اثرات آنتاگونیستی گونههای مختلف تریکودرما در کنترل Sclerotinia sclerotiorum و مقایسه آن با قارچکشهای شیمیایی
محورهای موضوعی : دو فصلنامه تحقیقات بیماریهای گیاهی
1 - استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات گیاه پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران.
2 - استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات گیاه پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران.
کلید واژه: کنترل بیولوژیک, تریکودرما, کنترل شیمیایی, اسکلروتینیا, قارچکش,
چکیده مقاله :
قارچ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary یکی از عوامل مهم کاهش عملکرد بسیاری از محصولات مهم اقتصادی محصولات زراعی و باغی می‌باشد. بسیاری از روشهای مرسوم در مدیریت بیماری موثر نیست. در این میان کنترل بیولوژیک با قارچهای آنتاگونیست، میتواند در کاهش بیماری چارهساز باشد. در این پژوهش اثر آنتاگونیستی 14 جدایه بومی قارچ تریکودرما مربوط به چهار گونه مختلف برای کنترل قارچ بیمارگر S. sclerotiorum در شرایط in vitroبا بررسیهای کشت دوتایی، ترکیبات ضدقارچی فرار و غیرفرار تولید شده توسط آنتاگونیستها، ارزیابی شد. بازدارندگی رشد میسلیومهای S. sclerotiorum به وسیله جدایههای تریکودرما در کشت دوتایی، ترکیبات فرار و غیرفرار بین 4/53-5/35، 33-0 و 100-0 درصد متغیر بود، در این میان Trichoderma harzianum (A10) بیشترین تاثیر را در مهار رشد میسلیومها در کشت دوتایی و T. harzianum (A2 و A10) بیشترین تاثیر را در مهار رشد میسلیومها با تولید مواد فرار و غیرفرار داشتند. که در نهایت آنتاگونیست T10 (T. harzianum) موثرترین جدایه در کنترل قارچ عامل بیماری درشرایط آزمایشگاه انتخاب شد. در بررسی سه قارچکش تیوفانات متیل، رورالتیاس و بنومیل در شرایط آزمایشگاه، مشاهده شد که قارچکش تیوفانات متیل در غلظت 10 پیپیام و دو قارچکش دیگر در غلظت 100 پیپیام توانستند به طور کامل مانع از رشد میسلیومها شوند. در بررسی مقایسه کنترل شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی در شرایط گلخانه، مشاهده شد که تیمار خاک با آنتاگونیست هشت روز قبل از آلودگی با قارچ بیمارگر، تاثیر بهتری حتی نسبت به کنترل شیمیایی دارد. این مطالعه نشان داده که استفاده از ترکیبات بیولوژیک در زمان مناسب جهت پیشگیری از وقوع این بیماری، نسبت به سموم شیمیایی از کارایی بیشتری برخوردار است.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a major plant pathogen that plays a crucial role in yield reduction of economically important crops. Most of the conventional methods are not effective in management of S. sclerotiorum. The Biological control by fungal antagonists could be useful in reducing disease. In the present research, antagonistic effects of indigenous Trichoderma species on S. sclerotiorum were determined in vitro. Dual culture technique, production of volatile and non-volatile compounds were used to determine the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition. The mycelial growth inhibition of S. sclerotiorum by Trichoderma strains ranged from 35.5-53.4, 0-33 and 0-100 percent in dual culture, volatile compounds and non volatile metabolites tests, respectively. Trichoderma harzianum (A10) showed the highest impact on mycelial growth inhibition in dual culture and T. harzianum (A2 & A10) had the highest effect on the inhibition of mycelial growth by the production of volatile compounds and non-volatile compounds. On the whole, antagonist T10 (T. harzianum) was most effective in controlling pathogen isolates under laboratory conditions. Also effects of three fungicides including thiophanate- methyl, Rovral TS and Benomyl were studied in laboratory conditions. Results showed that thiophanate-methyl (10 ppm) and the other two fungicides at concentration of 100 ppm were able to completely inhibit the mycelial growth. Comparison of effectiveness of chemical and biological control methods in greenhouse conditions indicated that inoculation of soil with antagonist prior to infection with the pathogen had better effect than chemical control did. This study has shown that the use of biocontrol agents at the right time is more efficient in prevention of the disease than chemical fungicides.
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