شناسایی و بیماری‌زایی عوامل قارچی پوسیدگی ریشه و طوقه برخی گیاهان جالیزی در منطقه شاهرود

محورهای موضوعی : دو فصلنامه تحقیقات بیماریهای گیاهی

زهرا عراقی ¹ (گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده تولیدات گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران. بخشی از یافته های پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد)
کامران رهنما ² (دانشیار گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده تولیدات گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان)
مجتبی ممرآبادی ³ (استادیار دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود)
فرخنده امتی ⁴ (مربی پژوهشی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی استان سمنان (شاهرود))

تاریخ دریافت : 1396/03/20 تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/03/20 تاریخ انتشار : 1392/05/01

کلید واژه: Rhizoctonia solani, بیماری پوسیدگی طوقه و ریشه, گیاهان جالیزی, شاهرود, Fusarium spp, Phytophthora nicotianae,

چکیده مقاله :

پوسیدگی طوقه و ریشه از مهم‌ترین بیماری‌های کدوییان در جهان است. جهت شناسایی عوامل قارچی مولد این بیماری در سال زراعی 90-1389 از مزارع محصولات جالیزی (هندوانه، خربزه و طالبی) در منطقه شاهرود، میامی و بیارجمند بازدید و نمونه‌های مشکوک به بیماری پوسیدگی طوقه و ریشه جمع‌آوری و به آزمایشگاه منتقل شدند. قطعات بافت­های آلوده پس از ضدعفونی سطحی با هیپوکلرید سدیم 1 درصد روی محیط کشت PDA و یا بدون ضدعفونی سطحی پس از شستشو با آب مقطر استریل روی محیط کشت نیمه‌انتخابی CMA-PARPH، CMA-PARP و CMA کشت شدند. خالص سازی جدایه­های دارای اسپور به روش تک اسپور و آزمون بیماری­زایی آنها با روش فرو بردن ریشه گیاهچه­های کشت شده در گلخانه در سوسپانسیون حاوی 10⁶ اسپور در میلی­لیتر انجام شد. خالص­سازی جدایه­های بدون اسپور به­روش نوک ریسه و آزمون بیماری­زایی آنها به­روش مایه‌زنی قطعاتی از پرگنه فعال قارچ اطراف طوقه و ریشه گیاهچه‌های میزبان مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. جدایه‌ها بر اساس ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیکی (خصوصیات ماکروسکوپی، میکروسکوپی) و خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی با استفاده از کلیدهای شناسایی معتبر شناسایی گردیدند. گونه­های بیماریزای شناسایی شده شامل Fusarium solani،
F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis، F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum، F. equiseti، Phytophthora nicotianae و Rhizoctonia solani بودند که گونه اول به عنوان گونه غالب شناسایی گردید. هم­چنین نتایج نشان داد که گونه­های F.solani و
F. oxysporum از تمامی مراحل رویشی از گیاهچه تا میوه­دهی قابل جدا سازی بوده و در سراسر منطقه پراکنش وسیعی دارند. این گونه‌ها برای اولین بار از مزارع جالیز شهرستان شاهرود گزارش می­شوند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

The root and crown rot is one of the most important diseases of cucurbits in the world
including Iran. In order to identify the causal agents of wilting and root and crown rot of
cucurbits (watermelon, musk melon and cantaloupe) in Shahrood, investigations and
collection of diseased samples were made in various fields of Shahrood, Mayamai and
Biargomand regions during 2009-2010. After disinfection with sodium hypochlorite (1%),
pieces of infected tissues were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and /or pieces
of infected tissues were cultured on PDA, CMA-PARPH and CMA-PARP media without
disinfection. Isolates producing spores were purified with single spore method while isolates
which did not produce spores, were purified using hyphal tip method. For pathogenicity tests,
seedlings grown in green house were dipped in fungal spore suspension (106/ ml) by root dip
method for spore producing fungi while in the case of isolates that did not produce spores,
pathogenicity test was performed by placing small pieces of young culture of inoculum
around crown and roots of plants being tested. According to the morphological, macroscopic
and microscopic characteristics adapted from standard keys, pathogenic isolates were
identified as Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum f.sp. melonis, F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum, F.
equiseti, Phytophthora nicotianae and Rhizoctonia solani. F. oxysporum was the dominant
isolated fungus. The results also showed that F. solani and F. oxysporum could be isolated
during all growth stages of plants (seedling up to fruiting stages) and these species were
widely spread throughout the region. All of these fungi are reported for the first time from
melon fields of Shahrood.

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