نگرش جنسیتی و عوامل مؤثر بر آن (مطالعه‌ی تطبیقی میان کشوری)
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه زن و جامعه
حامد شیری
1
(دکتری جامعهشناسی، استادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه پیام نور ـ ایران)
کلید واژه: جنسیت, نگرش جنسیتی, مرد سالاری, برابری جنسیتی, مدرنیزاسیو,
چکیده مقاله :
پیوند تنگاتنگ تفاوتهای جنسیتی با مسألهی نابرابری و قدرت، جامعهشناسی جنسیت را به یکی از مهمترین حوزه‌های جامعه‌شناختی بدل ساخته است. ازمسائل اصلی این حوزه، سیطرهی گفتمان نابرابرانهای است که به جنسیت با معیارهای ایدئولوژیک مردسالارانه مینگرد. در این چارچوب، مقاله ضمن بررسی مقایسهای نگرش جنسیتی، با استناد به ابزارهای نظری ـ مفهومیِ «گفتمان مردسالاری» و «گفتمان مدرن» به تبیین نگرشهای جنسیتی متفاوت می‌پردازد. استدلال مقاله این است که گفتمان فراگیر و تاریخی مردسالاری که مولد نگرش نابرابر جنسیتی است، درتقابل با گفتمان مدرن و دستاوردهای برابری‌خواهانهی آن به چالش کشیده شده است. این فرضیه به شیوهی تجربی با بررسی رابطهی «مدرنیزاسیون» (اقتصادی، اجتماعی، سیاسی و جنسیتی) و شاخص «نگرش جنسیتی» مورد آزمون قرار گرفته است. از نظر روش‌شناختی، مطالعه با تحلیل ثانویهی داده‌هایی از 80 کشور جهان در فاصلهی سالهای 2005 تا 2014 به اجرا درآمده است. در بخش نتایج توصیفی وضعیت کشورهای جهان به لحاظ نگرش جنسیتی ارزیابی و در طیفی از «نگرش کاملاً برابرخواهانه» تا «نگرش کاملاً مردسالارانه» به پنج خوشهی متفاوت تفکیک شدهاند. بررسی رابطهی شاخصهای مدرنیزاسیون با شاخص نگرش جنسیتی مؤید مفروضات نظری است. کشورهای با رتبهی بالاتر در شاخصهای مدرنیزاسیون، نگرش جنسیتی «برابرخواهانه» و بالعکس کشورهای درسطوح پائینتر، نگرش «مردسالارانه» به جنسیت دارند. از یافتههای دیگر این مطالعه اثر تعیینکنندهی متغیر «اسلام» بر نگرش جنسیتی است.
The close link between gender differences and the issue of inequality and power has transformed gender sociology into one of the growing and most important areas of sociology and cultural studies. In addition to conducting a comparative study of gender attitude in different countries, the paper attempts to explain different attitudes toward gender, by referring to conceptual-theoretical tools of "patriarchal discourse" and "modernity discourse". The theoretical reasoning of the article is that the inclusive and historical discourse of patriarchy, which produces an unequal gender attitude, is now challenged in opposition to modernity discourse and its equalitarian achievements. This hypothesis has been tested empirically by examining the relationship between "modernization" (in terms of economic, social, political and gender dimensions) and the "gender attitude" index. Methodologically, the study was conducted using the documentary method and secondary analysis of data from valid database and among 80 countries from 2005 to 2014. In the descriptive findings part of the study, gender attitude has been measured among the countries of the world and differentiated into five distinct clusters based on a spectrum of "totally equalitarian attitudes" to "purely patriarchal attitudes". The study of the relationship between modernization indicators and gender attitude confirms theoretical assumptions. Countries that rank higher in the indicators of modernization have an "equalitarian" gender attitude, and vice versa, countries with lower levels of modernization have a "patriarchal attitude". One of the other findings of this study is the decisive effect of the "Islam" on gender attitude.
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