Cryptomnesia and Research Integrity: The Case of TEFL International Postgraduate Students at the Iranian Universities
Subject Areas : Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation
1 - گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شهرضا، شهرضا، ایران
Keywords: academic research integrity, cryptomnesia, academic misconducts, academic writing skills,
Abstract :
The vast body of research on research integrity and research violations/dishonesties demonstrates that cryptomnesia (unwitting plagiarism) is still rising, especially among international postgraduate students from various socio-cultural backgrounds. The present research paper aimed to review the state of art highlighting elements prompting academic misconducts (in our case, plagiarism) by international postgraduate students in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) at Iranian universities. The findings revealed that assistive initiatives such as face-to-face workshops, webinars, and tutorials were not sufficient in their quality to meet students’ needs. Although various practices were conducted in academic research integrity across the globe, having a high degree of academic writing skills (academic literacy) was inadequate for students to control cryptomnesia in professional and academic contexts. Regarding the mentioned elements, this research paper proposed two substantially established programs to contribute to international postgraduate students becoming mindful of academic research principles to avoid unwitting plagiarism in their academic writings.
References:
References
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academic cheating across the transition from middle school to high
school. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29(4), pp. 499-517.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.02.002
Beasley, E. M. (2016), Comparing the Demographics of Students
Reported for Academic Dishonesty to Those of the Overall Student
Population. Ethics & Behavior, 26(1), pp. 45-62. https://doi.Org/10
.1080/10508422.2014.978977
Bista, K. (2011), Academic dishonesty among international students in
higher education. In J. M. J. Groccia (Ed.), To improve the academy
(pp. 159-172). Jossey-Bass.
Bowdoin College. (2020), Consequences of Plagiarism. https://www.
bowdoin.edu/dean-of-students/judicial-board/academic-honesty-andplagiarism/consequences-of-plagiarism.html
Bretag, T. (2016), Educational Integrity in Australia. In B. Tracey (Ed.),
Handbook of Academic Integrity (pp. 23-38). NL: Springer.
Bretag, T., & Mahmud, S. (2016), A Conceptual Framework for
Implementing Exemplary Academic Integrity Policy in Australian
Higher Education. In T. Bretag (Ed.), Handbook of Academic
Integrity (pp. 463-480). NL: Springer.
Bretag, T., Mahmud, S., Wallace, M. C., Walker, R. G., & James, C.
(2011), Core Elements of Exemplary Academic Integrity Policy in
Australian Higher Education. International Journal for Educational
Integrity, 7(2), pp. 3-12.
Cheema, Z. A., Mahmood, S. T., Mahmood, A., & Ali Shah, M. (2011),
Conceptual awareness of research scholars about plagiarism at higher
education level: intellectual property right and patent. International
Journal of Academic Research, 3(1), pp. 665-670.
Chen, Y.-H., & Van Ullen, M. K. (2011), Helping International Students
Succeed Academically through Research Process and Plagiarism
Workshops. College & Research Libraries, 72(3), pp. 209-235.
East, J. (2009), Aligning policy and practice: An approach to integrating
academic integrity. Journal of Academic Language and Learning,
3(1), pp. 38-51.
Fatemi, G., & Saito, E. (2019), Unintentional plagiarism and academic
integrity: The challenges and needs of postgraduate international
students in Australia. Journal of Further and Higher Education, pp.
1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1683521
Fatima, A., Sunguh, K. K., Abbas, A., Mannan, A., & Hosseini, S.
(2020), Impact of pressure, self-efficacy, and self-competency on
Taheri-Larki, M / Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 4(1) (2021), 44–62
60
students’ plagiarism in higher education. Accountability in Research,
27(1), pp. 32-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2019.1699070
Frost, J., & Hamlin, A. (2015), A Comparison of International Student
Attitudes Concerning Academic Dishonesty. International Journal
Business Review, 14(2), pp. 153-165.
Gullifer, J. M., & Tyson, G. A. (2014), Who has read the policy on
plagiarism? Unpacking students' understanding of plagiarism. Studies
in Higher Education, Vol. 39 No. 7, pp. 1202-1218.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2013.777412
Gunnarsson, J., Kulesza, W. J., & Pettersson, A. (2014), Teaching
International Students How to Avoid Plagiarism: Librarians and
Faculty in Collaboration. The Journal of Academic Librarianship,
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Howard, R. M. (2001), Forget about Policing Plagiarism: Just Teach.
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Howard, R. M. (2007), Understanding “Internet plagiarism”. Computers
and Composition, 24, pp. 3-15.
Imai, T., & Imai, A. (2019), Cross-Ethnic Self-Disclosure Buffering
Negative Impacts of Prejudice on International Students'
Psychological and Social Well-Being. Journal of International
Students, 9(1), pp. 66-83.
ISNA. (2020), Tashxise Taxalofate Elmi dar Kargorouhaje Axlaqe
Pazhouheshi. https://www.ghatreh.com/news
Jereb, E., Perc, M., Lämmlein, B., Jerebic, J., Urh, M., Podbregar, I., &
Šprajc, P. (2018), Factors influencing plagiarism in higher education:
A comparison of German and Slovene students. PLOS ONE, 13(8),
pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202252
Jones, M., & Sheridan, L. (2015), Back translation: an emerging
sophisticated cyber strategy to subvert advances in ‘digital age’
plagiarism detection and prevention. Assessment & Evaluation in
Higher Education, 40(5), pp. 712-724. https://doi.Org/10.1080
/02602938.2014.950553
Josien, L., & Broderick, B. (2013), Cheating in Higher Education: The
Case of Multi-Methods Cheaters. Academy of Educational
Leadership Journal, 17(3), pp. 93-105.
Koul, R., Clariana, R. B., Jitgarun, K., & Songsriwittaya, A. (2009), The
influence of achievement goal orientation on plagiarism. Learning
and Individual Differences, 19(4), pp. 506-512. https://doi.Org/10.
1016/j.lindif.2009.05.005
Taheri-Larki, M / Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 4(1) (2021), 44–62
61
KU Leuven. (2020), Research Integrity. https://www.kuleuven.be/
english/research/integrity
Mahmud, S., & Bretag, T. (2013), Postgraduate research students and
academic integrity: ‘It's about good research training’. Journal of
Higher Education Policy and Management, 35(4), pp. 432-443.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2013.812178
McCabe, D. L. (2009), Academic Dishonesty in Nursing Schools: An
Empirical Investigation. Journal of Nursing Education, 48(11), pp.
614-623.
McGowan, U. (2008), International Students: A Conceptual Framework
for Dealing with Unintentional Plagiarism. In T. S. Roberts (Ed.),
Student Plagiarism in an Online World: Problems and Solutions (pp.
92-107). IGI-Global.
Newstead, S. E., Franklyn-Stokes, A., & P., A. (1996), Individual
differences in student cheating. Journal of Educational Psychology,
88(2), pp. 229-241.
Park, C. (2003), In Other (People's) Words: Plagiarism by university
students--literature and lessons. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher
Education, 28(5), pp. 471-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293
0301677
Pickard, J. (2006), Staff and student attitudes to plagiarism at University
College Northampton. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher
Education, 31(2), pp. 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/026029
30500262528
Power, L. G. (2009), University Students' Perceptions of Plagiarism. The
Journal of Higher Education, 80(60, pp. 643-662. https://doi.org
/10.1080/00221546.2009.11779038
Ramzan, M., Munir, M. A., Siddique, N., & Asif, M. (2012), Awareness
about plagiarism amongst university students in Pakistan. Higher
Education, 64(1), pp. 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-
9481-4
Rogerson, A. M., & McCarthy, G. (2017), Using Internet-based
paraphrasing tools: Original work, patchwriting, or facilitated
plagiarism? International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13(1),
pp. 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-016-0013-y
Selwyn, N. (2008), ‘Not necessarily a bad thing …’: a study of online
plagiarism amongst undergraduate students. Assessment & Evaluation
in Higher Education, 33(5), pp. 465-479. https://doi.org/10.1080
/02602930701563104
Taheri-Larki, M / Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 4(1) (2021), 44–62
62
Sina Press. (2020), Naqshe Daneshgaha dar Taxalofate Pajuheshi.
https://sinapress.ir/news/.
Spack, R. (1997), The Acquisition of Academic Literacy in a Second
Language. Written Communication, 14(1), pp. 3-26.
Šprajc, P., Urh, M., Jerebic, J., Trivan, D., & Jereb, E. (2017), Reasons
for Plagiarism in Higher Education. Organizacija, 50(1), pp. 33-46.
Suskie, L. (2020), 6 Ways to Counter Plagiarism. https://www.wiley.
com/network/instructors-students/teaching-strategies/6-ways-tocou
nter-plagiarism
Tasnim News. (2019), 40000 daneshjujan xaredji dar Iran Tah'sil
mikonand. https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news
Turnitin. (2020), Strategies to Resist Plagiarism.http://www.turnitin.
com /blog/strategies-to-resist-plagiarism
University of Isfahan. (2020), Kargahe Taxalofate Pazhuheshi.
https://rmc.ui.ac.ir/page-infractions/fa/163/news
Vieyra, M., Strickland, D., & Timmerman, B. (2013), Patterns in
plagiarism and patchwriting in science and engineering graduate
students' research proposals. International Journal for Educational
Integrity, 9(1), pp. 35-49.
Vij, R., Kumar Soni, N., & Makhdumi, G. (2009), Encouraging
Academic Honesty through Anti-plagiarism Software. http://ir.
inflibnet.ac.in:8080/ir/bitstream/1944/1068/1/55.pdf
WAME. (2018), Recommendations on Publication Ethics Policies for
Medical Journals. http://wame.org/recommendationson-publicationethics-policies-for-medical-journals#Plagiarism
Wilkinson, J. (2009), Staff and Student Perceptions of Plagiarism and
Cheating. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher
Education, 20(2), pp. 98-105.
Williams, J. B. (2005), Plagiarism: Deterrence, Detection, and
Prevention.https://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/handbook/printable/
plagiarism.pdf.
References
Aftab News. (2016), Sare Naxhaje Vezarate Etela'at az Serqate Elmi.
https://aftabnews.ir/fa/news
Akbari, A. (2020), Spinning-translation and the act of plagiarising: how
to avoid and resist. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 45(1),
pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1709629
Taheri-Larki, M / Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 4(1) (2021), 44–62
59
Anderman, E. M., & Midgley, C. (2004), Changes in self-reported
academic cheating across the transition from middle school to high
school. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29(4), pp. 499-517.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.02.002
Beasley, E. M. (2016), Comparing the Demographics of Students
Reported for Academic Dishonesty to Those of the Overall Student
Population. Ethics & Behavior, 26(1), pp. 45-62. https://doi.Org/10
.1080/10508422.2014.978977
Bista, K. (2011), Academic dishonesty among international students in
higher education. In J. M. J. Groccia (Ed.), To improve the academy
(pp. 159-172). Jossey-Bass.
Bowdoin College. (2020), Consequences of Plagiarism. https://www.
bowdoin.edu/dean-of-students/judicial-board/academic-honesty-andplagiarism/consequences-of-plagiarism.html
Bretag, T. (2016), Educational Integrity in Australia. In B. Tracey (Ed.),
Handbook of Academic Integrity (pp. 23-38). NL: Springer.
Bretag, T., & Mahmud, S. (2016), A Conceptual Framework for
Implementing Exemplary Academic Integrity Policy in Australian
Higher Education. In T. Bretag (Ed.), Handbook of Academic
Integrity (pp. 463-480). NL: Springer.
Bretag, T., Mahmud, S., Wallace, M. C., Walker, R. G., & James, C.
(2011), Core Elements of Exemplary Academic Integrity Policy in
Australian Higher Education. International Journal for Educational
Integrity, 7(2), pp. 3-12.
Cheema, Z. A., Mahmood, S. T., Mahmood, A., & Ali Shah, M. (2011),
Conceptual awareness of research scholars about plagiarism at higher
education level: intellectual property right and patent. International
Journal of Academic Research, 3(1), pp. 665-670.
Chen, Y.-H., & Van Ullen, M. K. (2011), Helping International Students
Succeed Academically through Research Process and Plagiarism
Workshops. College & Research Libraries, 72(3), pp. 209-235.
East, J. (2009), Aligning policy and practice: An approach to integrating
academic integrity. Journal of Academic Language and Learning,
3(1), pp. 38-51.
Fatemi, G., & Saito, E. (2019), Unintentional plagiarism and academic
integrity: The challenges and needs of postgraduate international
students in Australia. Journal of Further and Higher Education, pp.
1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1683521
Fatima, A., Sunguh, K. K., Abbas, A., Mannan, A., & Hosseini, S.
(2020), Impact of pressure, self-efficacy, and self-competency on
Taheri-Larki, M / Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 4(1) (2021), 44–62
60
students’ plagiarism in higher education. Accountability in Research,
27(1), pp. 32-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2019.1699070
Frost, J., & Hamlin, A. (2015), A Comparison of International Student
Attitudes Concerning Academic Dishonesty. International Journal
Business Review, 14(2), pp. 153-165.
Gullifer, J. M., & Tyson, G. A. (2014), Who has read the policy on
plagiarism? Unpacking students' understanding of plagiarism. Studies
in Higher Education, Vol. 39 No. 7, pp. 1202-1218.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2013.777412
Gunnarsson, J., Kulesza, W. J., & Pettersson, A. (2014), Teaching
International Students How to Avoid Plagiarism: Librarians and
Faculty in Collaboration. The Journal of Academic Librarianship,
40(3), pp. 413-417. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2014.04.006
Howard, R. M. (2001), Forget about Policing Plagiarism: Just Teach.
The Chronicle, 11(16), pp. 1-4.
Howard, R. M. (2007), Understanding “Internet plagiarism”. Computers
and Composition, 24, pp. 3-15.
Imai, T., & Imai, A. (2019), Cross-Ethnic Self-Disclosure Buffering
Negative Impacts of Prejudice on International Students'
Psychological and Social Well-Being. Journal of International
Students, 9(1), pp. 66-83.
ISNA. (2020), Tashxise Taxalofate Elmi dar Kargorouhaje Axlaqe
Pazhouheshi. https://www.ghatreh.com/news
Jereb, E., Perc, M., Lämmlein, B., Jerebic, J., Urh, M., Podbregar, I., &
Šprajc, P. (2018), Factors influencing plagiarism in higher education:
A comparison of German and Slovene students. PLOS ONE, 13(8),
pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202252
Jones, M., & Sheridan, L. (2015), Back translation: an emerging
sophisticated cyber strategy to subvert advances in ‘digital age’
plagiarism detection and prevention. Assessment & Evaluation in
Higher Education, 40(5), pp. 712-724. https://doi.Org/10.1080
/02602938.2014.950553
Josien, L., & Broderick, B. (2013), Cheating in Higher Education: The
Case of Multi-Methods Cheaters. Academy of Educational
Leadership Journal, 17(3), pp. 93-105.
Koul, R., Clariana, R. B., Jitgarun, K., & Songsriwittaya, A. (2009), The
influence of achievement goal orientation on plagiarism. Learning
and Individual Differences, 19(4), pp. 506-512. https://doi.Org/10.
1016/j.lindif.2009.05.005
Taheri-Larki, M / Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 4(1) (2021), 44–62
61
KU Leuven. (2020), Research Integrity. https://www.kuleuven.be/
english/research/integrity
Mahmud, S., & Bretag, T. (2013), Postgraduate research students and
academic integrity: ‘It's about good research training’. Journal of
Higher Education Policy and Management, 35(4), pp. 432-443.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2013.812178
McCabe, D. L. (2009), Academic Dishonesty in Nursing Schools: An
Empirical Investigation. Journal of Nursing Education, 48(11), pp.
614-623.
McGowan, U. (2008), International Students: A Conceptual Framework
for Dealing with Unintentional Plagiarism. In T. S. Roberts (Ed.),
Student Plagiarism in an Online World: Problems and Solutions (pp.
92-107). IGI-Global.
Newstead, S. E., Franklyn-Stokes, A., & P., A. (1996), Individual
differences in student cheating. Journal of Educational Psychology,
88(2), pp. 229-241.
Park, C. (2003), In Other (People's) Words: Plagiarism by university
students--literature and lessons. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher
Education, 28(5), pp. 471-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293
0301677
Pickard, J. (2006), Staff and student attitudes to plagiarism at University
College Northampton. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher
Education, 31(2), pp. 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/026029
30500262528
Power, L. G. (2009), University Students' Perceptions of Plagiarism. The
Journal of Higher Education, 80(60, pp. 643-662. https://doi.org
/10.1080/00221546.2009.11779038
Ramzan, M., Munir, M. A., Siddique, N., & Asif, M. (2012), Awareness
about plagiarism amongst university students in Pakistan. Higher
Education, 64(1), pp. 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-
9481-4
Rogerson, A. M., & McCarthy, G. (2017), Using Internet-based
paraphrasing tools: Original work, patchwriting, or facilitated
plagiarism? International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13(1),
pp. 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-016-0013-y
Selwyn, N. (2008), ‘Not necessarily a bad thing …’: a study of online
plagiarism amongst undergraduate students. Assessment & Evaluation
in Higher Education, 33(5), pp. 465-479. https://doi.org/10.1080
/02602930701563104
Taheri-Larki, M / Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 4(1) (2021), 44–62
62
Sina Press. (2020), Naqshe Daneshgaha dar Taxalofate Pajuheshi.
https://sinapress.ir/news/.
Spack, R. (1997), The Acquisition of Academic Literacy in a Second
Language. Written Communication, 14(1), pp. 3-26.
Šprajc, P., Urh, M., Jerebic, J., Trivan, D., & Jereb, E. (2017), Reasons
for Plagiarism in Higher Education. Organizacija, 50(1), pp. 33-46.
Suskie, L. (2020), 6 Ways to Counter Plagiarism. https://www.wiley.
com/network/instructors-students/teaching-strategies/6-ways-tocou
nter-plagiarism
Tasnim News. (2019), 40000 daneshjujan xaredji dar Iran Tah'sil
mikonand. https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news
Turnitin. (2020), Strategies to Resist Plagiarism.http://www.turnitin.
com /blog/strategies-to-resist-plagiarism
University of Isfahan. (2020), Kargahe Taxalofate Pazhuheshi.
https://rmc.ui.ac.ir/page-infractions/fa/163/news
Vieyra, M., Strickland, D., & Timmerman, B. (2013), Patterns in
plagiarism and patchwriting in science and engineering graduate
students' research proposals. International Journal for Educational
Integrity, 9(1), pp. 35-49.
Vij, R., Kumar Soni, N., & Makhdumi, G. (2009), Encouraging
Academic Honesty through Anti-plagiarism Software. http://ir.
inflibnet.ac.in:8080/ir/bitstream/1944/1068/1/55.pdf
WAME. (2018), Recommendations on Publication Ethics Policies for
Medical Journals. http://wame.org/recommendationson-publicationethics-policies-for-medical-journals#Plagiarism
Wilkinson, J. (2009), Staff and Student Perceptions of Plagiarism and
Cheating. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher
Education, 20(2), pp. 98-105.
Williams, J. B. (2005), Plagiarism: Deterrence, Detection, and
Prevention.https://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/handbook/printable/
plagiarism.pdf.