ارائه الگوی توسعه گردشگری مبتنی بر نقش رسانه با بکارگیری رویکرد فراترکیب

محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی برنامه ریزی منطقه ای

فاطمه حاج محمد ¹ (دانشجوی دکتری رشته مدیریت رسانه، پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.)
اسدالله کردنائیج ² (استاد گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.)
حمیدرضا یزدانی ³ (استادیار گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.)
محمد میره ای ⁴ (استادیار گروه مدیریت دولتی، پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.)

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/04/20 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/06/01 تاریخ انتشار : 1402/02/01

کلید واژه: توسعه گردشگری, فراترکیب, نقش رسانه, تصویر مقصد,

چکیده مقاله :

توسعه گردشگری یکی از چالش‌های کشورها به خصوص کشور ایران در حوزه اقتصادی شان می‌باشد. امروزه اکثر کشورها علی الخصوص کشور ایران در تلاش هستند تا بخش عمده ای از درآمد و GDP خود را به سمت توسعه گردشگری ببرند. توسعه گردشگری از طریق رسانه‌ها باعث آشنا شدن مخاطبان متنوع با فرهنگ جوامع می شود. مکان‌های گردشگری می‌توانند شاهد تاثیر مستقیم یک اثر رسانه‌ای در توسعه فعالیت‌های گردشگری باشند. از آنجایی که در تحقیقات پیشین نقش رسانه‌ها در توسعه گردشگری کمتر معرفی شده است، مسئله‌ی اصلی در این تحقیق، اثرگذاری نقش رسانه در توسعه گردشگری می‌باشد. هدف از این مقاله ارائه الگوی توسعه گردشگری مبتنی بر نقش رسانه است. روش تحقیق مورد استفاده در این پژوهش فرا‌ترکیب یکی از انواع روش تحقیق‌های مروری است. به این منظور محقق بازنگری عمیق و دقیق در موضوع را انجام داده و یافته های مطالعات کیفی و کمی را ترکیب نموده است. در این راستا 1324 پژوهش در حوزه رسانه و توسعه گردشگری ارزیابی شد. در پایان، 33 پژوهش با روش‌های کمی، کیفی و آمیخته انتخاب شدند. در مجموع 48 کد،9 مفهوم و 4 مقوله به عنوان ابعاد و مؤلفه‌های الگوی توسعه گردشگری مبتنی بر نقش رسانه شناسایی و طبقه‌بندی شده است. در 9 مفهوم شامل برند مقصد، کسب و کار، بازاریابی، نیت‌های رفتاری گردشگران (ذهنی)، رفتارهای اجتماعی گردشگران (عینی)، مدیریت بحران‌های گردشگری، پوشش رسانه‌ها از مقصد گردشگری، فرهنگ، مذهب، آموزش، زیرساخت، زبان و اطلاعات عمومی نقش رسانه تبیین شده‌‌است. چهار مقوله‌ی بدست آمده از این روش مقوله‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی، زیست محیطی و فرهنگی هستند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Tourism development is one of the challenges of countries, especially Iran, in their economic field. Today, most countries, especially Iran, are trying to transfer most of their income and GDP to tourism development. The development of tourism through the media makes diverse audiences familiar with culture of the communities. Tourist sites can witness direct impact of a media effect on the development of tourism activities. Since the role of media in tourism development has been less introduced in previous researches, the main issue in this research is the impact of media role in tourism development. The purpose of this article is to present a model for tourism development based on the role of the media. The research method used in this research is meta synthesis is one of the types of review research methods. For this purpose, the researcher has conducted an in-depth and detailed review on the subject and combined the findings of qualitative and quantitative studies. In this regard, 1324 researches were evaluated in the field of media and tourism development. Finally, 33 studies were selected by quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. Overall, 48 codes, 9 concepts and 4 categories have been identified and classified as dimensions and components of the tourism development model based on the role of the media. The role of the media is explained in 9 concepts including destination brand, business, marketing, tourist behavioral intentions (mental), tourist social behaviors (objective), tourism crisis management, media coverage of tourist destination, culture, religion, education, infrastructure , Language and general information. The four categories obtained from this method are economic, social, environmental and cultural categories.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Altinay, Z., Saner, T., Bahçelerli, N. M., & Altinay, F. (2016). The Role of Social Media Tools: Accessible Tourism for Disabled Citizens. Educational Technology & Society, 19 (1), 89–99.


2. Alvarez, M. D., & Korzay, M. (2008). Influence of politics and media in the perceptions of Turkey as a tourism destination. Tourism review, VOL. 63 NO. 2, pp. 38-46.


3. Andrews, H.J; & Sayira, T. (2016). Impacts of crises and communication media on place image: A case study of Chilas, Pakistan. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 5 (4). pp. 351-360. ISSN 2212-571X.


4. Avraham, E. (2017). Changing the Conversation: How Developing Countries Handle the International Media during Disasters, Conflicts, and Tourism Crises«. Journal of Information Policy, Vol. pp. 275-296.


5. Aziz, S; Mohamed, Z; Oreibi, A. (2019). Contribution of Social Media in Promoting Promotion of Tourism Services (A Field Study of a Sample of Tourism Companies in the Holy City of Kerbala). Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems ·January 2019.


6. Baloglu, S. (2001). Image variations of Turkey by familiarity index: Informational and experiential dimensions. Tourism Management, 22, 127-33.


7. Bramwell, B.; & Lane, B. (1993). Sustainable tourism: An evolving global approach. J. Sustain. Tour. 1993, 1, 1–5.


8. Brown, C. B. (2015). Tourism, crime and risk perception: An examination of broadcast media's framing of negative Aruban sentiment in the Natalee Holloway case and its impact on tourism demand. Tourism Management Perspectives . 266–277.


9. Catalano, A., pattern of Graduate Students Information seeking Behavior: A Metasynthesis of the literature. Journal of Documentation. 2013;(69)2:74-243.


10. Chen,Y; Huang,Z; & Cai.L,A. (2014). Image of China tourism and sustainability issues in Western media: an investigation of National Geographic. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 26 No. 6, pp. 855-878.


11. Chhabra, D, & Phillips, R (2009): Tourism-Based Development, in Phillips, R. and pittman, R. H, an Introduction to Cmmunity Development,Routledge.


12. Dabphet,S; Scott,N; Ruhanen,L (2012). Applying diffusion theory to destination stakeholder understanding of sustainable tourism development: a case from Thailand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, pp: 1-18.


13. Ebadi, S and Abbasi A. (2019). Study of the role of local media in the development of indigenous tourism (Case study of Gilan province), the second national conference on geography and planning, modern architecture and urban, Qom, Soroush Hekmat Mortazavi Center for Islamic Studies and Research. [in persian].


14. Fakeye, P.C. & Crompton, J.L. (1991). Image Differences between Prospective, First-Time and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10-16.


15. Fardous, J 2017, Investigating Mobile Social Media Users’ Behaviors in Tourism Collaborative Information Seeking. Ph.D thesis, University of South Australia.


16. Ge, J. (2019). Social media-based visual humour use in tourism marketing: a semiotic perspective. European Journal of Humour Research 7 (3) 6–25.


17. GIACCONE, S.C; & BONACINI, E. (2020). NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN SMART TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: THE #iziTRAVELSicilia EXPERIENCE. Tourism Analysis, Vol. 24, pp. 341–354.


18. Gómez-Martín, M. B; Armesto-López, X & Amelung, B. (2016). Tourism, climate change and the mass media: the representation of the issue in Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, 19:2, 174-198.


19. Guzzo,T; D’Andrea,A; Ferri,F; Grifoni, P. (2013). A Framework to Promote and Develop a Sustainable Tourism by Using Social Media. OTM 2013 Workshops, LNCS 8186, pp. 656–665.


20. Hamidi, E. (2014). Investigating the role of media in development of sports tourism, the first specialized congress of urban management and city councils, Sari, Iran Development Conferences Center, June 2 and 5. [in persian].


21. Han, W. McCabe, S. Wang, Y. & Chong, A. (2017). Evaluating user-­­­­­greater pro-environmental behaviour in tourism? Forthcoming in­­the Journal of Sustainable Tourism.


22. Hede, A.M. (2005). Sports-events, tourism and destination marketing strategies: an Australian case study of Athens 2004 and its media telecast, Journal of Sport &Tourism, 10(3), pp: 187–200.


23. Hesari,M.M; & Rahmani,M. (2016). THE IMPACT RATIO OF PRINT MEDIA IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING (CASE STUDY: HAMEDAN PROVINCE). IIOABJ, Vol. 7. Suppl 3. Pp. 387-400.


24. Heydari, A. (2005). Investigating the role of media in identifying Iranian and foreign tourists, Specialized Journal of Media Studies. [in persian].


25. Hussain, T; Chen, S., & Nurunnabi, M. (2018): The role of social media for sustainable development in mountain region tourism in Pakistan. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, Nov 2018.pp 1-6.


26. Irfan,A; Rasli,A ; Sami,A ; Liaquat,H. (2017). ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN PROMOTING EDUCATION TOURISM. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, September 2017.


27. Javid, M, Asadi, H. (2017), The Role of Mass Media in Development of Sports Tourism, Physiological Research and Management in Sports, Volume 9, Number 4, Winter 2017, pp. 29-42. [in persian].


28. Javid, M (2012). The Role of Mass Media in the Development of Sports Tourism, Master Thesis University of Tehran. [in persian].


29. Johnsen, J., Bieger, T., & Scherer, R. (2008). Indicator-based strategies for sustainable tourism development. Mountain Research and Development, 28(2), 116–121.


30. Kazem Pourian, M; Nezafati, R; Modaber, Z & Ramezani Palangari, M. (2015). The role of media and mass media in expanding the tourism industry, The First International Conference on Art, Handicrafts and Tourism, Shiraz, Kharazmi Higher Institute of Science and Technology. [in persian].


31. Kim, S.E & et al. (2017). Effects of tourism information quality in social media on destination image formation: The case of Sina Weibo. Information & Management 54 (2017) 687–702.


32. Lee,C-C; Chen, M-P; Peng,Y-T. (2020). Tourism development and happiness: International evidence. Tourism Economics, pp. 1–36.


33. Megasari Noer F., & I Wayan S. ( 2015 ), Beyond User Gaze: How Instagram Creates Tourism Destination Brand?. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211. 1089 – 1095. 17-18 September.


34. Minavand, M.Q. (2018). Challenges and Strategies for Establishing Tourism Television in Iran, Culture and Communication Studies, Volume 19, Number 43. [in persian].


35. Mirabadi, M, Golzadeh, M, Karimi, A. (2019), Assessing the role and performance of the media on the development of sports tourism in East Azerbaijan province, Regional Planning Quarterly, Volume 9, Number 34, Summer 2019. [in persian].


36. Mokhtari Ardakani, M.A. (2009), Media and Orientation of Public Opinion in Public decision making. Social Science Month Book, Vol 14. [in persian].


37. Moscardo, G., & Murphy, L. (2014). There is no such thing as sustainable tourism: Re-conceptualizing tourism as a tool for sustainability. Sustainability, 6, 2538–2561. McKercher, B. (1993). The unrecognized threat to tourism. Tourism Management, 14(2), 131–136.


38. Muslimah, N.F; & Keumala, S.R. (2018). Planning in the Digital Era: Films and Social Media as Information Sources for Tourism Plannin«. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 158 (2018).


39. Nagamalar, M., & Ravindran, D. (2019). Impact of Social Media Sites (SMS) on Post Purchase Behavior of Tourism Customers. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), Volume-8 Issue-2S8, August 2019.


40. A.K et al. (2017). Social Media Usage for Tourism: A Case of Rajasthan Tourism. Procedia Computer Science. 122 (2017) 751–758.


41. Rezaei, N. (2011). Investigating the role of mass media in the development of tourism in Tehran with emphasis On Visual Productions, Master Thesis, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran. [in persian].


42. Rezagholizadeh, B. (2010). A Review of the Effects of Media on Tourism, Communication Researchs Quarterly, No.4. 159-185. [in persian].


43. Rezvani, A.A. (1995). Geography and Tourism Industry. Tehran: Payame Noor University Press.


44. Saeed, M; & Shafique, I. (2019). Customer‑based brand equity and destination visit behaviour in the tourism industry: the contingent role of social media. 01 Jane 2019.


45. Sandelowski, M ;and Barroso, J. (2008).Toward a metaynthesis of qualitative findings on motherhood in HIV-Positive Women. .research in nursing and health, Vol. 26, No.(2), pp153-170, 2008.


46. Scheffler, T. (1998). The kaiser in baalbek: Tourism, archaeology, and the politics of imagination. Baalbek Image Monum. 1998, 1898, 15–16.


47. SUN, X; LIN, B; GAO, J;& LIN,Y. (2018). MEDIA COVERAGE, TOURISM GROWTH, AND SPATIAL SPILLOVER: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA.Tourism Analysis, Vol. 23, pp. 503–515.


48. Teka Ayalew M. (2016). The role of media in tourism promotion: A case study in Ethiopia. Journal of Hospitality Management and tourism, 7(5): 50-56.


49. O & et al. (2019). Requirement Patterns Analysis and Design of Online Social Media Marketing for Promoting Eco-Tourism in Thailand. AISC 769, pp. 277–285, 2019.


50. Tsai, T-H et al. ( 2018). Emerging Social Media and Social Networks Analysis Transforms the Tourism Industry: Living Green Smart Tourism Ecosystem. UAHCI 2018, LNCS 10908, pp. 583–590, 2018.


51. Usui, R; Wei, X;& Funck, C. (2017): The power of social media in regional tourism development: a case study from Ōkunoshima Island in Hiroshima, Japan. Current Issues in Tourism, DOI: 1080/13683500.2017.1372393.


52. A.B;.Suresh, M. (2016). Factors Influencing Indian Tourism Promotion in Social Media. IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research.


53. Weiss, H; Mehmandoost, Kh. (2014). Study of barriers to the development of the international tourism industry in Iran with emphasis on inbound tourism, Geopolitical Quarterly, Year 11, N.1, pp. 135-156. [in persian].


54. Xu, C; Xu, X. (2019). Research on O2O Product Design of Beautiful Rural Tourism in the We-Media Era. HCII 2019, LNCS 11578, pp. 152–165.


55. Yan, L. X; &Subramanian, P. (2019). A Review on Exploiting Social Media Analytics for the Growth of Tourism. IRICT 2018, AISC 843, pp. 331–342.


56. Yazdani, M.H; Alipour, I; Dashti, A. H & Bioteh, A. (2018), Study and evaluation of the role of media on development of urban tourism using route analysis technique, Media Studies, Year 13, Spring 2018.


57. Zeng, B; Gerritsen, R. (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review. Tourism Management Perspectives. 10. 27–36.