 | 37.9 |
Targeted | 3 | 10.3 |
Available | 2 | 6.8 |
total | 29 | 100 |
39% of researches have been done by cluster sampling method.
4.1.4. Studied Years
Table 7. Studied years
Year | Abundance | Percent |
2022 | 1 | 3.4 |
2021 | 2 | 6.8 |
2020 | 2 | 6.8 |
2018 | 1 | 3.4 |
2017 | 2 | 6.8 |
2016 | 2 | 6.8 |
2014 | 6 | 20.6 |
2013 | 5 | 17.2 |
2012 | 4 | 13.7 |
2009 | 2 | 6.8 |
2008 | 1 | 3.4 |
2007 | 1 | 3.4 |
total | 29 | 100 |
4.1.5. Ethnic identity
Table 8. Ethnic identity under investigation
group | Abundance | Percent |
Baloch | 1 | 3.4 |
Lor | 3 | 10.3 |
Azari | 4 | 13.7 |
Fars | 18 | 62 |
Arab | 1 | 3.4 |
kord | 1 | 3.4 |
Mazni | 1 | 3.4 |
total | 29 | 100 |
62.% of the research has done research on Fars ethnic group.
4.1.6. Type of study group
Table 9. Type of study group
group | Abundance | Percent |
Citizens | 3 | 10.3 |
Girls and women | 1 | 3.4 |
Youth and Teenagers | 11 | 37.9 |
Students | 11 | 37.9 |
students | 3 | 10.3 |
total | 29 | 100 |
37.9% of the investigated group are students and youth and 10.3% are citizens and students.
4.1.7. The type of research area
Table 10. Type of researched area
investigated group | Abundance | Percent |
State | 11 | 37.9 |
City | 16 | 55.1 |
Small City | 2 | 6.8 |
total | 29 | 100 |
37.9% of researches at the provincial level; 55.1% have been implemented in the city level and 6.8 % in the small city.
4.1.8.The level of development of the province
Table 11. The level of development of the province
investigated group | Abundance | Percent |
Developed _ | 8 | 27.5 |
Developing | 7 | 24.1 |
underdeveloped | 14 | 48.2 |
total | 29 | 100 |
4.2. Analytical
In the analytical section, influencing variables and the amount of its effect; publication bias; The influence of moderating (contextual) variables on the consumption of alcoholic beverages has been investigated.
4.2.1.Research effect size
Table 12. Research effect size
Research variables | Statistical report | |||||||
Effect size | lower | upper | Z | sig | ||||
Social factors
| Differential companionship | 0.283 | 0.102 | 0.271 | 9.104 | 0.000 | ||
Weak social control | 0.401 | 0.199 | 0.591 | 3.123 | 0.000 | |||
Social disintegration | 0.200 | 0.101 | 0.266 | 5.061 | 0.000 | |||
Social anomie | 0.103 | 0.366 | 0.403 | 10.114 | 0.000 | |||
Weak social capital | 0.127 | 0.134 | 0.408 | 5.017 | 0.000 | |||
Parliamentary social environment | 0.176 | 0.153 | 0.388 | 3.738 | 0.000 | |||
Differential companionship | 0.115 | 0.276 | 0.388 | 16.338 | 0.000 | |||
cultural factors | Inappropriate leisure style | 0.109 | 0.173 | 0.290 | 12.643 | 0.000 | ||
Cultural capital | 0.276 | 0.110 | 0.234 | 3.021 | 0.000 | |||
religious affiliation | 0.253 | 0.611 | 0.845 | 13.101 | 0.000 | |||
Educational failure | 0.288 | 0.197 | 0.387 | 4.665 | 0.000 | |||
Social tags | 0.166 | 0.761 | 0.921 | 11.537 | 0.000 | |||
Alcohol consumption norm | 0.138 | 0.125 | 0.481 | 4.677 | 0.000 | |||
Psychological factors
| low self-esteem | 0.192 | 0.177 | 0.381 | 10.332 | 0.000 | ||
Personality group | 0.231 | 0.287 | 0.470 | 17.119 | 0.000 | |||
Hedonistic experience | 0.398 | 0.144 | 0.299 | 3.118 | 0.000 | |||
Weak self-control | 0.288 | 0.277 | 0.388 | 5.831 | 0.000 | |||
low self-esteem | 0.132 | 0.116 | 0.301 | 4.210 | 0.000 | |||
Personality group | 0.230 | 0.108 | 0.208 | 7.392 | 0.000 | |||
Economic factors | Relative deprivation | 0.283 | 0.102 | 0.271 | 9.104 | 0.000 | ||
Economic capital | 0.401 | 0.199 | 0.591 | 3.123 | 0.000 | |||
unemployment | 0.200 | 0.101 | 0.266 | 5.061 | 0.000 | |||
Based on this, the results show that:
- Differential cohabitation has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.283.
- Weakness of social control has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.401.
- Social disintegration has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.200.
- The feeling of social anomie has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.103.
- The weakness of social capital has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages, and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.127.
- The criminal social environment has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.176.
- Inappropriate leisure style has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.115.
-Cultural capital has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.109.
-Religious affiliation has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.276.
- Academic-educational failure has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.253.
- Social labeling has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.288.
- The norm of consuming alcoholic beverages has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and the value of its effect coefficient is equal to 0.166.
- Low self-esteem has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.132.
-Personality disorder has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.192.
- Hedonic experience has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.231.
- Weakness of self-control has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.398.
Relative deprivation has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.288.
-Economic capital has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.132.
- Unemployment has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.230.
4.2.2.The general effect of indicators on the consumption of alcoholic beverages
Table 13.The effect of all indicators on the consumption of alcoholic beverages
General index | Statistical report | ||||
Effect size | lower | upper | Z | sig | |
social factors | 0.341 | 0.109 | 0.234 | 3.092 | 0.000 |
cultural factors | 0.164 | 0.151 | 0.321 | 4.056 | 0.000 |
Psychological factors | 0.208 | 0.298 | 0.498 | 10.631 | 0.000 |
Economic factors | 0.198 | 0.353 | 0.561 | 3.936 | 0.000 |
The above table shows that:
Social factors have explained and predicted a total of 0.341 of the changes in alcohol consumption.
Cultural factors have explained and predicted a total of 0.164 of the changes in alcohol consumption.
-Psychological factors have explained and predicted a total of 0.208 of the changes in alcohol consumption.
Economic factors have explained and predicted a total of 0.198 of the changes in the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
4.2.3.The variable effect of gender on alcohol consumption
Table 14. The effect of gender on the consumption of alcoholic beverages
gender | by accident | ||
Combined size | z-value | sig | |
Female | 0.281 | 3.042 | 0.000 |
Man | 0.304 | 5.431 | 0.000 |
total effect | 0.254 | 8.121 | 0.000 |
The results show that there is a significant relationship between gender and alcohol consumption, and its overall effect is equal to 25%. according to this; The tendency to drink alcohol among men (30%) is higher than among women (28%).
4.2.4.The variable effect of place of residence on the consumption of alcoholic beverages
Table 15. The influence of the place of residence on the consumption of alcoholic beverages
Location | by accident | ||
Combined size | z-value | sig | |
Village | 0.149 | 4.800 | 0.000 |
City | 0.220 | 8.276 | 0.000 |
total effect | 0.190 | 1.560 | 0.000 |
The results show that there is a significant relationship between the place of residence and the consumption of alcoholic beverages, and its overall effect is equal to 19%. according to this; The amount of tendency to consume alcoholic beverages among the citizens (22%) is higher than among the villagers (14%).
4.2.5.The influence of the statistical population on the consumption of alcoholic beverages
Table 16. The effect of the statistical population on the consumption of alcoholic beverages
type of society | by accident | ||
Combined size | z-value | sig | |
Citizens | 0.298 | 3.083 | 0.000 |
Youth and Teenagers | 0.381 | 4.563 | 0.000 |
Students | 0.341 | 10.212 | 0.000 |
students | 0.145 | 7.984 | 0.000 |
total effect | 0.200 | 6.973 | 0.000 |
The results show that there is a significant relationship between the type of statistical population and the consumption of alcoholic beverages, and its overall effect is equal to 20%. According to this, it is more among young people and teenagers (38%) and students (34%), average among citizens (29%), and less among students (14%).
4.2.6.The effect of the development level of the province on the consumption of alcoholic beverages
Table 17. The level of development of the province in the consumption of alcoholic beverages
investigated group | by accident | ||
Combined size | z-value | sig | |
Developed _ | 0.225 | 5.033 | 0.000 |
Developing | 0.201 | 7.081 | 0.000 |
underdeveloped | 0.187 | 14.091 | 0.000 |
total effect | 0.262 | 10.451 | 0.000 |
The results show that there is a significant relationship between the level of development of the province and the consumption of alcoholic beverages, and its total value is equal to 26%. Based on this, the amount of tendency to consume alcoholic beverages is higher among developed regions (22 percent) and rejection is moderate among developing regions (20 percent) and lower in underdeveloped regions (18 percent).
5. Conclusion
Consumption of alcoholic beverages in the society is one of the acute social issues that has attracted the attention of researchers, policy makers and academic and organizational researchers. A high-risk lifestyle with social harms such as social abnormality, disintegration of family norms, increase in addiction to other drugs, lawlessness, etc. Based on this, the main goal of the research was to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of experimental face studies in Iran with a systematic review. results show that:
5.1.Social reasons
- Differential cohabitation has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.283.
- Weakness of social control has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.401.
- Social disintegration has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.200.
- The feeling of social anomie has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.103.
- The weakness of social capital has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages, and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.127.
- The criminal social environment has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.176.
5.2. Cultural reasons
- Inappropriate leisure style has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.115.
-Cultural capital has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.109.
-Religious affiliation has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.276.
- Academic-educational failure has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.253.
- Social labeling has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.288.
- The norm of consuming alcoholic beverages has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and the value of its effect coefficient is equal to 0.166.
5.3.Psychological reasons
- Low self-esteem has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.138.
-Personality disorder has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.192.
- Hedonic experience has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.231.
- Weakness of self-control has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.398.
5.4. Economic reasons
Relative deprivation has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.288.
-Economic capital has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.132.
- Unemployment has a significant effect on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages and its effect coefficient is equal to 0.230.
Finally, it can be said that the weakening of the norms regulating people's behavior is called an anomic situation. From Durkheim's point of view, abnormality refers to a kind of mental state in which a person gets confused in choosing norms and following behavioral rules due to social disorders, and this leads to incapacity and emptiness in him. Durkheim sees the human soul in need of movement, a movement that is foreseen in the form of social order and is in accordance with the social organization. According to him, if the reality beyond the material and beyond the world of man is violated, the meaning of life and sanctity will disappear and the result is that the social man needs something in front of the physical-material man, something that by exalting him, the feeling of living. arouse in him; Therefore, there is no normative consensus in a disordered society. Such a situation leads to the distortion of (1) common sense (2) values and standards. This distortion, in turn, weakens the regulating link and the restraining force of the collective consciousness. In his opinion, with the increase in the division of labor, the collective consciousness is weakened. As the division of labor increases, individual ethics (the decline of established norms of mechanical cohesion) increases the potential for alienation. In his opinion, we in society do not know what to do with our knowledge. We are in the state of individual ethics; In other words, society's norms dictate the failure of collective activities by leaving the individual to himself in order to arrange and carry out the activities. alienation, failure and feeling of social deprivation; social pressures; Social label and individual psycho-personality instability are effective in the development of alcohol consumption.
5.5. Research proposals
According to the results of the research, the following solutions are suggested to reduce the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages:
- According to the results of the research on the inverse relationship between social control and the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages; There is a need for fixed and mobile checkpoints, patrols on foot and on horseback at border points of the province and between cities in order to convey the sense of danger of arrest to criminals and their creators; physical development and drones and sensor technology for the passage and exchange of alcoholic beverages and buying and selling and geographic zoning of its distribution through drones; used, as well as social, cultural and economic costs for activities related to the purchase and sale of alcoholic beverages (elimination of banking, service and welfare points). To increase the authority of laws.
- The findings showed that family-social disorganization had an important and effective role in the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages, according to this, Faraja organization should, through cultural, informational and educational methods, deal with the consumption of alcoholic beverages, reporting methods and also the consequences. family consumption of alcoholic beverages and its distribution in society; Monitor awareness and adequate information continuously and seriously.
- Regarding the effect of social anomie on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages; to reduce the prevalence of social anomalies; The model of local social capital (local-administrative and environmental relations) should be used to report the gang network of alcoholic beverages.
- Regarding the effect of relative deprivation, unemployment and poverty on the tendency to consume alcoholic beverages; It is necessary to strengthen the platforms of stable businesses, home businesses and modern ones to promote a healthy work style, and to eliminate the platforms of tendency to consume alcoholic beverages, as well as to explain and understand the judicial and non-judicial consequences for the activists in this field, legally and conventionally.
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[1] 1*. Associate Professor,faculty member of the Department of History and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardebil. Iran.(Corresponding Author), t.ashayeri@uma.ac.ir.
2 PhD student of Cultural Sociology, Dep.Social sciences, Fac.Social Sciences, Communication & Media, University of Islamic Azad , Central Tehranbranchm Tehran, Iran. jparavr@yahoo.com
[2] 3. BA student of Sociology at Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardebil. Iran. faezeraghami@gmail.com