شناسایی و معرفی قوانین معماری سبز در ایران به منظور کاهش مصرف انرژی نمونه موردی: ساختمان سبز بوشهر

محورهای موضوعی : سیاستگذاری شهری

محمد بهزادپور ¹ , بهناز کاشانی زاده ^{2 *}

1 - استادیار گروه معماری، واحد هشتگرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، هشتگرد، ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، واحد ساوه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساوه، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/11/18 تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/02/26 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/05/01

کلید واژه: " ایران", " مصرف انرژی", " اصول معماری پایدار", " معماری, معماری پایدار",

چکیده مقاله :

مصرف بالای انرژی و نتایج سوء آن یکی از بزرگترین دغدغه های عصر حاضر است. یکی از راه‌های رسیدن به تعادل مصرف انرژی مبحث پایداری وبخش بسیار مهم در آن ساختمان می‌باشد چرا که مطابق با آمار انرژی سالیانه کشور بیش از یک سوم انرژی کشور در بخش ساختمان مصرف می‌گردد . امروزه معماری پایدار، با هدف کاهش مصرف منابع، حفظ محیط‌زیست و ارتقای سلامت انسان یکی از مهمترین رویکردهای معماری بشمار می‌اید که لازم است در ایران بر جنبه عملی آن تأکید بیشتری شود به همین سبب در این تحقیق برآنیم تا اصول معماری پایدار را تبیین و با بررسی نمونه ساخته شده‌ای در بوشهر به اصول پایداری عملی که در ایران اجرا می‌شود برسیم و میزان موفقیت پروژه ساخته شده را دریابیم چرا که بسیاری از این اصول در نقاط مختلف دنیا مورد بررسی و تعریف شده‌است اما هریک برای اقلیم خاصی می‌باشد که نمی توان از آنها به عنوان اصولی تدوین شده و کاملا مختص ایران با این اقلیم استفاده کرد و تنها راه میزان موفقیت آنها بررسی با کمک نرم‌افزارها و گذر زمان خواهد بود. در این تحقیق ابتدا با کمک مطالعه در باب معماری پایدار و تعریف حقیقیاصول پایداری مفهوم و هدف از معماری پایدار تبیین می‌نماییم و پس از آن با کمک نرم‌افزار دیزاین بیلدر ساختمانی که با عنوان بنای پایدار در بوشهر معرفی شده‌است شبیه سازی ومورد تحیل قرار می‌دهیم. نتایج حاصل از این قرار است که در پروژه مذکور با میزان مصرف انرژی 2kwh/m 235.85 نیازمندیم که بیشترین مصرف را برای سرمایش در نظر بگیریم و برای کاهش مصرف انرژی و نزیکی هرچه بیشتر پروژه به اصول پایداری باید از اصولی همچون تعریف مناسبی برای ابعاد بازشوها مانند بازشوهایی با ابعاد متوسط (چرا که ابعاد بزرگ برای اقلیم گرم و مرطوب مناسب نیست) و سایبان ها مانند سایبان های عمودی در ساخت اینچنین ساختمانی کمک گرفت.

چکیده انگلیسی:

         High energy consumption and its adverse consequences are among the greatest concerns of today’s world. One of the ways of balancing energy consumption is sustainability, particularly in buildings since according to Iran’s annual energy records, more than one third of the country’s energy is consumed in the building sector. Today, sustainable architecture is among the most important approaches in architecture, aiming to reduce consumption of resources, preserve the natural environment, and promote health. Given that the applied aspect of this approach requires further attention in Iran, this study sought to explain the principles of sustainable architecture and outline the applied sustainable principles in Iran by examining an instance built in Bushehr. In addition, it intended to investigate how successful the project was as many of these principles have been studied and defined in different parts of the world and given that they are specified for a particular climate, they cannot be used as principles prepared and suitable for the climate of Iran. Their success can only be evaluated using software applications and through the passage of time. In this study, first, the concept and aims of sustainable architecture were explained through library research on the subject and real definition of sustainability principles. Then, the building that has been introduced as a sustainable structure in Bushehr was simulated and analyzed in DesignBuilder. The results indicated that in this project, with 235.85 kWh/m2 energy consumption, cooling required the most energy and to reduce energy consumption and move towards the principles of sustainability, principles such as proper definition of the dimensions of openings (for example, openings with medium dimensions since large dimensions do not fit warm and humid climates) and canopies (such as vertical canopies) should be used in constructing such buildings. Extended AbstractIntroduction:            The green process in architecture is an ancient process, for example, since cavemen first realized that choosing a cave facing south is much more suitable in terms of ambient temperature than a cave opening to the north. The new issue is understanding the importance of green architecture for artificial and human environments. Creating  the best process for designing buildings; In such a way that all the resources entering the building, its materials,  fuel or objects used by the residents, need to create a sustainable architecture. Keeping up with nature is a fundamental thing in traditional Iranian architecture and the principles in traditional Iranian architecture try to use energy efficiently, but today constructions in this region do not pay attention to this or by using laws defined for other climates. Are created. In recent years, many laws, regulations and assemblies have been created in this field, the most prominent of which are Leed, Breem, green globes, DGNB and many others, most of which are the foundations of sustainable buildings in general and public or Explained for other climates except Iran. In Iran, some projects have tried to create buildings called green buildings due to the prevailing conditions in terms of climate and energy consumption, but due to the lack of specific laws specific to the climate of Iran, no source for Measuring the success rate of their performance is nothing but the passage of time. With the current situation of energy consumption and its shortage in Iran, recognizing and introducing these laws will be very important. Given the issues raised, the main question of the research is what are the current laws of green and sustainable architecture in Iran , And after recognizing and studying the principles of sustainable architecture, measuring the success of projects made in Iran as sustainable architecture, because there is no rules for sustainaible architecture in Iran and this ecosystem, in view of all the cases that will change the determination of these laws according to the geographical location of the region, and on the other hand by looking at the cost and energy shortage in Iran and inconsistency The sources of existing regulations with the current conditions in Iran This issue is very important.Methodology:          This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and then by simulation with the help of Design Builder software, a case study has been researched and studied, which finally leads to the conclusion of the studies. The context of sustainability, sustainability in Iran and the goals of sustainability in the construction industry has been prepared and read to provide a basis for identifying and determining the key criteria. And then the building designed based on sustainable architecture in Iran, which is the study sample, has been studied with the help of simulator software.Results and discussion:        The building has an energy consumption of 235.85 due to its location in hot and humid climates and on the coastline. According to the above diagram, the consumption of each of the heating, cooling and electricity energies can be seen. As a result of this analysis, Find that the building in question has the highest amount of energy consumption in the field of cooling and with the help of passive and active systems this consumption should be reduced, for example, vertical canopies can be used and the amount of openings should be neither too big nor too small. Systems can minimize energy consumption in this buildingConclusion:        According to the issues raised, it can be seen that the need to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in each sector is a requirement, and in the field of architecture with the help of sustainable architecture can be achieved to a very significant extent. In many developed countries, this is important with the help of pre-determined laws and in the form of specific instructions, but in Iran there are no specific laws for this. Since buildings in Iran are built with the method of sustainable architecture and principles derived from it, which also existed in traditional architecture, and with the help of design builder software, we examined one of these examples to find out the amount of energy consumption with the help of sustainable process. How much will be reduced? The results of the analysis show that the energy consumption in the building under construction for cooling is higher than heating and lighting. Thus, it seems necessary to find solutions to reduce the need for energy for cooling due to its significant effect on increasing the amount of initial energy in this study. One of the things that helps reduce the amount of cooling energy consumption is shading and shading forms, which prevented the amount of sunlight from entering during the warm seasons.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Abdul Ahad, M. Paiva, S. Tripathi, G. Feroz, N.(2020): Enabling Technologies and Sustainable Smart Cities. Sustainable Cities and Society.


2. Abel,C. Habib,F.( 2008): Architecture an identity. Islamic Azad University publish.


3. behzadpour, M. khakzand, M. (2021):Achieving green architecture through the use of BIM Environmental studies haft hesar.


4. Birkeland, J, )2002): Design for Sustainability: A Source Book of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions, Earthscan, London.


5. Ebrahimpour A.,Maerefat, M. Kari B.M. (2004): Optimization Of  Thermal Insulation Of Residential Buildings In Climatic Conditions Of Iran For Annual Thermal Loads. Modares Technical And Engineering  Number 17.


6. Edwards, B. )2001(: Rough Guide to Sustainability: A Design Primer, RIBA Publications.


7. Elahibakhsh, A. shahmohamadi. F.(2007): Selection of energy consumption simulation software for development in the country. Twenty-second International Conference on Electricity.


8. Elliott, J. )2006(: An Introduction to Sustainable Development.London.


9. Energy balance of the year,(2011).ministry of energy.


10. Fahim Huseien , G . Wei Shah, K.(2022):A review on 5G technology for smart energy management and smart buildings in Singapore.  Energy and AI.


11. Friman, A. Khoshnevis, M.( 2016). Fundamentals of sustainable dweliings, Fekre no publisher.


12. Ghiyaee, M. Mahdavi Niya , M. Tahbaz , M. Mofidi shemirani, M.(2013): A Methodology for Selecting Applied Energy Simulation Tools in the Field of Architecture. Hoviatshahr.


13. Ghiabakloo, Z .(2009): Familiarity with Ecotect software. Amirkabir university


14. hobadian , V.(2013): Stylistics and theoretical foundations in contemporary Iranian architecture. Elme memar royal.


15. Y .(2010): Sustainable architecture and its critique in the field of environment. Journal of Iranian Architecture and Urbanism(JIAU) .


16. Y. Motevali, Z. Zeynali, R. Shahsavari, F.(2016):Sustainable architecture and its evaluation criteria.


17. Hall, P. Pfeiffer, U. (2000): Urban Future 21, A Global Agenda for Twenty first Century Cities, E & FN Spon, London.


18. Hariri, M.Faayaz , R.(2002):Thermal Comfort Condition In Tehran journal of environmental studies.  


19. Heywood, H.(2015): 101rules of thumb for sustainable buildings and citie.UK


20. Holst, J. N. (2003): Using whole building simulation models and optimizing procedures to optimize building envelope design with respect to energy consumption and indoor environment. In Proceedings of 8th International IBPSA Conference, Eindhoven, Netherlands.


21. Jafarinia, GH.(2021): Effect of environmental practices in creating sustainable development (Case: Bushehr city), Journal of Urban Environmental Policy.


22. Kheiri,M. Faraji, S. (2015): Sustainable architecture approach to environmental issues to determine the human relationship of architectural nature, International conference on research in science and technology.


23. Khakzand, M. Mozaffar, F.(2008): Architectural Design Process In Technology Age. International Journal of Engineering Sciences.


24. Kibert , C.(2016): Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery. USA


25. Kim, J. Rigdon, B. (1998): Sustainable Architecture Module: Introduction to Sustainable Design. National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education. Michigan.


26. Ku, K. Taiebat, M. (2011): BIM Experiences and Expectations: The Constructor’s Perspective. International Journal of Construction Education and Research.


27. lawrence,race G. (2006): CIBSE knowledge series: KS6-Comfort, Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, London.


28. Malekian, M. Pooryazdi , S .(2013): Green architecture in Iran, nesha elm journal .


29. Madahi, S. Sayadi S, Mohamadpor, A. (2012): sustainable architecture. Lutus publisher .


30. Mollazadeh Zamani, Maryam, (2017): Suggestions for Key Credit Evaluation Criteria for Updating and Developing International Green Building Rating Systems, Sofeh Magazine


31. Nasrollahi, F. Wehage, P. Shahriari, E. (2013): Energy Efficient Housing for Iran Pilot Buildings in Hashtgerd New Town. Berlin.


32. Nasrollahi, F. (2011): Architectural and urban planning criteria to reduce energy consumption of buildings, National Energy Committee of Iran.


33. Nasrollahi, F. (2013): Green office building, energy efficiency with architectural design ,Collection of research articles of the Young Cities Project, Volume Eight".


34. Nasrollahi, F. (2013): Energy efficient office building Energy efficiency with architectural design.


35. Nik Fitrat, M. Bipart, E. (2016): A Study of Cultural Impacts on Iranian Native Architecture from the Perspective of Sustainability. Art and Architecture Studies.


36. Okhovat, H. almasi far, N. bemanian,N.( 2010): Traditional architecture and urban planning in Islamic countries. tahan publisher.


37. Polly, B. N. Kruis, Roberts , D. (2011): Assessing and Improving the Accuracy of Energy Analysis for Residential Buildings. Department of Energy: Building Technologies Program, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. U.S.


38. Rallapalli, H.S. (2010): A Comparison of EnergyPlus and eQUEST Whole Building Energy Simulation Results for a Medium Sized Office Building, Master thesis Arizona State University.


39. Rahimi,A. Zarei,K. Pajhohanfar, M. Satari, H. (2013): Analysis of green and sustainable architecture and its study in Iran. International Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Sustainable Urban Development.


40. Reeves, T. Olbina, S. Issa, R. (2012): Validation Of Building Energy Modeling Tools: Ecotect, Green Building StudioAnd IES, Proceeding of Winter Simulation Conference, Berlin.


41. Rezaye,P.( 2014):Investigating sustainable architecture with an approach to designing new buildings, First National Conference on Urban Planning, Urban Management and Sustainable Development.


42. Rogers Merlino, K.(2020):Building Reuse: Sustainability, Preservation, and the Value of Design, usa


43. Ryan, E. Sanquist, T. (2012): Validation of building energy modeling tools under idealized and realistic conditions, Energy and Buildings.


44. Sadeghpour, M.(2008): Using Computer Simulation Software in Architectural Design A Step Towards Comprehensive Architecture. shahid beheshti university.


45. Shulla, K. Leal Filho, W. Henning Sommer, J. Lange Salvia, A. Borgemeister, C.(2020): Channels of collaboration for citizen science and the sustainable development goals. Journal of Cleaner Production.


46. Stocker, T. Qin, D. Plattner, G. Tignor, M. Allen, Boschung , J. Auels, A. Xia, Y.Bex V. Midgley, P. (2013): The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report on the Inter govermental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press, CambridgeUniversity Press. New York,NY.


47. Tahsildoost,M.(2011):technology, architecture and sustainable , Soffeh.


48. Vangimalla, P. Olbina, S. Issa, R.Hinze, J. (2011): Validation Of Autodesk Ecotecttm Accuracy For Thermal And Daylighting Simulations, Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation Conference, USA.


49. Varmziar, Hassan, Hosseini Gohari, Peyman, Seif Elahi Deh Miri, Mohammad Taha (2016): Architecture and Urban Managementو Green Architecture .The Second International Conference on New Research Findings in Civil Engineering,


50. Wasilowski, H. and C .Reinhart. (2009): Modelling An Existing Building In Designbuilder/ Custom Versus Default Inputs, Proceedings of 11th International IBPSA Conference, Glasgow, Scotland.


51. Wang, J. Ding, S. Song, M. Fan, W. Yang, S.(2018): The total amount of words is 5935. Smart community evaluation for sustainable development using a combined analytical framework, Journal of Cleaner Production , doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro. 2018.05.023


52. Yeang, K.(2007): Designing The Eco-skyscrapers: Premises For Tall Building Design”,The Structural Design Of Tall and Special Buildings,


53. Yazici, S. Tanacan, L.(2020):Material-based computational design (MCD) in sustainable architecture, Journal of Building Engineering.


54. Zahiri, S. Altan, H. (2012): Evaluation of Thermal Conditions in a Secondary School Building in Middle East: A Comparison Study of Computed and Measured Conditions, Proceedings of 1th IBPSA Asia Conference, Shanghai, China.


55. M, (2017): Proposals for key credit rating criteria for updating and developing international green building rating systems. Soffeh.


56. Zhu, D., Tianzhen, H., Da, Y., Chuang, WA, (2013): Detailed loads comparison of three building energy modeling programs: EnergyPlus, Building Simulation.


57. Zomorodian,z. Tahsildost, M.(2015):Validation of building energy simulation software: with experimental and comparative approach, Iranian Journal of Energy.