ارزیابی اثر آللوپاتی عصاره دانه و برگ اکالیپتوس (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) بر جوانه‌زنی و رشد گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) و علفهرز کیسه‌‌کشیش (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
محورهای موضوعی : زیست شناسی
1 - استادیار، گروه زراعت، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران
کلید واژه: آللوپاتی, اکالیپتوس, جوانه‌زنی, کلروفیل, گندم, علفهرز کیسه‌‌کشیش.,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف: علفهای هرز جزء جدایی‌ناپذیر اکوسیستم‌‌های زراعی و غیر‌‌زراعی است که کمّیت و کیفیت محصولات کشاورزی را تهدید می‌‌کند. بنابراین، برای دستیابی به یک سطح اقتصادی با حداقل استفاده از سموم شیمیایی، بایستی کنترل مناسب علفهای هرز براساس برنامه مدیریت تلفیقی و با هدف ترکیب روش‌های مختلف سازگار با محیط‌زیست باشد.
مواد و روش‌‌ها: آزمایش گلخانه‌‌ای در قالب بلوک‌‌های کامل تصادفی و آزمایشگاهی به‌‌صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سال 1402 انجام شد. تیمارها شامل عصاره دانه و برگ اکالیپتوس در غلظت‌های٢٠، ۴٠، ۶٠، ٨٠ و ١٠٠ درصد به همراه شاهد (آب مقطر) بود.
یافته‌‌ها: غلظت عصاره دانه و برگ اکالیپتوس، همه صفات مورد مطالعه را به‌‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش داد. با افزایش غلظت عصاره، میزان بازدارندگی روند افزایشی داشت. علفهرز کیسه‌‌کشیش بیشتر از گندم تحت تأثیر مواد دگرآسیب قرار گرفت و کاهش بیشتری داشت. غلظت ۸۰ و ۱۰۰ درصد عصاره دانه درصد جوانه‌زنی، سرعت جوانه‌زنی، طول اندام‌های هوایی، طول ریشه‌‌چه، وزن خشک اندام‌های هوایی و وزن خشک ریشه‌‌چه علفهرز کیسه‌‌کشیش را به‌‌طور کامل متوقف کرد. چنین شرایطی نیز در غلظت ۱۰۰ درصد عصاره برگ ایجاد شد. کمترین محتوای کلروفیل کل در علفهرز کیسه‌‌کشیش تحت تأثیر غلظت ۱۰۰ درصد عصاره دانه و برگ مشاهده شد. این کاهش در غلظت۸۰ درصد عصاره دانه 3/86 درصد برآورد گردید.
نتیجه‌‌گیری: گیاه دولپه‌‌ای کیسه‌‌کشیش نسبت به گیاه تک‌لپه‌ای گندم به اثرات دگرآسیبی اکالیپتوس حساس‌‌تر است. بنابراین، عصاره آبی اکالیپتوس به‌‌ویژه دانه، حاوی ترکیبات دگرآسیبی فراوانی است که می‌‌توان آن را به‌‌عنوان یک علف‌‌کش زیستی و همراه با طبیعت معرفی کرد و در آینده در برنامه‌‌های مدیریتی تلفیقی علفهای هرز به‌‌خصوص علفهرز کیسه‌‌کشیش قرار داد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Objective: Weeds are integral yet detrimental components of agricultural and non-agricultural ecosystems, threatening crop yield and quality. To achieve economically viable weed control with minimal chemical herbicide use, integrated management strategies combining environmentally compatible methods are essential.
Materials and Methods: A greenhouse experiment (randomized complete block design) and a laboratory study (completely randomized design) were conducted in 2023. Treatments included aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus globulus seeds and leaves at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, alongside a control (distilled water).
Findings: Both seed and leaf extracts significantly inhibited all studied traits in a concentration-dependent manner. Capsella bursa-pastoris exhibited greater sensitivity to allelopathic compounds than wheat. Seed extracts at 80% and 100% concentrations completely suppressed germination percentage, germination rate, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight in Capsella bursa-pastoris. Similar inhibition occurred with 100% leaf extract. The lowest total chlorophyll content in the weed was observed under 100% seed and leaf extracts, with an 86.3% reduction at 80% seed extract.
Conclusion: The dicotyledonous Capsella bursa-pastoris is more sensitive to Eucalyptus allelopathy than the monocotyledonous wheat. Aqueous Eucalyptus extracts, particularly from seeds, contain potent allelochemicals that could serve as eco-friendly bioherbicides. These findings support their integration into future weed management programs targeting Capsella bursa-pastoris.
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