خشونت در روابط عاشقانه: مروری سیستماتیک
محورهای موضوعی : زن و جامعهمنا صمدزاده 1 , خدابخش احمدی 2 , علیرضا کیامنش 3
1 - دانش آموختهی دکتری، گروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشیار مرکز تحقیقات علوم رفتاریدانشگاهعلومپزشکیبقیهالله(عج)، تهران، ایران
3 - دانشیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی،تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: «پرخاشگری», «خشونت عاشقانه», « زوجین», «مرور سیستماتیک»,
چکیده مقاله :
مطالعه حاضر با هدف شناخت علل خشونت در روابط عاشقانه با بهرهگیری از روش مرور سیستماتیک انجام شد. این موضوع از آنجایی اهمیت پیدا میکند که خشونت در روابط زناشویی اگرچه تاثیرات مخرب و بلند مدتی دارد، معمولا از سوی زوجین نادیده گرفته میشود. این مطالعه از نوع مطالعات ثانویه است و با توجه به روش اجرا مرور سیستماتیک تلقی میشود. جامعه آماری پایگاههای اطلاعاتی و مطالعاتی است که از جوانب مختلف به موضوع پرخاشگری زوجین در بازهی زمانی 1978 تــا 2018 میلادی پرداختهاند. بر اساس معیار جداد، مطالعاتی که نمره 3 و یا بیشتر گرفتند وارد مطالعه شدند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها به صورت کیفی انجام شد .در نهایت64 کارآزمایی شامل 25 مقاله ایرانی و 39 مقاله خارجی که دارای معیار ورود به مطالعه بودند، بررسی شدند. نتایج چهار گروه عامل اصلی را نشان داد، که عبارتند از: عوامل «فردی» که افراد با خود به رابطه میآورند (مانند، مشاهدهی پرخاشگری در دوران کودکی)، عوامل مربوط به «بافت تعاملی زوجین» و یا «عوامل بین فردی» (مانند، اختلاف در قدرت، جنسیتگرایی، الگوهای ارتباطی، دلبستگی و سلطهطلبی)، سوم، عوامل «غیرفردی» هستند (مانند سطح تحصیلات، سن و مشکلات مالی و اقتصادی، روابط فرا زناشویی، چندهمسری)، که بیشتر مورد توجه پژوهشگران ایرانی بوده است. مطابق با نتایح، مطالعه حاضر با روش مرور سیستماتیک به سه دسته از عوامل «فردی»، «بین فردی»، و «غیرفردی» اشاره کرد که مقالات مختلف در تبیین پرخاشگری به آن پرداختهاند، در نتیجه میتوان گفت نقش عوامل ساختاری و کارکردی در تبیین پرخاشگری زوجین در مطالعات خالی است و نیاز به تلاش آتی دارد.
The present study was designed to address the causes of intimacy violence partner by applying systematic review. If we understand, anticipate, and illustrate the romantic relationships, we could figure out how it would be improved. As intimacy violence partner was usually neglected by couples as a serious problem, it considered as a significant issue. The statistical population consists of databases and studies that deal with the issue of couple aggression from 1978 to 2018. Based on the criterion of separation, studies with a score of 3 or higher were included in the study. Data analysis was performed qualitatively. Finally, 64 trials including 25 Iranian and 39 foreign articles with inclusion criteria were evaluated. Results showed there main factor groups, namely: "individual" factors that individuals relate to (eg, observation of childhood aggression), factors related to "couple's interactive context" or " Interpersonal factors "(eg, differences in power, sexism, communication patterns, attachment, and domination), third, are" non-individual "factors (such as education level, age and financial and economic problems, extramarital relationships, polygamy ), Which has been the focus of most Iranian researchers. The present study systematically reviews three categories of "individual", "interpersonal", and "non-individual" factors. Therefore, it can be concluded that the role of structural and functional factors in explaining couples' aggression in empirical studies is unnecessary. There is a future effort.
-Ahmady, Batol., Naseri, Simin., Ali-Mohammadiyan, Masome., Shams, Mohsen., Ranjbar, Zeiab., Shareiat, Mamak., Ebrahimpor, Azize., Porreza, Abolghasem., Mahmodi, Mahmood (2008). The views of Tehrani men and women and experts on domestic violence against women in Iran: A qualitative study. Journal of School of Health and Institute of Health Research. Vol. 6, No. 2 (in persion)\Ahmady, Khodabakhsh (in press). Comprehensive Book of Psychological Interventions in Crisis. Tehran, Dangier Publishing.
-Ahmady, Mahbobe., Ravnavrdi, Mona., Keiani, Mehrzad., Porhoseingholi, Asma., Moafei, Farnoosh., Asadzadeh, Ferooze (2013). Causes of Domestic Violence in Women. Journal of Health and Care. Vol. 17, No. 1. (in persion)
-Aida, Y., & Falbo, T. (1991). Relationships between marital satisfaction, resources, and power strategies. Sex Roles, 24, 43-56.
-Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1968), Object relations, dependency, and attachment: A theoretical review of the infant mother relationship. Child Development, 40, 969-1025.
-Anderson, K. L. (2002). Perpetrator or victim? Relationships between intimate partner violence and well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 851–863.
-Anglin, K., & Holtzworth-Munroe, A. (1997). Comparing the responses of martially violent and nonviolent spouses to problematic marital and nonmarital situations: Are the skill deficits of physically aggressive husbands and wives global? Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 301-311.
-Archer, J. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A metaanalytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 651-680
-Arriaga, X., & Oskamp, S. (1999). The nature, correlates, and consequences of violence in intimate relationships. In X. Arriaga & S. Oskamp (Eds.), Violence in intimate relationships (pp. 3-6). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
-Averill, J. R. (1990). Emotions as related to systems of behavior. In N.L. Stein, B. Leventhal, & T. Trabasso (Eds.), Psychological and biological approaches to emotion (pp.385-404). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
-Babcock, J. C., Waltz, J., Jacobson, N. S., & Gottman, J. M. (1993). Power and violence: the relation between communication patterns, power discrepancies, and domestic violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 40-50.
-Bagarozzi, D. A. (1990). Marital power discrepancies and symptom development in spouses: an empirical investigation. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 18, 51-64.
-Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
-Berns, S. B., Jacobson, N. S., & Gottman, J. M. (1999). Demander- Withdraw Interaction in Couples with a Violent Husband. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol 67, 666.
-Betchen, S. J. (2006). Husband who use sexual dissatisfaction to balance the scales of power in their dual-career marriages. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 17, 19-35.
-Bond, S. B., & Bond, M. (2004). Attachment styles and violence within couples. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 857–863.
-Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Basile, K. C., Walters, M. L., Chen, J., & Merrick, M. T. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization—National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(SS08), 1–18. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-Broussard, E. R. (1995). Infant attachment in a sample of adolescent mothers. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 25, 211-219.
-Burgess, R. L., & Draper, P. (1989). The explanation of family violence: The role of biological, behavioral, and cultural selection. In L. Ohlin & M. Tonry (Eds.), Family violence (Vol. 11, pp. 59-116). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-Burman, B., Margolin, G., & John, R. S. (1993). America’s angriest home videos: behavioral contingencies observed in home reenactments of marital conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 28–39.
-Caesar, P. L. (1988). Exposure to violence in families-of-origin among wife abusers and maritally nonviolent men. Special issues: Wife assaulters. Violence and Victims, 3, 49-63.
-Capaldi, D. M., Shortt, J. W., & Crosby, L. (2003). Physical and psychological aggression in at-risk young couples: Stability and change in young adulthood. Merill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 1-27.
-Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32, 988–998.
-Cordova, J. V., Jacobson, N. S., Gottman, J. M., Rushe, R., & Cox, G. (1993). Negative reciprocity and communication in couples with a violent husband. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 559– 564.
-Covell, C., Huss, M., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2007). Empathic deficits among male batterers: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Family Violence, 22(3), 165–174.
-Dallos, S., & Dallos, R. (1997). Couples, sex, and power. The politics of desire. Open University Press. Buckingham & Philadelphia
-Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
-Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. P. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against patriarchy. New York: Free.
-Doumas, D. M., Pearson, C. L., Elgin, J. E., & McKinley, L. L. (2008). Adult attachment as a risk factor for intimate partner violence. The “mispairing” of partners’ attachment styles. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 616–634.
-Dutton, D. G. (1992). Theoretical and empirical perspectives on the etiology and prevention of wife assault. In Peters, R. D., McMahon, R. J., and Quinsey, V. L. (eds.), Aggression and Violence Throughout the Life Span, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 192– 221.
-Dutton, D. G. (1994). Patriarchy and wife assault: The ecological fallacy. Violence and Victims, 9, 167-182
-Dutton, D. G. (1999). Traumatic origins of intimate rage. Aggression Violent Behav. 4: 431–447.
-Dutton, D. G. (2008b). Caveat assessor: Potential pitfalls of generic assessment for intimate partner violence. In A. C. Baldry & F. W. Winkel (Eds.), Intimate partner violence prevention and intervention: The risk assessment and management approach (pp. 125–131). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
-Dutton, D. G., & Browning, J. J. (1988). Concern for power, fear of intimacy, and aversive stimuli for wife assault. In G. Hotaling, D. Finkelhor, J. T. Kirkpatrick, & M. A. Straus (Eds.), Family abuse and its consequences. New directions in research (pp. 130–175). Newbury Park: Sage
-Dutton, D. G., & Strachan, C. E. (1987). Motivational needs for power and spousespecific assertiveness in assaultive and nonassaultive men. Violence and Victims, 2, 145-156.
-Eckhardt, C. I., Barbour, K. A., & Stuart, G. L. (1997). Anger and hostility in martially violent men: Conceptual distinctions, measurement issues, and literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 333-358.
-Eckhardt, C. I., Jamison, T. R., & Watts, K. (2002). Anger experience and expression among male dating violence perpetrators during anger arousal. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 1102-1114.
-Ehrensaft, M. K., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E., Chen, H., & Johnson, J. G. (2003). Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: A 20-years prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 741-753.
-Ehrensaft, M. K., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2004). Clinically abusive relationships in an unselected birth cohort: men’s and women’s participation and developmental antecedents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 258–271.
-Emam-Hadi, Mohammadali., Jalilvand, Maryam., Hadiyan, Mina (2009). Comparison of emotional intelligence in women victims of domestic violence with control group. Journal of Forensic Science.Vol. 15, No. 1 (in persion)
-Enayat, Halime., Dastranj, Mansore (2010). A Study of the Structure of Power in the Family (Case Study: Lar City). Journal of Women Research. Vol. 8, No. 1 (in persion).
-Ezazi, Shahla (2002). Domestic Violence "Beaten Women". Sally Publishing.
-Feeney, J. A. (1999). Adult romantic attachment and couple relationships. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 355-377). New York: Guilford.
-Fehr. B, Baldwin. M., Collins. L., Patterson, S., & Benditt, R. (1999). Anger in close relationships: An interpersonal script analysis. Personality and social psychology Bulletin, 25,299-312.
-Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Ridder, E. M. (2005). Partner violence and mental health outcomes in a New Zealand birth cohort. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1103–1119.
-Feroz-Hajian, Aliasghar., Rezaei-Cherati, Zahra (2014). Sociological Analysis of Violence Against Men. Journal of Social Development. Vol. 9, No. 2 (in persion)
-Fox, G. L., Benson, M. L., DeMaris, A. A., & Van Wyk, J. (2002). Economic distress and intimate violence: Testing family stress and resources theories. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 793-807.
-Frieze, I. H., & McHugh, M. C. (1992). Power and influence strategies in violent and nonviolent marriages. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 449-465.
-Ganley, A. (1981). Participant and trainer’s manual for working with men who batter. Unpublished manuscript. Washington, DC: Center for Women Policy Studies.
-Ghazi-Tabatabaei, Mahmood (2005). National Survey of Khotuny Violence", Etemad-e Melli newspaper, No. 411
-Hambereger, L. K., Hastings, J. E. (1988). Skills training for treatment of spouse abusers: An outcome study. Journal of Family Violence, 3, 121-130.
-Harazjoreiri, Jafar., Merzaei, Rahmat (2017). Violence and Gender (Experience of Men and Women in Paveh City).Vol. 4, No. 2 (in persion)
-Hashemian, Masome., Solhei, Mahnaz., Garmarodi, Gholamreza., Mehri, Ali., Shahrabadi, Reza (2018). Married Men's Experiences of Domestic Violence Against Their Spouses: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences. Vol. 7, No. 2 (in persion).
-Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511–524.
-Heise, L. L. (1998) "Violence Against Women: An Integreted Ecological Framework", Violence Against Women, 4(3), 262-291.
-Henderson, A. J. Z., Bartholomew, K., Trinke, S. J., & Kwong, M. J. (2005). When loving means hurting: an exploration of attachment and intimate abuse in a community sample. Journal of Family Violence, 20, 219–230.
-Heyman, R. E., O'Leary, K. D. & Jouriles, E. N. (1995). Alcohol and aggressive personality styles: Potentiators of serious physical aggression against wives? Journal of Family Psychology, 9, 44-57.
-Holtzworth, Munroe, A., Anglin, K. (1991). The competency of responses given by maritality violent versus nonviolent men to problematic marital situations. Clinical psychology review, 12, 605-617.
-Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Stuart, G. L., & Hutchinson, G. (1997). Violent versus nonviolent husbands: Differences in attachment patterns, dependency, and jealousy. Journal of Family Violence, 11, 314-331.
-Holtzworth, Munroe, A., Hutchinson, G. (1993). Attributing negative intent to wife behavior: The attributions of martially violent versus nonviolent men. Journal of abnormal psychology, 102, 206-211.
-Holtzworth, Munroe, A., Meehan, A., Herron, c. J., Rehman, K., Uzma, R., & Gregory, U. (2003). Do subtypes of maritally violent men continue to differ over time? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol 71(4), Aug 2003, 728-740.
-Holtzworth, Munroe, A., Rehman, U., & Herron, K. (2009). General and spouse specific anger and hostility in subtypes of martially violence men and nonviolent men. Behavior Therapy, 31, 603-630.
-Holtzworth, Munroe, A., Stuart, G. L., & Hutchinson, G. (1997). Violent versus nonviolent husbands: Differences in attachment patterns, dependency, and jealousy. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 314-331.
-Hornung, C. A., McCullough, B. C., & Sugimoto, T. (1981). Status relationships in marriage: risk factors in spouse abuse. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 675-692.
-Hotalling, G. T., & Sugarman, D. B. (1986). An analysis of risk markers in husband to wife violence: the current state of knowledge. Violence and Victims, 1, 101-124.
-Jacobson, N. S., Gottman, J. M., Waltz, J., Rushe, R., Babcock, J., & Holtzworth-Munroe, A. (1994). Affect, verbal content, and psychophysiology in the arguments of couples with a olent husband. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 982–988.
-Jasinski, J. L. (2001). Theoretical explanations for violence against women. In C. M. Renzetti., J. L. Edleson, & R. K. Bergan (Eds.), Sourcebook on violence against women (pp. 5-21). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
-Johnson, M. P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 283-294.
-Johnson, S. M. (1996). Creating connection: The practice of emotionally focus therapy marital therapy. New York: Brunnel Mazel.
-Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(5), 441–476.
-Kalmuss, D. (1984). The intergenerational transmission of marital aggression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 11-19.
-Kaufman, J., & Ziegler, E. (1987). Do abused children become abusive parents? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 186-192.
-Khadivzadeh, Talaat., Erfanian, Fateme (2011). Comparison of Domestic Violence Before and During Pregnancy and Related Factors. Iranian Journal of Midwifery and Infertility. Vol. 14, No. 4 (in persion)
-Khani, Saeid., Adhami, Jamal., Hatami, Ali., Baniamerian, Javad (2010). Survey of Domestic Violence among Families of Dehgolan; Emphasizing Violence Against Women. Specialized Journal of Sociology. Vol. 1, No. 3 (in persion)
-Kim, J. Park, S. and Emery, C.R (2009). “The Incidence and Impact of Family Violence on Mental Health among South Korean Women”. Korean Journal of Social Welfare, 24: 193-202
-Kobak, R. R., & Hazan, C. (1991). Attachment in marriage: Effects of security and accuracy of working models. Journal Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 861-869.
-Leonard, K. E. & Blane, H. T. (1992). Alcohol and premarital aggression in a national sample of young men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7, 19-30.
-Lerner, J. S. & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81, 146-159.
-Maghsodi, Sode., Yari-Nasab, Fateme., Ebrehami, Fateme (2015). Domestic Violence against Pregnant Women and its Affecting Factors (Case Study: Kerman City). Vol. 9, No. 3 (in persion)
-Mason, A., & Blankenship, V. (1987). Power and affiliation motivation, stress, and abuse in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 203-210.
-Mayseless, O. (1991). Adult attachment patterns and courtship violence. Fam. Relat. 40: 21–28.
-Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/ antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 324–344.
-Moazami, Shahla (2004). Criminology of Domestic Violence and Murder in Sistan and Baluchistan. Journal of Women in Development and Politics. Vol. 2, No. 2 (in persion)
-Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Krueger, R. F., Magdol, L., Margolin, G., Silva, P. A., et al. (1997). Do partners agree about abuse in their relationship? A psychometric evaluation of interpartner agreement. Psychological Assessment, 9, 47–56.
-Moffitt, T. E., Robins, R. W., & Caspi, A. (2001). A couple's analysis of partner abuse with implications for abuse-prevention policy. Criminology and Public Policy, 1, 5–37.
-Mohammady, Faeze., Mirzaei, Rahmat (2013). Investigating Social Factors Affecting Violence Against Women (Ravansar County Study). Iranian Journal of Social Studies. Vol. 6, No. 1. (in persion)
-Murphy, C. M., Meyer, S. L., & O’Leary, K. D. (1994). Dependency characteristics of partner assaultive men. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 729-735.
-Neiazi, Mohsen., Afra, Hadi., Nezadi, Azam., & Sakhaei, Ayob (2018). A meta-analysis of the factors affecting violence against women. Women's Research, Humanities and Cultural Studies Institute. Vol. 8, No.4 (in persion)
-Nezadsabzi, Parvane., Maleki, Amir (2010). Family Social Capital and Domestic Violence. Iranian Journal of Social Issues. Vol. 1, No. 2 (in persion)
-O’Leary, K. D. (1993). Through a psychological lens. In R. Gelles & D. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 7-30). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
-O'Leary, K. D., Curley, A., Rosenbaum, A., & Clarke, C. (1985). Assertion training for abused wives: A potentially hazardous treatment. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 11, 319-322.
-Pornaghash Tehrani, Saeid (2005). A Study of Domestic Violence in Tehran Families, Daneshvar bi-monthly.Vol.12, No. 12 (in persion)
-Pornaghash-Tehrani, Saeid., Ghalandarzadeh, Zahra., Farahani, Hojatoallahe., Saberi, Mehdi., Pashaei- Bahram, Masome (2019). The mediating role of self-regulation and psychological distress in the relationship between domestic violence and cognitive functioning in women victims of spouse abuse. Cognitive Psychological Quarterly. Vol. 6, No. 3 (in persion).
-Pradeep K. P. (2004). Domestic Violence against Women in Kerala, Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development, Centre for Development Studies, India.
-Pyke, K. D. (1996). Class-based masculinities the interdependence of gender, class, and interpersonal power. Gender and Society, 10, 527-549.
-Richardson, D. R., Hammock, G. S., Smith, S. M., Gardner, W., & Signo, M. (1994). Empathy as a cognitive inhibitor of interpersonal aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 20(4), 275–289.
-Rounsaville B. J. (1978) Theories in marital violence: Evidence from a study of battered women. Victimology, 3, 11-31.
-Sagrestano, L. M., Heavey, C. L., & Christensen, A. (1999). Perceived power and physical violence in marital conflict. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 65-79.
-Sedaghat, Kamran., Zarniean, Jalal (2009). Social factors and domestic violence among families in Tabriz. Journal of Sociological Studies. Vol. 26, No. 1 (in persion)
-Shahbazi, Homa., Sadeghi, Mansore-Sadat., Panaghi, Lili (2017). The Role of Humanization in Spouse Abuse from the Viewpoint of Women Victims of Domestic Violence: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Research Center for Social Factors Affecting Health. Vol. 4, No, 3 (in persion)
-Shakerinezad, Masome (2013). Factors Related to Domestic Violence Against Pregnant Women. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Vol. 21. No. 89(in persion).
-Sharifi, Marziye., Fatehizadeh, Maryam., Bahrami, Fateme.,Etemadi, Ozra., Jazayeri, Rezvanosadat (2017). Exploring the experiences of husbands with interpersonal dependence on their husbands' domestic violence: A qualitative study. Journal of Urmia Nursing And Midwifery Faculty. Vol. 15, No. 10 (in persion)
-Shikh-Bardesiri, Hojat., Khademipor, Gholamreza., Aminizade, Mohsen., Fatemeyan, Rohoallah., Dost-Mohammady, Mohammad Mahdi (2017). Factors Related to Domestic Violence Against Women Working in Educational Hospitals Covered by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Journal of Hospital. Vol. 17, No. 1 (in persion).
-Smith, M. D. (1990). Patriarchal ideology and wife beating: A test of a feminist hypothesis. Violence and Victims, 5, 257-273.
-Stets, J. E., & Straus, M. A. (1989). The marriage license as a hitting license: a comparison of assaults in dating, cohabiting and married couples. Journal of Family Violence, 4, 161–180.
-Stith, S. M. (1990). Police response to domestic violence: The influence of individual and familial factors. Violence and Victims, 5, 37-49.
-Stith,S. M., Rozen, KH., McCollin, EE., & Thomson. CJ. (2004). Treating intimate partner violence within intact couple relationships: outcomes of multi-couple versus individual couple therapy. Journal of Marital Family Therapy. 2004 Jul;30(3):305-18.
-Tafrate, R. C., Kassinove, H., & Dundin, L. (2002). Anger episodes in high and low-trait anger community adults. Journal of Clinical Psycholog, 58, 1573-1590.
-Vahida, Ferydon., Sabze, Hoseinali., Zakeri, Hamed (2015). Analysis and Investigation of Factors Affecting Marriage in Women and Men. Iranian Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 6, No. 1 (in persion).
-Vameghi, Marve., KHodaei-Ardakani, Mohammadreza., Sajadi, Homeira (2013). Domestic Violence in Iran: A Review of Studies. Social Welfare Research Quarterly. Vol. 13, No. 50 (in persion).
-Vesali, Saeid., Merzaei, Rahmat., Reza, Faraji (2000). Determining the Relationship between Components of Female Obedience and Male Authoritarian Perceptions of Their Role with Domestic Violence. Journal of Health.Vol. 9, No.1. (in persion).
-Visaria, L. (1999). Violence against Women in India: Evidence from Rural Gujarat, Domestic Violence in India: A Summary Report of Three Studies. Washington, DC: International Centre for Research on Women.
-Vogel, D. L., Murphy, M. J., Werner-Wilson, R. J., Cutrona, C. E., & Seeman, J. (2007). Sex differences in the use of demand and withdraw behavior in marriage: examining the social structure hypothesis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 165-177.
-Wekerle, C., & Wolfe, D. A. (1998). The role of child maltreatment and attachment style in adolescent relationship violence. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 571–586.
-World Health Organization. (2005), Addressing violence against women and achieving the Millennium Development Goals, Department of Gender, Women and Health Family and Community Health.
-Xu, X. (1995). “The Prevalence and Determination of Wife Abuse in Urban China”. Journal of Comparative
-Yaghobidost, Mahmood., shahoonvand, Behroz., Jola, Gholamreza (2014). The Relationship between Observation and Experience of Parental Violence in Childhood and Their Domestic Violence Against Children. 6th International Congress of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Tabriz. (in persion)
-Yllo, K. (1993). Through a feminist lens: Gender, power and violence. In R. J. Gelles & D. R. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 47-62). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
-Yllo, K., & Straus M. A. (1990). Patriarchy and violence against wives: The impact of structural and normative factors. In M. A. Straus & R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical violence in American families: Risk factors for adaptations to violence in 8 145 families (pp. 383-399). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
-Zanjanizadeh, Homa., Salehabadi, Ebrahim., Jafarian-Yazdi, Neda (2014). The effect of social capital on domestic violence against women in Mashhad. Vol. 9, No. 2 (in persion).
_||_