هویت بازاندیشانه زنان و چگونگی گذران اوقات فراغت زنان در شهر یزد

محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه زن و جامعه

منوچهر علی نژاد ¹ , سید محسن موسوی ² , نگار پارسی پور ³

1 - استادیار گروه تعاون و رفاه اجتماعی دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران.
2 - استادیار گروه تعاون و رفاه اجتماعی دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران.
3 - دانش آموخته مقطع کارشناسی ارشد پژوهش علوم اجتماعی دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد. ایران.

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/02/24 تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/11/01 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/11/01

کلید واژه: زنان, اوقات فراغت, شهر یزد, هویت بازاندیشانه,

چکیده مقاله :

اوقات فراغت و چگونگی گذران آن در دوران مدرن، از موضوعات اساسی در زندگی اجتماعی انسانهاست و با توجه به رواج فرهنگ مصرف و شکل‌گیری تغییرات اساسی در سبک زندگی انسانها بر اهمیت آن افزوده شده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف « بررسی رابطه هویت زنانه بازاندیشانه با الگو‌‌‌های فراغتی زنان شهر یزد» انجام شد. روش مورد استفاده در این پژوهش از نوع پیمایشی، با استفاده از ابزار پرسشنامه و به شیوه نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای متناسب از 403 نفر از زنان ساکن در شهر یزد گردآوری شده است. در این تحقیق اوقات فراغت در دو بعد سنتی و مدرن سنجیده شده است. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین کل (در طیف 1 تا 5) متغیر هویت بازاندیشانه زنانه برابر 3.51 ست. بدین ترتیب در مجموع میزان هویت زنانه در بین زنان نمونه، بیشتر از حد متوسط یعنی عدد 3 است. همچنین بین متغیرهای زمینه‌ای مانند وضعیت تاهل پاسخگویان، سن آنها، وضعیت تحصیلات و وضعیت شغلی زنان با چگونگی گذران اوقات فراغت رابطه وجود دارد. و همچنین بین متغیر هویت بازاندیشانه زنانه و گذران اوقات فراغت در بین زنان شهر یزد رابطه وجود دارد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Leisure time and how to spend it in the modern era is one of the basic issues in people's social life, and due to the prevalence of consumer culture and the formation of fundamental changes in people's lifestyles, its importance has increased. The present study was conducted with the aim of "investigating the relationship between the rethinking of female identity and the leisure patterns of women in Yazd". The method used in this research is a survey type, using a questionnaire tool and a proportional cluster sampling of 403 women living in Yazd city. In this research, leisure time has been measured in two dimensions, traditional and modern. The results showed that the total average (in the range of 1 to 5) of the female reflexive identity variable is equal to 3.51. In this way, in total, the level of female identity among sample women is higher than the average, which is the number 3. Also, there is a relationship between background variables such as respondents' marital status, their age, education status and women's employment status with how they spend their free time. Also, there is a relationship between the variable of female rethinking identity and leisure time among women in Yazd city.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Kiani Salmi S, Shaterian M, Yoosefifar T, Amjadi T. Investigating the Impact of Social Networking on the leisure Time of housewives in City of Qom. Womans Studies. 2021; 12(38). [Doi:30465/WS.2021.25558.2666].


2. Lapa TY. Life satisfaction, leisure satisfaction and perceived freedom of park recreation Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013; 93. pp.1985-1993.


3. Hosseini M, Rahimi L, Ajorlo Z, Majidi Z, Rozbahani N. Investigating how to spend leisure time among women in the area covered by the population research base of Dr. Mohammad Gharib in Arak city. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Rahvard Danesh). 2006; 9: 175-210. [Persian].


4. Ebrahimi Gh, Moslemi petroodi R. Leisure, Cultural capital, and Women (Case Study of Juybar Town). Woman in Development and Politics. 2012: 9(4); 73-91. [Persian].


5. Larrabee ER. The Leisure, the Free Press Glecoe Illiois.


6. G Lee Y, Bhargava V. Leisure Time: Do Married and single individuals spend it differently? Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, [Doi: 1177/1077727X03261631]. 2009; 32(3): PP, 254-274.


7. Giddens A. Modernity and Self-Identity, Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford University Press, Stanford.


8. Koohestani H. A research on free time and ways to use it. Moshhad: Teeho.


9. Statistical Center of Iran. Project for statistics of time spent in urban areas of the country 1393-1394. Tehran: Statistical Center of Iran. 2016. Available via https: //www.amar.org.ir.


10. Parker S. The Sociology of Leisure, London: [Doi: 10.4324/9781003213567] 1976.


11. Abot P, Walas K. Sociology of women. Translated by Manije NajmAraghi. Tehran: Ney. 2001.


12. Enayat H, Ghafari D. Evaluation of women's level of satisfaction with the quality of service provision in public leisure spaces, a case study of public services in the historical contexts of Kermanshah. Women and Family Studies Quarterly. 2015; 8(29): 73-100. [Persian].


13. Rafatjah M. Power, gender and leisure. in Seminar of leisure macro architecture in Tehran. Tehran: Tehran City. 2007. [Persian].

14- Green E, Hebron S, Woodward D. Women’s Leisure, What Leisure? London: Mcmi006Clan Press. 1990.

14. Rafatjah M. A reflection on the Iranian woman's identity. Tehran: Tehran University. 2008. [Persian].


15. Dunn RG. Identity crises, a social critique of postmodernity, Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota press,


16. JafariHaftkhani N, Rezaian S, Saffari M. Leisure for Metropolitan Women; Explaining Leisure Problems for Married Women in Tehran. Journal of Urban Sociological Studies. 2020; 10(34): 123-150. [Persian].


17. Ahmadi O, Yaghooti E. Women, leisure style and family in Tehra 2019: 20(46); 255-288. [Doi:  10.22083/JCCS.2019.134499.2454]. [Persian].


18. Moaveni E, Rahmani H. The effect of security and gender space on increasing the presence of women in the urban space (case example: Women's Park in Shiraz). Journal of architecture. 2019; 2(9). [Persian].


19. Ghiyasi R, Ahi P, Barkhordar Sh, Hdipour B. Sociological study of the relationship between religious identity and lifestyle (Study of Kerman girls). Journal of police-social researches of women and family. 2019; 7(1): 62-80. [Persian].


20. MoosaviPoor P, Mowlavi SF, YahyaPoor, M. Investigating the effective factors in how women spend their free time in Rasht city. National Congress of Modern Urban Planning and Management. [Coi: IRURBAN01_039]. [Persian].


21. Habibi L, Nikpour A. Analysis of Women’s Attitude Towards Women- only Tourism – leisure Spaces Case Study: Women Park of Amol. Journal of Tourism planning and Development. 2017: 6(21); 96-115. [Doi: 10.22080/JTPD.2017.1530]. [Persian].


22. Zokaei Urban Leisure Spaces and New Femininities. Social Science Quarterly. 2016; 23 (73): 63-92. [Doi: 10.22054/qjss.2016.7210]. [Persian].


23. KhairrussallehHussain N. Women’s pattern of use at two recreational parks in Klang Valley, Malaysia. ALAM CIPTA, International Journal on Sustainable Tropical Design Research & Practice. 2017: 10 (2). 18 - 25.


24. Gajewska p, Gajewska P, piskrzynska K. leisure Time Management. In Forum Scientiane Oeconomia[Doi: 23762/fso_vol5no1_5], 2017; 5(1): pp. 57-69.


25. Gajewska p, Gajewska P, piskrzynska K. leisure Time Management. In Forum Scientiane Oeconomia[Doi: 23762/fso_vol5no1_5], 2017; 5(1): pp. 57-69.


26. Nagla Leisure and Mental Health: Sociological Study of Women Experiencing Leisure during Their Mental Illness. Sociology and Anthropology. [DOI: 10.13189/sa.2015.031201]. 2015; 3(12):633-641.


27. Tuyckom V, Scheerder JA. multilevel analysis of social stratification patterns of leisure-time physical activity among Europeans. Science & Sports. [Doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2010.04.003] 2010: 25(6): pp.304-311.


28. PourAhma A, Salarvandian F. A Study of Changes in Leisure Places for Women from the Qajar Era to the Present Time in Tehran. Women in development and politics. [Doi: 22059/jwdp.2012.29482]. 2012; 10(3); 51-74. [Persian].


29. Sheikhfarshi S, Ardavani S. Factors affecting how to spend free time in urban spaces from the point of view of women, a case study: women of district 6 of Isfahan city. International conference on women and urban life. 2016; [Coi: WULCONF01_078]. [Persian].


30. Kaffashi M, PirJalili Z. Spare Time of Women in Cyber Space (Tehran, 2015). Women and society magazine. 2016; 7:105-124.


31. Jafarzadepour F, Eskandarian Gh. Women and virtual leisure experience. Conference of women, family and virtual social networks. 2016;1. [Persian].


32. Soroushf Hosseini M. Globalization, Independent Identity and Urban Women Lifestyle: A Comparison of Women in Shiraz and Estahban, Fars. Women and society magazine. 2013; 4(13). 53-76. [Persian].


33. Iman M, Kezaghian T. Investigating factors affecting women's social identity (case study of women in Shiraz city). Alzahra University Humanities Quarterly. 2003: 44$45; 79-107. [Persian].


34. Castells M. Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume II. Translated by Hasan Chavoshian. Tehran: Tarhe noo. 2006. Fifth Edition. [Persian].


35. Alirezanejad Professional or gender identity: a study of educated girls older than 35 years working in Tehran. Social Science Quarterly. 2013; 20(60): 276-311. [Doi: 10.22054/qjss.2013.6894]. [Persian].


36. Moghaddas A, KhajeNorri B. Globalization and Women's Identity in the Cities of Shiraz and Estahban. Women's Studies Quarterly. [Doi: 22051/JWSPS.2005.1438] 2005; 3(7): 5-32. [Persian].


37. Gharakhani Young Girls and Feminine Values (Research on High School Students in Tehran). Cultural Studies and Communication Quarterly. 2007; 3(9): 73-100. [Persian].


38. Safiri Kh, Godarzi M, Mirashe S. Conflicts of traditional and modern gender identity and factors affecting it (case study of women aged 24 to 34 in Qazvin city). Society, Culture & Media Quarterly. 2013; 3 (6): 57-80. [Persian].


39. Fokoohi N, Ansari F. Leisure time and the formation of cultural personality, a case study of two girls' high schools in Tehran. Journal of Anthropology. 2003; 2(4): 61-89. [Persian].


40. Mahdavi MS, Moolayee N. A sociological study of how married working men spend their free time after daily work from the perspective of their wives in Arak city. Journal of Sociology of Islamic Azad University. 2005; 2: 1-20. [Persian].


41. Sarookhani Encyclopedia of social sciences. Tehran: Keyhan. 1991. [Persian].


42. Turner The Structure of Sociological Theory. Belmont, C A: Wadsworth. 2003.

 

 

 

 

 

1. Kiani Salmi S, Shaterian M, Yoosefifar T, Amjadi T. Investigating the Impact of Social Networking on the leisure Time of housewives in City of Qom. Womans Studies. 2021; 12(38). [Doi:30465/WS.2021.25558.2666].


2. Lapa TY. Life satisfaction, leisure satisfaction and perceived freedom of park recreation Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013; 93. pp.1985-1993.


3. Hosseini M, Rahimi L, Ajorlo Z, Majidi Z, Rozbahani N. Investigating how to spend leisure time among women in the area covered by the population research base of Dr. Mohammad Gharib in Arak city. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Rahvard Danesh). 2006; 9: 175-210. [Persian].


4. Ebrahimi Gh, Moslemi petroodi R. Leisure, Cultural capital, and Women (Case Study of Juybar Town). Woman in Development and Politics. 2012: 9(4); 73-91. [Persian].


5. Larrabee ER. The Leisure, the Free Press Glecoe Illiois.


6. G Lee Y, Bhargava V. Leisure Time: Do Married and single individuals spend it differently? Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, [Doi: 1177/1077727X03261631]. 2009; 32(3): PP, 254-274.


7. Giddens A. Modernity and Self-Identity, Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford University Press, Stanford.


8. Koohestani H. A research on free time and ways to use it. Moshhad: Teeho.


9. Statistical Center of Iran. Project for statistics of time spent in urban areas of the country 1393-1394. Tehran: Statistical Center of Iran. 2016. Available via https: //www.amar.org.ir.


10. Parker S. The Sociology of Leisure, London: [Doi: 10.4324/9781003213567] 1976.


11. Abot P, Walas K. Sociology of women. Translated by Manije NajmAraghi. Tehran: Ney. 2001.


12. Enayat H, Ghafari D. Evaluation of women's level of satisfaction with the quality of service provision in public leisure spaces, a case study of public services in the historical contexts of Kermanshah. Women and Family Studies Quarterly. 2015; 8(29): 73-100. [Persian].


13. Rafatjah M. Power, gender and leisure. in Seminar of leisure macro architecture in Tehran. Tehran: Tehran City. 2007. [Persian].

14- Green E, Hebron S, Woodward D. Women’s Leisure, What Leisure? London: Mcmi006Clan Press. 1990.

14. Rafatjah M. A reflection on the Iranian woman's identity. Tehran: Tehran University. 2008. [Persian].


15. Dunn RG. Identity crises, a social critique of postmodernity, Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota press,


16. JafariHaftkhani N, Rezaian S, Saffari M. Leisure for Metropolitan Women; Explaining Leisure Problems for Married Women in Tehran. Journal of Urban Sociological Studies. 2020; 10(34): 123-150. [Persian].


17. Ahmadi O, Yaghooti E. Women, leisure style and family in Tehra 2019: 20(46); 255-288. [Doi:  10.22083/JCCS.2019.134499.2454]. [Persian].


18. Moaveni E, Rahmani H. The effect of security and gender space on increasing the presence of women in the urban space (case example: Women's Park in Shiraz). Journal of architecture. 2019; 2(9). [Persian].


19. Ghiyasi R, Ahi P, Barkhordar Sh, Hdipour B. Sociological study of the relationship between religious identity and lifestyle (Study of Kerman girls). Journal of police-social researches of women and family. 2019; 7(1): 62-80. [Persian].


20. MoosaviPoor P, Mowlavi SF, YahyaPoor, M. Investigating the effective factors in how women spend their free time in Rasht city. National Congress of Modern Urban Planning and Management. [Coi: IRURBAN01_039]. [Persian].


21. Habibi L, Nikpour A. Analysis of Women’s Attitude Towards Women- only Tourism – leisure Spaces Case Study: Women Park of Amol. Journal of Tourism planning and Development. 2017: 6(21); 96-115. [Doi: 10.22080/JTPD.2017.1530]. [Persian].


22. Zokaei Urban Leisure Spaces and New Femininities. Social Science Quarterly. 2016; 23 (73): 63-92. [Doi: 10.22054/qjss.2016.7210]. [Persian].


23. KhairrussallehHussain N. Women’s pattern of use at two recreational parks in Klang Valley, Malaysia. ALAM CIPTA, International Journal on Sustainable Tropical Design Research & Practice. 2017: 10 (2). 18 - 25.


24. Gajewska p, Gajewska P, piskrzynska K. leisure Time Management. In Forum Scientiane Oeconomia[Doi: 23762/fso_vol5no1_5], 2017; 5(1): pp. 57-69.


25. Gajewska p, Gajewska P, piskrzynska K. leisure Time Management. In Forum Scientiane Oeconomia[Doi: 23762/fso_vol5no1_5], 2017; 5(1): pp. 57-69.


26. Nagla Leisure and Mental Health: Sociological Study of Women Experiencing Leisure during Their Mental Illness. Sociology and Anthropology. [DOI: 10.13189/sa.2015.031201]. 2015; 3(12):633-641.


27. Tuyckom V, Scheerder JA. multilevel analysis of social stratification patterns of leisure-time physical activity among Europeans. Science & Sports. [Doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2010.04.003] 2010: 25(6): pp.304-311.


28. PourAhma A, Salarvandian F. A Study of Changes in Leisure Places for Women from the Qajar Era to the Present Time in Tehran. Women in development and politics. [Doi: 22059/jwdp.2012.29482]. 2012; 10(3); 51-74. [Persian].


29. Sheikhfarshi S, Ardavani S. Factors affecting how to spend free time in urban spaces from the point of view of women, a case study: women of district 6 of Isfahan city. International conference on women and urban life. 2016; [Coi: WULCONF01_078]. [Persian].


30. Kaffashi M, PirJalili Z. Spare Time of Women in Cyber Space (Tehran, 2015). Women and society magazine. 2016; 7:105-124.


31. Jafarzadepour F, Eskandarian Gh. Women and virtual leisure experience. Conference of women, family and virtual social networks. 2016;1. [Persian].


32. Soroushf Hosseini M. Globalization, Independent Identity and Urban Women Lifestyle: A Comparison of Women in Shiraz and Estahban, Fars. Women and society magazine. 2013; 4(13). 53-76. [Persian].


33. Iman M, Kezaghian T. Investigating factors affecting women's social identity (case study of women in Shiraz city). Alzahra University Humanities Quarterly. 2003: 44$45; 79-107. [Persian].


34. Castells M. Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume II. Translated by Hasan Chavoshian. Tehran: Tarhe noo. 2006. Fifth Edition. [Persian].


35. Alirezanejad Professional or gender identity: a study of educated girls older than 35 years working in Tehran. Social Science Quarterly. 2013; 20(60): 276-311. [Doi: 10.22054/qjss.2013.6894]. [Persian].


36. Moghaddas A, KhajeNorri B. Globalization and Women's Identity in the Cities of Shiraz and Estahban. Women's Studies Quarterly. [Doi: 22051/JWSPS.2005.1438] 2005; 3(7): 5-32. [Persian].


37. Gharakhani Young Girls and Feminine Values (Research on High School Students in Tehran). Cultural Studies and Communication Quarterly. 2007; 3(9): 73-100. [Persian].


38. Safiri Kh, Godarzi M, Mirashe S. Conflicts of traditional and modern gender identity and factors affecting it (case study of women aged 24 to 34 in Qazvin city). Society, Culture & Media Quarterly. 2013; 3 (6): 57-80. [Persian].


39. Fokoohi N, Ansari F. Leisure time and the formation of cultural personality, a case study of two girls' high schools in Tehran. Journal of Anthropology. 2003; 2(4): 61-89. [Persian].


40. Mahdavi MS, Moolayee N. A sociological study of how married working men spend their free time after daily work from the perspective of their wives in Arak city. Journal of Sociology of Islamic Azad University. 2005; 2: 1-20. [Persian].


41. Sarookhani Encyclopedia of social sciences. Tehran: Keyhan. 1991. [Persian].


42. Turner The Structure of Sociological Theory. Belmont, C A: Wadsworth. 2003.

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Kiani Salmi S, Shaterian M, Yoosefifar T, Amjadi T. Investigating the Impact of Social Networking on the leisure Time of housewives in City of Qom. Womans Studies. 2021; 12(38). [Doi:30465/WS.2021.25558.2666].


2. Lapa TY. Life satisfaction, leisure satisfaction and perceived freedom of park recreation Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013; 93. pp.1985-1993.


3. Hosseini M, Rahimi L, Ajorlo Z, Majidi Z, Rozbahani N. Investigating how to spend leisure time among women in the area covered by the population research base of Dr. Mohammad Gharib in Arak city. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Rahvard Danesh). 2006; 9: 175-210. [Persian].


4. Ebrahimi Gh, Moslemi petroodi R. Leisure, Cultural capital, and Women (Case Study of Juybar Town). Woman in Development and Politics. 2012: 9(4); 73-91. [Persian].


5. Larrabee ER. The Leisure, the Free Press Glecoe Illiois.


6. G Lee Y, Bhargava V. Leisure Time: Do Married and single individuals spend it differently? Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, [Doi: 1177/1077727X03261631]. 2009; 32(3): PP, 254-274.


7. Giddens A. Modernity and Self-Identity, Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford University Press, Stanford.


8. Koohestani H. A research on free time and ways to use it. Moshhad: Teeho.


9. Statistical Center of Iran. Project for statistics of time spent in urban areas of the country 1393-1394. Tehran: Statistical Center of Iran. 2016. Available via https: //www.amar.org.ir.


10. Parker S. The Sociology of Leisure, London: [Doi: 10.4324/9781003213567] 1976.


11. Abot P, Walas K. Sociology of women. Translated by Manije NajmAraghi. Tehran: Ney. 2001.


12. Enayat H, Ghafari D. Evaluation of women's level of satisfaction with the quality of service provision in public leisure spaces, a case study of public services in the historical contexts of Kermanshah. Women and Family Studies Quarterly. 2015; 8(29): 73-100. [Persian].


13. Rafatjah M. Power, gender and leisure. in Seminar of leisure macro architecture in Tehran. Tehran: Tehran City. 2007. [Persian].

14- Green E, Hebron S, Woodward D. Women’s Leisure, What Leisure? London: Mcmi006Clan Press. 1990.

14. Rafatjah M. A reflection on the Iranian woman's identity. Tehran: Tehran University. 2008. [Persian].


15. Dunn RG. Identity crises, a social critique of postmodernity, Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota press,


16. JafariHaftkhani N, Rezaian S, Saffari M. Leisure for Metropolitan Women; Explaining Leisure Problems for Married Women in Tehran. Journal of Urban Sociological Studies. 2020; 10(34): 123-150. [Persian].


17. Ahmadi O, Yaghooti E. Women, leisure style and family in Tehra 2019: 20(46); 255-288. [Doi:  10.22083/JCCS.2019.134499.2454]. [Persian].


18. Moaveni E, Rahmani H. The effect of security and gender space on increasing the presence of women in the urban space (case example: Women's Park in Shiraz). Journal of architecture. 2019; 2(9). [Persian].


19. Ghiyasi R, Ahi P, Barkhordar Sh, Hdipour B. Sociological study of the relationship between religious identity and lifestyle (Study of Kerman girls). Journal of police-social researches of women and family. 2019; 7(1): 62-80. [Persian].


20. MoosaviPoor P, Mowlavi SF, YahyaPoor, M. Investigating the effective factors in how women spend their free time in Rasht city. National Congress of Modern Urban Planning and Management. [Coi: IRURBAN01_039]. [Persian].


21. Habibi L, Nikpour A. Analysis of Women’s Attitude Towards Women- only Tourism – leisure Spaces Case Study: Women Park of Amol. Journal of Tourism planning and Development. 2017: 6(21); 96-115. [Doi: 10.22080/JTPD.2017.1530]. [Persian].


22. Zokaei Urban Leisure Spaces and New Femininities. Social Science Quarterly. 2016; 23 (73): 63-92. [Doi: 10.22054/qjss.2016.7210]. [Persian].


23. KhairrussallehHussain N. Women’s pattern of use at two recreational parks in Klang Valley, Malaysia. ALAM CIPTA, International Journal on Sustainable Tropical Design Research & Practice. 2017: 10 (2). 18 - 25.


24. Gajewska p, Gajewska P, piskrzynska K. leisure Time Management. In Forum Scientiane Oeconomia[Doi: 23762/fso_vol5no1_5], 2017; 5(1): pp. 57-69.


25. Gajewska p, Gajewska P, piskrzynska K. leisure Time Management. In Forum Scientiane Oeconomia[Doi: 23762/fso_vol5no1_5], 2017; 5(1): pp. 57-69.


26. Nagla Leisure and Mental Health: Sociological Study of Women Experiencing Leisure during Their Mental Illness. Sociology and Anthropology. [DOI: 10.13189/sa.2015.031201]. 2015; 3(12):633-641.


27. Tuyckom V, Scheerder JA. multilevel analysis of social stratification patterns of leisure-time physical activity among Europeans. Science & Sports. [Doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2010.04.003] 2010: 25(6): pp.304-311.


28. PourAhma A, Salarvandian F. A Study of Changes in Leisure Places for Women from the Qajar Era to the Present Time in Tehran. Women in development and politics. [Doi: 22059/jwdp.2012.29482]. 2012; 10(3); 51-74. [Persian].


29. Sheikhfarshi S, Ardavani S. Factors affecting how to spend free time in urban spaces from the point of view of women, a case study: women of district 6 of Isfahan city. International conference on women and urban life. 2016; [Coi: WULCONF01_078]. [Persian].


30. Kaffashi M, PirJalili Z. Spare Time of Women in Cyber Space (Tehran, 2015). Women and society magazine. 2016; 7:105-124.


31. Jafarzadepour F, Eskandarian Gh. Women and virtual leisure experience. Conference of women, family and virtual social networks. 2016;1. [Persian].


32. Soroushf Hosseini M. Globalization, Independent Identity and Urban Women Lifestyle: A Comparison of Women in Shiraz and Estahban, Fars. Women and society magazine. 2013; 4(13). 53-76. [Persian].


33. Iman M, Kezaghian T. Investigating factors affecting women's social identity (case study of women in Shiraz city). Alzahra University Humanities Quarterly. 2003: 44$45; 79-107. [Persian].


34. Castells M. Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume II. Translated by Hasan Chavoshian. Tehran: Tarhe noo. 2006. Fifth Edition. [Persian].


35. Alirezanejad Professional or gender identity: a study of educated girls older than 35 years working in Tehran. Social Science Quarterly. 2013; 20(60): 276-311. [Doi: 10.22054/qjss.2013.6894]. [Persian].


36. Moghaddas A, KhajeNorri B. Globalization and Women's Identity in the Cities of Shiraz and Estahban. Women's Studies Quarterly. [Doi: 22051/JWSPS.2005.1438] 2005; 3(7): 5-32. [Persian].


37. Gharakhani Young Girls and Feminine Values (Research on High School Students in Tehran). Cultural Studies and Communication Quarterly. 2007; 3(9): 73-100. [Persian].


38. Safiri Kh, Godarzi M, Mirashe S. Conflicts of traditional and modern gender identity and factors affecting it (case study of women aged 24 to 34 in Qazvin city). Society, Culture & Media Quarterly. 2013; 3 (6): 57-80. [Persian].


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