تبیین نقش اقلیم و فرهنگ در شکل‌گیری مسکن دارای حیاط مرکزی در هند (مطالعه موردی: ایالت کرالای هند)
محورهای موضوعی : دو فصل‌نامه فضای زیست
مینو لفافچی
1
(استادیار، گروه معماری، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران.)
کلید واژه: فرهنگ, هند, طراحی اقلیمی, حیاط مرکزی, مسکن بومی,
چکیده مقاله :
فضاهای زیستی در هر منطقه تحت تاثیر خاستگاه‌های اقلیمی، فرهنگی و گاه ﺗــﺎرﯾﺨﯽ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳــﯽ آن ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ ﺷــﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪاند. بی تردید اولین خاطرات و تجارب انسان در خانه به وجود می‌آید که نقش بنیادین در جهان بینی او و در نتیجه جهان‌بینی جامعه دارد. در پژوهش حاضر به شناسایی انواع فضاهای مسکونی سنتی با محوریت حیاط مرکزی در کشور هندوستان پرداخته می شود و به طور خاص نقش حیاط مرکزی هندی در ارتباط با نوع ویژگی‌های اقلیمی و فرهنگی و چگونگی زندگی ساکنینش، در کشور هند مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد. با توجه به وسعت کشور هند و تنوع اقلیمی و فرهنگی آن، تحقیق حاضر به بررسی بخشی از گونه‌های حیاط مرکزی‌دار در بخشی از ایالت جنوب هند در منطقه کرالا با استناد به منابع تاریخی می‌پردازد. ساختار کلی این پژوهش بر دو قسمت استوار است. در قسمت اول به معرفی نمونه هایی از الگوهای مسکن تاریخی با محوریت حیاط مرکزی پرداخته شده است. در قسمت دوم با شناخت و معرفی الگوهای معماری بومی و تاریخی مسکن هند، زمینه مناسب جهت تحلیل فراهم آمده است. سپس در این قسمت از طریق ارزیابی و مقایسه تطبیقی نمونه‌های انتخابی، وجوه مختلف اشتراک و افتراق آنها به لحاظ نوع ساختار کالبدی، چگونگی وضعیت پلان آن ها و نیز بر اساس چیستی و چگونگی ارتباط بین فضاهای باز و بسته و نیمه‌باز و روابط عملکردی، هم به لحاظ اقلیمی و هم به لحاظ فرهنگی مورد تحلیل قرار می گیرد. نتایج حاکی از آن هستند نقش کلیدی آیین‌ها و اندیشه‌ها در فضای زندگی مردمان هند چنان در دیدگاه هندی‌ها مقدس است که گاه مسائل اقلیمی و منطقه‌ای را تحت پوشش خود قرار داده است. معماری خانه‌های سنتی مناطق جنوبی هند در پاسخگویی به شرایط اقلیمی و موقعیت فرهنگی، عنصر ویژه‌ای را عرضه کرده است.
Dwelling settelments in each domains are formed according to their climates, cultures, and also historical events of area. It is clearly that the first experience of human is layout from his residental being living. According to this notion some parameters as same as identity, collective memory, quality of life and so on are the most important charactrist of life style in architectural spaces. This paper is an account of studing of traditional- vernacular houses in Kerala using the frameworks of Typo- Morphology and vernacular architecture. This research yielded eight general types of residential buildings with regard to structural, spatial arrangements and their nature of development and culture. Rectangular hall with veranda or porch turns out to be the basic form for the more elaborated design. The study also yield a glimpse of the living culture and the characteristic feature of the vernacular and traditional architecture. This study confirms the existence of different spaces of courtyard houses according to their culture and vernacular climate events. Using a very old pattern in the central courtyard housing construction and are substantially different in Indiavis being used is a very old pattern in traditional Indian houses, and consequently used in different Indian cities. Residential spaces also utilizes in various syncretic round the courtyards. measures have formed .around the yard. The central courtyard space (environment), yield a glimpse of responding to respond to the problems that the climate of each region according to the aesthetic and functional requirements, in harmonies with its climatic patterns.consistent with the climate of your bed is formed. The central courtyard with intertwined and integrated structure, appropriate responses to the both mortal material and spiritual life of the people to be lost.According to climatic patterns, courtyards also confirms both synthetic and syncretic phenomenology characters of usres in the best accumulated. manipulating the environment, gave the maximum benefit to the users. Assess the appropriateness of the central courtyard of the house, played an essential major role in determining the amount of radiant energy absorbed at different levels of visual and thermal comfort conditions for residents, in being living of the yard and play. To achieve this goal, seven samples of traditional houses in the cities of Aleppo and Damascus in India is has been studied. Elements include physical factors in the formation of the house, such as the influence of climatic causes factors, social and cultural factors causes. The findings showed that determined the correlation between the geometry of the central courtyard, the house special orientation with respect to the climate and the influence of Arab culture on the formation of the central courtyard, have a significant role. based on documents and vouchers from the historical city center of India, every home has usual two parts. One has been built and surrounded by atmosphere and the other open space. With regard to the hot and dry climate India, A part of the activities related to the residence time in suitable years in open space. Role despite being phenomenon of the climatic and environmental conditions in the formation the open houses completely obvious, cultural factors as well as the main cause of informant the courtyard is forward. The aim of this research in the first place with the structure of the houses and traditional India study space structure And in then second feature is a kind of cathedral and diagrams for the yard and their relations in the home . Based on this, seven home study which in historical center of Kerala and after Comparing the main elements and Secondary Houses of culture, climatic and kinship structure to index the results i got: One of the characteristics of nationalism within prominent houses and structure of the family is important and the most great room, The royal family is devoted . in case of need to another room, room is built behind the quid room. guest room always is near entrance. Portico, entrance of the transverse and hierarchy with direct are cause of confidentiality.Human interaction and the subject of much attention in the past century, scientists have been different. Historical background - cultural and social relations - economic, environmental, always in the context of human settlements have been able to shape.
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