Survey on the Impacts of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Wheat Growth Stages under Water Shortage Treatments
Subject Areas : Research On Crop Ecophysiology
Keywords: Keywords: Benzyl adenine, Gibberellic acid, Grain protein, Irrigation, Salicylic acid, Superoxide dismutase, Wheat. ,
Abstract :
ABSTRACT Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the main crops which occupies an important part in agricultural production and water shortages, drought stress and low precipitation happen regularly during wheat growing periods in semi-arid and arid regions, which can significantly alter physiological processes such as respiration and photosynthesis as well as wheat production. Water deficit is widely reported for global wheat production, and it is the main constrains influencing wheat production in semiarid regions of Iran. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) can bring the most benefits to winter wheat crop to reduce plant height, increase stem thickness, reduces the risk of lodging, making managing and harvesting a tall winter wheat crop easier. Gibberelic acid can elongate plant cells and encourage cell division. In this trial, the highest number of days from seed plantation until seed germination, seed plantation until double ridge stage, seed plantation until terminal spikelet stage, seed plantation until swelling of stem stage, seed plantation until flowering stage, seed plantation until grain filling stage, and seed plantation until grain ripening stage was obtained in interaction between 120 mm evaporation from pan class A and control treatment (water treatment), and the minimum data also was belonged to interaction between 80 mm evaporation from pan class A and superoxide dismutase in both Abarkuh and Faragheh experimental research stations. Different stages of winter wheat showed different sensitivity to water deficit at various different growth periods. Water shortage is the major limiting parameter which can negatively influence plant growth and development of wheat plants.
References:
REFERENCES
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Akblut GB, Yigit E, Kaya A, Aktas A. 2018. Effects of salicylic acid and organic selenium on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 148:901-909.
Aliahmadi Z, Mohadesi A, Ranjbar M, Javanshah A. 2021. Preparation and evaluation of Ca/Mg-layered double hydroxide as a novel modifier for electrochemical determination of gibberellic acid. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1246:131200.
Amri B, Khamassi K, Ali MB, Silva JATD, Kaab LBB. 2016. Effects of gibberellic acid on the process of organic reserve mobilization in barley grains germinated in the presence of cadmium and molybdenum. South African Journal of Botany, 106:35-40.
Araujo PC, Freitas RMOD, Praxedes SC, Ribeiro MCC. 2009. Gibberellic acid enhances the emergence of Zizyphus joazeiro seeds. Journal of New Seeds. 10(4):277-281.
Azizi MH, Soleymani A, Javanmard HR. 2023. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) biochemical and nutritional properties affected by plant growth regulators under field conditions. Cereal Research Communications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-023-0041401
Barra PJ, Inostroza NG, Acuna JJ, Mora ML, Crowley DE, Jorquera MA. 2016. Formulation of bacterial consortia from avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and their effect on growth, biomass, and superoxide dismutase activity of wheat seedlings under salt stress. Applied Soil Ecology, 102:80-91.
Bawa G, Feng L, Chen G, Chen H, Hu Y, Pu T, Cheng YJ, Shi Y, Xiao T, Zhou WG, Yong T, Sun X, Yang F, Yang W, Wang X. Gibberellins and auxin regulate soybean hypocotyl elongation under low light and high-temperature interaction. Physiologia Plantarum, 170:345-356.
Bekaardt CR, Pieterse PJ, Coetzee JH, Agenbag GA. 2004. The breaking of seed dormancy of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray). By treatment with gibberellic acid and smoke water solution. South of African Journal of Plant and Soil, 21(2):114-116.
Bjorklund S, Antti H, Uddestrand I, Mortiz T, Sundberg B. 2007. Cross-talk between gibberellin and auxin in development of Populus wood: Gibberellin stimulates polar auxin transport and has a common transriptome with auxin. The Plant Journal, 52:499-511.
Broumand P, Rezaei A, Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH, Noory A. 2010. Influence of forage clipping and top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield of cereal crops in dual purpose cultivation system. Research on Crops, 11(3):603-613.
Cui H, Shahrajabian MH, Kuang Y, Zhang H, Sun W. 2023. Heterologous expression and function of cholesterol oxidase: A review. Protein and Peptide Letters, 30(7):531-540.
Cuiying W, Bao Y, Wang QQ, Zhang HX. Introduction of the rice CYP714D1 gene into Populus inhibits expression of its homologous genes and promotes growth, biomass production and xylem fibre length in transgenic tress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64:2847-2857.
Ding LN, Yang GX, Yang RY, Cao J, Zhou Y. 2016. Investigating interactions of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways in monocots wheat. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 93:67-74.
Kato F, Araki M, Miyazawa Y, Fujii N, Takeda K, Suge H, Takahashi H. 2011. Factors responsible for deep-sowing tolerance in wheat seedlings: varietal differences in cell proliferation and the co-ordinated synchronization of epidermal cell expansion and cortical cell division for the gibberellin-mediated elongation of first internodes. Annals of Botany, 108:439-447.
Gupta R, Chakrabarty SK. 2013. Gibberellic acid in plant: Still a mystery unresolved. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 8: e25504.
Hamayun M, Khan SA, Khan AL, Shin JH, Ahmad B, Shin DH, Lee IJ. 2010. Exogenous gibberellic acid reprogras soybean to higher growth and salt stress tolerance. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58:7226-7232.
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Hedden P, Sponsel V. 2015. A century of gibberellin research. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 34:740-760.
Hooley R. 1994. Gibberellins: Perception, transduction and responses. Plant Molecular Biology, 26:1529-1555.
Ingram TJ, Reid JB, Macmillan J. 1986. The quantitative relationship between gibberellin A1 and internode growth in Pisum sativum L. Planta, 168:414-420.
Jaleel CA, Gopi R, Manivannan P, Sankar B, Kishorekumar A, Panneerselvam R. 2007. Antioxidant potentials and ajmalicine accumulation in Catharanthus roseus after treatmentwith gibberellic acid. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 60:195-200.
Jung H, Jo SH, Jung WY, Park HJ, Lee A, Moon JS, Seong SY, Kim JK, Kim YS, Cho HS. 2020. Gibberellin promotes bolting and flowering via the floral integrators RsFT and RsSOC1-1 under marginal vernalization in radish. Plants. 9:594.
Khoshkharam M, Rezaei A, Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH. 2010. Effects of tillage and residue management on yield components and yield of maize in second cropping after barley. Research on Crops, 11(3):659-666.
Kondo S, Danjo C. 2001. Cell wall polysaccharide metabolism during fruit development in sweet cherry Satohnishiki as affected by gibberellic acid. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 70(2),178-184.
Misratia KM, Islam MR, Ismail MR, Oad FC, Hanafi MM, Puteh A. Interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salt stress on growth and ion accumulation of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in salt tolerance. Journal of Food, Agriclture and Environment, 13:66-70.
Ogbaji PO, Shahrajabian MH, Xue X. 2013. Changes in germination and primarily growth of three cultivars of tomato under diatomite and soil materials in auto-irrigation system. International Journal of Biology, 5(3):80-84.
Pan B, Zhong T, Zhao G. 2017. Promoting deep-sowing germinability of corn (Zea mays L.) by seed soaking with gibberellic acid. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 63(9):1314-1323.
Peng D, Chen X, Yin Y, Lu KL, Yang WB, Tang YH, Wang ZL. 2014. Lodging resistance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): ligning accumulation and its related enzymes activities due to the application of paclobutrazol or gibberellin acid. Field Crops Research, 157:1-7.
Riaziat A, Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH. 2012. Changes in seed yield and biological yield of six wheat cultivars on the basis of different sowing dates. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 10(1):467-469.
Sahu GK, Kar M, Sabat SC. 2010. Alteration in phosphate uptake potential of what plants co-cultivated with salicylic acid. Journal of Plant Physiology, 167(4):326-328.
Sakhabutdinova AR, Fatkhutdinova DR, Bezrukova MV, Shakirova FM. 2003. Salicylic acid prevent the damaging action of stress factors on wheat plants. Bulg J Plant Physiol, 21:314-319.
Sauter M, Kende H. 1993. Internodal elongaton and orientation of cellulose mirofibrils and microtubules in deepwater rice. Planta, 190:354-362.
Sayed AEDH, AbdAllah EA, Hamed M, Soiliman HAM. 2020. Hepatonephrotoxicity in late juvenile of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to gibberellic acid: Ameliorative effects of Spirulina platensis. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 167:104600.
Seo Y, Gudz A, Lowe JM, Gagne MR. 2019. Selective deoxygenation of gibberellic acid with fluoroarylborane catalysts. Tetrahedron, 75(49):130712.
Shahrajabian MH, Soleymani A, Naranjani L. 2011. Grain yield and forage characteristics of forage sorghum under different plant densities and nitrogen levels in second cropping after barley in Isfahan, Iran. Research on Crops, 12(1):68-78.
Shahrajabian MH, Chaski C, Polyzos N, Petropoulos SA. 2021. Biostimulants application: A low input cropping management tool for sustainable farming of vegetables. Biomolecules, 11(5):698.
Shahrajabian MH, Chaski C, Polyzos N, Tzortzakis N, Petropoulos SA. 2021. Sustainable agriculture systems in vegetable production using chitin and chitosan as plant biostimulants. Biomolecules, 11(6):819.
Shahrajabian MH, Petropoulos SA, Sun W. 2023. Survey of the influences of microbial biostimulants on horticultural crops: Case studies and successful paradigms. Horticulturae, 9(193):1-24.
Shakirova FM, Sakhabutadinova AR, Bezrukova MV, Fatkhutdinova RA, Fatkhutdinova DR. 2003. Changes in the hormonal status of wheat seedlings induced by salicylic acid and salinity. Plant Science, 164(3):317-322.
Shayanfar M, Soleymani A, Shahajabian MH. 2011. Effect of plant densities on solar radiation absorption and depreciation, leaf area index and crop growth rate of different cultivars of sunflower. Research on Crops, 12(3):728-730.
Shen Y, Li J, Gu R, Yue L, Wang H, Zhan X, Xing B. 2018. Carotenoid and superoxide dismutase are the most effective antioxidants participating in ROS scavenging in phenanthrene accumulated wheat leaf. Chemosphere, 197:513-525.
Shen C, Wang XJ, Guo FT, Zhou WQ, Wang GL. 2020. Gibberellin and the plant growth retardant Paclobutrazol altered fruit shape and ripening in tomato. Protoplasma, 257:853-861.
Singh B, Usha K. 2003. Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Reg, 39:137-141.
Soleymani A, Shahri MM, Shahrajabian MH, Naranjani L. 2010. Responses of cultivars of canola to sulfur fertilizer and plant densities under climatic condition of Gorgan region, Iran. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 8(3&4):298-304.
Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH, Naranjani L. 2011. The effects of nitrogen as starter fertilizer on ash percentage, important elements and solar radiation absorption of berseem clover cultivars intercropped by corn. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 9(1):342-344.
Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH, Naranjani L. 2013. Effect of planting dates and different levels of nitrogen seed yield and yield components of nuts sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(46):5802-5805.
Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH. 2017. Effects of planting dates and row distance on sugar content, root yield, and solar radiation absorption in sugar beet at different plant densities. Romanian Agricultural Research, 34(34):1-11.
Srivastava A, Handa AK. 2005. Hormonal regulation of tomato fruit development: A molecular perspective. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 24:67-82.
Sun W, Shahrajabian MH. 2023. The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as microbial biostimulant, sustainable approachesin modern agriculture. Plants, 12(17):3101.
Sun W, Shahrajabin MH, Petropoulos SA, Shahrajabian N. 2023. Developing sustainable agriculture systems in medicinal and aromatic plant production by using chtiosan and chitin-based biostimulants. Plants, 12(13):2469.
Sun W, Shahrajabian MH. 2024. Survey on nitrogenase evolution by considering the importance of nitrogenase, its structure, and mechanism of nitrogenase. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 52(1):13157.
Sun W, Shahrajabian MH, Kuang Y, Wang N. 2024. Amino acids biostimulants and protein hydrolysates in agricultural sciences. Plants, 13(210):1-22.
Sun W, Shahrajabian MH, Soleymani A. 2024. The roles of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-based biostimulants for agricultural production systems. Plants, 13(613):1-38.
Taygi S, Sharma S, Taneja M, Shumayla, Kumar R, Sembi JK, Upadhyay SK. 2017. Superoxide dismutase in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Comprehensive characterization and expression analysis during development and biotic and abiotic stresses. Agri Gene, 6:1-13.
Wang GL, Que F, Xu ZS, Wang F, Xiong AS. 2015. Exogenous gibberellin altered morphology, anatomic and transcriptional regulatory networds of hormones in carrot root and shoot. BMC Plant Biology, 15:290-302.
Yazdpour H, Shahri MM, Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH. 2012. Effects of harvesting time and harvesting height on grain yield and agronomical characters in rice ratoon (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 10(1):438-440.
Zhang J, Smith DL, Liu W. 2011. Effecs of shade and drought stress on soybean hormones an yield of main-stem and branch. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10:14392-14398.
Zhang HX, Wang HH, Zhu Q, Gao YB, Wang HY, Zhao LZ, Wang, YS, Xi FH, Wang WF, Yang YQ, Lin C, Gu L. 2018. Transcriptome characterization of moso bamboo (Phyllostachy edulis) seedlings in response to exogenous gibberellin applications. BMC Plant Biology, 18:125-140.
Zhang R, Shan FX, Wang C, Yan C, Dong SK, Xu Y, Gong ZP, Ma CM. 2020. Internode elongation pattern, internode diameter and hormone changes in soybean (Glycine max) under different shading conditions. Crop and Pasture Science, 7:679-688.
REFERENCES
Agarwal S, Sairam RK, Srivastava GC, Tyagi A, Meena RC. 2005. Role of ABA, salicylic acid, calcium and hydrogen peroxide on antioxidant enzymes induction in wheat seedlings. Plant Science, 169(3):559-570.
Akblut GB, Yigit E, Kaya A, Aktas A. 2018. Effects of salicylic acid and organic selenium on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 148:901-909.
Aliahmadi Z, Mohadesi A, Ranjbar M, Javanshah A. 2021. Preparation and evaluation of Ca/Mg-layered double hydroxide as a novel modifier for electrochemical determination of gibberellic acid. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1246:131200.
Amri B, Khamassi K, Ali MB, Silva JATD, Kaab LBB. 2016. Effects of gibberellic acid on the process of organic reserve mobilization in barley grains germinated in the presence of cadmium and molybdenum. South African Journal of Botany, 106:35-40.
Araujo PC, Freitas RMOD, Praxedes SC, Ribeiro MCC. 2009. Gibberellic acid enhances the emergence of Zizyphus joazeiro seeds. Journal of New Seeds. 10(4):277-281.
Azizi MH, Soleymani A, Javanmard HR. 2023. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) biochemical and nutritional properties affected by plant growth regulators under field conditions. Cereal Research Communications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-023-0041401
Barra PJ, Inostroza NG, Acuna JJ, Mora ML, Crowley DE, Jorquera MA. 2016. Formulation of bacterial consortia from avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and their effect on growth, biomass, and superoxide dismutase activity of wheat seedlings under salt stress. Applied Soil Ecology, 102:80-91.
Bawa G, Feng L, Chen G, Chen H, Hu Y, Pu T, Cheng YJ, Shi Y, Xiao T, Zhou WG, Yong T, Sun X, Yang F, Yang W, Wang X. Gibberellins and auxin regulate soybean hypocotyl elongation under low light and high-temperature interaction. Physiologia Plantarum, 170:345-356.
Bekaardt CR, Pieterse PJ, Coetzee JH, Agenbag GA. 2004. The breaking of seed dormancy of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray). By treatment with gibberellic acid and smoke water solution. South of African Journal of Plant and Soil, 21(2):114-116.
Bjorklund S, Antti H, Uddestrand I, Mortiz T, Sundberg B. 2007. Cross-talk between gibberellin and auxin in development of Populus wood: Gibberellin stimulates polar auxin transport and has a common transriptome with auxin. The Plant Journal, 52:499-511.
Broumand P, Rezaei A, Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH, Noory A. 2010. Influence of forage clipping and top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield of cereal crops in dual purpose cultivation system. Research on Crops, 11(3):603-613.
Cui H, Shahrajabian MH, Kuang Y, Zhang H, Sun W. 2023. Heterologous expression and function of cholesterol oxidase: A review. Protein and Peptide Letters, 30(7):531-540.
Cuiying W, Bao Y, Wang QQ, Zhang HX. Introduction of the rice CYP714D1 gene into Populus inhibits expression of its homologous genes and promotes growth, biomass production and xylem fibre length in transgenic tress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64:2847-2857.
Ding LN, Yang GX, Yang RY, Cao J, Zhou Y. 2016. Investigating interactions of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathways in monocots wheat. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 93:67-74.
Kato F, Araki M, Miyazawa Y, Fujii N, Takeda K, Suge H, Takahashi H. 2011. Factors responsible for deep-sowing tolerance in wheat seedlings: varietal differences in cell proliferation and the co-ordinated synchronization of epidermal cell expansion and cortical cell division for the gibberellin-mediated elongation of first internodes. Annals of Botany, 108:439-447.
Gupta R, Chakrabarty SK. 2013. Gibberellic acid in plant: Still a mystery unresolved. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 8: e25504.
Hamayun M, Khan SA, Khan AL, Shin JH, Ahmad B, Shin DH, Lee IJ. 2010. Exogenous gibberellic acid reprogras soybean to higher growth and salt stress tolerance. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58:7226-7232.
Hara M, Furukawa J, Sato A, Mizoguchi T. 2012. Abiotic stress and role of salicylic acid in plants. In Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants, 235-251. Springer, New York, NY.
Hedden P, Thomas SG. 2012. Gibberellin biosynthesis and its regulation. Biochemical Journal, 444:11-25.
Hedden P, Sponsel V. 2015. A century of gibberellin research. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 34:740-760.
Hooley R. 1994. Gibberellins: Perception, transduction and responses. Plant Molecular Biology, 26:1529-1555.
Ingram TJ, Reid JB, Macmillan J. 1986. The quantitative relationship between gibberellin A1 and internode growth in Pisum sativum L. Planta, 168:414-420.
Jaleel CA, Gopi R, Manivannan P, Sankar B, Kishorekumar A, Panneerselvam R. 2007. Antioxidant potentials and ajmalicine accumulation in Catharanthus roseus after treatmentwith gibberellic acid. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 60:195-200.
Jung H, Jo SH, Jung WY, Park HJ, Lee A, Moon JS, Seong SY, Kim JK, Kim YS, Cho HS. 2020. Gibberellin promotes bolting and flowering via the floral integrators RsFT and RsSOC1-1 under marginal vernalization in radish. Plants. 9:594.
Khoshkharam M, Rezaei A, Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH. 2010. Effects of tillage and residue management on yield components and yield of maize in second cropping after barley. Research on Crops, 11(3):659-666.
Kondo S, Danjo C. 2001. Cell wall polysaccharide metabolism during fruit development in sweet cherry Satohnishiki as affected by gibberellic acid. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 70(2),178-184.
Misratia KM, Islam MR, Ismail MR, Oad FC, Hanafi MM, Puteh A. Interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salt stress on growth and ion accumulation of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in salt tolerance. Journal of Food, Agriclture and Environment, 13:66-70.
Ogbaji PO, Shahrajabian MH, Xue X. 2013. Changes in germination and primarily growth of three cultivars of tomato under diatomite and soil materials in auto-irrigation system. International Journal of Biology, 5(3):80-84.
Pan B, Zhong T, Zhao G. 2017. Promoting deep-sowing germinability of corn (Zea mays L.) by seed soaking with gibberellic acid. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 63(9):1314-1323.
Peng D, Chen X, Yin Y, Lu KL, Yang WB, Tang YH, Wang ZL. 2014. Lodging resistance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): ligning accumulation and its related enzymes activities due to the application of paclobutrazol or gibberellin acid. Field Crops Research, 157:1-7.
Riaziat A, Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH. 2012. Changes in seed yield and biological yield of six wheat cultivars on the basis of different sowing dates. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 10(1):467-469.
Sahu GK, Kar M, Sabat SC. 2010. Alteration in phosphate uptake potential of what plants co-cultivated with salicylic acid. Journal of Plant Physiology, 167(4):326-328.
Sakhabutdinova AR, Fatkhutdinova DR, Bezrukova MV, Shakirova FM. 2003. Salicylic acid prevent the damaging action of stress factors on wheat plants. Bulg J Plant Physiol, 21:314-319.
Sauter M, Kende H. 1993. Internodal elongaton and orientation of cellulose mirofibrils and microtubules in deepwater rice. Planta, 190:354-362.
Sayed AEDH, AbdAllah EA, Hamed M, Soiliman HAM. 2020. Hepatonephrotoxicity in late juvenile of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to gibberellic acid: Ameliorative effects of Spirulina platensis. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 167:104600.
Seo Y, Gudz A, Lowe JM, Gagne MR. 2019. Selective deoxygenation of gibberellic acid with fluoroarylborane catalysts. Tetrahedron, 75(49):130712.
Shahrajabian MH, Soleymani A, Naranjani L. 2011. Grain yield and forage characteristics of forage sorghum under different plant densities and nitrogen levels in second cropping after barley in Isfahan, Iran. Research on Crops, 12(1):68-78.
Shahrajabian MH, Chaski C, Polyzos N, Petropoulos SA. 2021. Biostimulants application: A low input cropping management tool for sustainable farming of vegetables. Biomolecules, 11(5):698.
Shahrajabian MH, Chaski C, Polyzos N, Tzortzakis N, Petropoulos SA. 2021. Sustainable agriculture systems in vegetable production using chitin and chitosan as plant biostimulants. Biomolecules, 11(6):819.
Shahrajabian MH, Petropoulos SA, Sun W. 2023. Survey of the influences of microbial biostimulants on horticultural crops: Case studies and successful paradigms. Horticulturae, 9(193):1-24.
Shakirova FM, Sakhabutadinova AR, Bezrukova MV, Fatkhutdinova RA, Fatkhutdinova DR. 2003. Changes in the hormonal status of wheat seedlings induced by salicylic acid and salinity. Plant Science, 164(3):317-322.
Shayanfar M, Soleymani A, Shahajabian MH. 2011. Effect of plant densities on solar radiation absorption and depreciation, leaf area index and crop growth rate of different cultivars of sunflower. Research on Crops, 12(3):728-730.
Shen Y, Li J, Gu R, Yue L, Wang H, Zhan X, Xing B. 2018. Carotenoid and superoxide dismutase are the most effective antioxidants participating in ROS scavenging in phenanthrene accumulated wheat leaf. Chemosphere, 197:513-525.
Shen C, Wang XJ, Guo FT, Zhou WQ, Wang GL. 2020. Gibberellin and the plant growth retardant Paclobutrazol altered fruit shape and ripening in tomato. Protoplasma, 257:853-861.
Singh B, Usha K. 2003. Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Reg, 39:137-141.
Soleymani A, Shahri MM, Shahrajabian MH, Naranjani L. 2010. Responses of cultivars of canola to sulfur fertilizer and plant densities under climatic condition of Gorgan region, Iran. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 8(3&4):298-304.
Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH, Naranjani L. 2011. The effects of nitrogen as starter fertilizer on ash percentage, important elements and solar radiation absorption of berseem clover cultivars intercropped by corn. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 9(1):342-344.
Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH, Naranjani L. 2013. Effect of planting dates and different levels of nitrogen seed yield and yield components of nuts sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(46):5802-5805.
Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH. 2017. Effects of planting dates and row distance on sugar content, root yield, and solar radiation absorption in sugar beet at different plant densities. Romanian Agricultural Research, 34(34):1-11.
Srivastava A, Handa AK. 2005. Hormonal regulation of tomato fruit development: A molecular perspective. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 24:67-82.
Sun W, Shahrajabian MH. 2023. The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as microbial biostimulant, sustainable approachesin modern agriculture. Plants, 12(17):3101.
Sun W, Shahrajabin MH, Petropoulos SA, Shahrajabian N. 2023. Developing sustainable agriculture systems in medicinal and aromatic plant production by using chtiosan and chitin-based biostimulants. Plants, 12(13):2469.
Sun W, Shahrajabian MH. 2024. Survey on nitrogenase evolution by considering the importance of nitrogenase, its structure, and mechanism of nitrogenase. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 52(1):13157.
Sun W, Shahrajabian MH, Kuang Y, Wang N. 2024. Amino acids biostimulants and protein hydrolysates in agricultural sciences. Plants, 13(210):1-22.
Sun W, Shahrajabian MH, Soleymani A. 2024. The roles of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-based biostimulants for agricultural production systems. Plants, 13(613):1-38.
Taygi S, Sharma S, Taneja M, Shumayla, Kumar R, Sembi JK, Upadhyay SK. 2017. Superoxide dismutase in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Comprehensive characterization and expression analysis during development and biotic and abiotic stresses. Agri Gene, 6:1-13.
Wang GL, Que F, Xu ZS, Wang F, Xiong AS. 2015. Exogenous gibberellin altered morphology, anatomic and transcriptional regulatory networds of hormones in carrot root and shoot. BMC Plant Biology, 15:290-302.
Yazdpour H, Shahri MM, Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH. 2012. Effects of harvesting time and harvesting height on grain yield and agronomical characters in rice ratoon (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 10(1):438-440.
Zhang J, Smith DL, Liu W. 2011. Effecs of shade and drought stress on soybean hormones an yield of main-stem and branch. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10:14392-14398.
Zhang HX, Wang HH, Zhu Q, Gao YB, Wang HY, Zhao LZ, Wang, YS, Xi FH, Wang WF, Yang YQ, Lin C, Gu L. 2018. Transcriptome characterization of moso bamboo (Phyllostachy edulis) seedlings in response to exogenous gibberellin applications. BMC Plant Biology, 18:125-140.
Zhang R, Shan FX, Wang C, Yan C, Dong SK, Xu Y, Gong ZP, Ma CM. 2020. Internode elongation pattern, internode diameter and hormone changes in soybean (Glycine max) under different shading conditions. Crop and Pasture Science, 7:679-688.