نسبت فضای شهری با جُرم و آسیبهای اجتماعی با تأکید بر رفتار پر خطر خودکشی (نمونه مورد مطالعه: شهر نورآباد)
محورهای موضوعی : جامعه شناسی شهری
ابوذر وفایی
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کامران دولتیاریان
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1 - استادیار گروه جغرافیا و گردشگری دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
کلید واژه: فضای شهری, آسیبهای اجتماعی, خودکشی, مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری, شهر نورآباد.,
چکیده مقاله :
شهرنشینی به همراه تحولات پیچیده آن سبب گسترش انواع بینظمیها و آسیبهای اجتماعی شده است. خودکشی رفتاری پرخطر و آسیبی اجتماعی است که در پایگاه اجتماعی و فرهنگی طبقات مختلف جامعه نفوذ کرده و پیامدهای ناگواری را برای جوامع به همراه داشته است. شهر نورآباد به دلیل مشکلاتی مانند بیکاری، اعتیاد، روحیه سنتگرایی، کمبود امکانات و خدمات و فقر اقتصادی- اجتماعی از رفتار پر خطر خودکشی رنج میبرد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی علل و عوامل مؤثر بر خودکشی در شهر نورآباد لرستان است. روش تحقیق کاربردی و از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی میباشد. نمونه آماری مورد پژوهش 270 نفر از شهروندان شهر نورآباد میباشند که به صورت تصادفی ساده با استفاده از نرمافزار Sample Power محاسبه شده است. برای جمعآوری دادهها از روش اسنادی – میدانی و برای تجزیهوتحلیل اطلاعات از نرمافزارهای آماری AMOS24, SPSS26 استفاده گردید. نتایج حاصل از آزمون T تک نمونهای بیانگر معنادار بودن ارتباط شاخصهای پژوهش با رفتار پر خطر خودکشی در محدوده مورد مطالعه است. همچنین یافتههای تحلیل مسیر، نشان داد که بعُد اقتصادی با مقدار بتای (76/0=β)، بیشترین بار عاملی را در گرایش به خودکشی به خود اختصاص داده است و پس از آن مشخص گردید که متغیرهای خانوادگی با بتای (72/0=β)، متغیرهای فردی و روانی با بتای (73/0=β) و متغیرهای اجتماعی- فرهنگی با بتای (69/0=β)، بیشترین عوامل اثر گذار خودکشی در شهر نورآباد میباشند. در نهایت یافتههای مدل ساختاری پژوهش نشان داد که نماگرهای فضای شهری مانند زندگی کردن در محلات جرم خیز، نداشتن مسکن مناسب برای زندگی، کمبود امکانات و خدمات تفریحی، بیکاری زیاد، تراکم جمعیت و مدرنیته، حکمروایی نامناسب شهری، استرس زیاد زندگی شهری و کمبود فضاهای سبز هر کدام به ترتیب با وزنهای کوواریانسی (32/0)، (28/0)، (27/0)، (23/0)، (22/0)، (19/0)، (12/0)، (7/0) بر روی رفتار پر خطر خودکشی اثر گذارند.
Urbanization along with its complex developments has led to the spread of all kinds of social disorders and harms. Suicide is a risky behavior and a social harm that has penetrated the social and cultural base of different classes of society and brought unfortunate consequences for societies. The city of Noorabad suffers from high risk of suicide due to problems such as unemployment, addiction, traditionalism, lack of facilities and services, and socio-economic poverty. The purpose of this research is to investigate the causes and factors affecting suicide in Noorabad city of Lorestan. The research method of the present study is applied and descriptive-analytical. The statistical sample under study includes 270 citizens of Noorabad city, which was calculated by simple random sampling using Sample Power software. Documentary-field method was used to collect data and AMOS24, SPSS26 statistical software was used for data analysis. The results of the one-sample T-test show the significance of the relationship between the research indicators and the high-risk behavior of suicide in the study area. Also, the findings of the path analysis showed that the economic dimension with beta value (β=0.76) had the highest factor load in suicide tendency and then it was determined that family variables with beta (β=0.72), individual and psychological variables with beta (β=0.73) and social-cultural variables with beta (β=0.69) are the most influential factors of suicide in Noorabad city. Finally, the findings of the structural model of the research showed that the indicators of urban space such as living in crime-prone neighborhoods, not having suitable housing for living, lack of recreational facilities and services, high unemployment, population density and modernity, inappropriate urban governance, high stress of urban life and lack Green spaces each with covariance weights (0.32), (0.28), (0.27), (0.23), (0.22), (0.19), (0.12) , (0.7) affect suicidal behavior.
Extended abstract
Introduction
The city and its surrounding issues are one of the issues that have always attracted the attention of researchers and thinkers in various fields. Living in the city has an impact on the individual and collective life of people, which has been the subject of reflection by social thinkers since about two centuries ago. In this regard, one of the urban issues is social damage, including suicide. Suicide is a global challenge for the health and general well-being of urban communities. Statistics show that suicide as a social harm is one of the leading causes of death in the world and is considered a public health concern for communities. According to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO), about 800,000 suicides occur worldwide every year; this case constitutes %1.4 of all deaths and makes suicide the 18th cause of death.The basic theory of this research is under the general pressure theory of American criminologist and sociologist Robert Agnew, which explains the relationship between suicide and negative events and not reaching important goals in life. In this regard, Agnew states that when people do not achieve their important goals and dreams in their lives, they experience pressure, stress, negative thoughts, anger, frustration, despair, etc., which provides the basis for the tendency to commit suicide. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between urban space and social harms with an emphasis on suicidal behavior in Noorabad city.This study, given the importance of the issue, examines the factors influencing suicide, focusing on the roles of family-related factors, individual and psychological characteristics, cultural and social problems, economic and livelihood difficulties, and urban space indicators in shaping suicidal tendencies.
Methodology
The current research is a quantitative research in terms of purpose, in the field of applied research, and in terms of descriptive-analytical approach and based on the nature of the data. The statistical population of this research is equal to (65417) citizens of Noorabad city, which was studied using Sample Power software and simple random sampling method, 270 people as the study sample. The data collection tool of the questionnaire made by the researcher includes 60 items that are on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from very low (score 1) to very high (score 5) with an average value (3) and in 4 dimensions (family, individual, social and cultural and economic) as an independent variable and suicide as a dependent variable each was measured with 16, 15, 16, 14 items respectively. The validity of the formal questionnaire has been approved by experts-professors and elites in this field, and its reliability has been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0.954. The collected data were analyzed based on t-test and Friedman with SPSS26 software and structural equation path analysis with AMOS24.
Results and discussion
The results of the one-sample T-test show the significance of the relationship between the research indicators and the high-risk behavior of suicide in the study area. The findings of path analysis using structural equation modeling of the research showed that the economic dimension with beta (β=0.76) has the greatest impact on the tendency of citizens to commit suicide in the study area. After that, family dimensions with beta (β=0.72), individual with beta (β=0.70) and cultural and social dimensions with beta (β=0.69) are in the next ranks. According to the above interpretations, it can be said that among the four factors of suicide in Noorabad city, the economic index has the most effect on the tendency to commit suicide and has more influence than other factors, which indicates the confirmation of the research hypothesis. To analyze the family factor of suicide, which is considered the first hidden internal variable, 16 revealed external variables have been considered for it. Among the assumed indicators of the factors of lack of love and intimacy between families, with correlation coefficient (0.73), psychological and physical abuse of the family with correlation coefficient (0.70) and undue strictness and patriarchy with correlation coefficient (0.70) The most common cause of suicide in the study area is lack of individual independence and dissatisfaction with personal life with a weight of (0.27). The second internal hidden variable that is drawn in the structural model is the individual factors of suicide. As it is clear in the research model, 11 external observed variables are considered to measure individual factors. Among these studied indicators, the presence of high stress and anxiety in life at the rate of (0.60), feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness at the rate of (0.58), and feelings of guilt and error in life at the rate of (0.57) have the greatest impact. Are involved in suicide, and the lowest factor load related to suicide belongs to the index of low self-esteem and self-dislike with factor weight (0.19).
Conclusion
Based on the analyses conducted in this study, the indicators were categorized into 4 dimensions: family, individual, psychological, cultural, social, and economic. The results of the one-sample T-test of the study showed that all the dimensions studied affect high-risk suicidal behavior. Also, based on structural equation modeling, the economic dimension with a factor weight of (0.76) is in the first priority, the family dimension with a factor load of (0.74) is in the second priority, the individual and psychological dimension with a factor load of (0.70) is in the third priority, and finally the socio-cultural dimension with a factor load of (0.69) is in the fourth priority, and these relationships were scientifically and statistically confirmed. In the continuation of the research process, we sought to answer the question. Do urban spaces have an effect on high-risk suicidal behavior in the city of Noorabad? The results of the covariance weights of the structural model of the research showed that living in crime-prone neighborhoods by 0.32, not having suitable housing for living by 0.28, lack of facilities and services by 0.27, high unemployment in the city by 0.23, population density and industrialization by 0.22, inappropriate urban governance by 0.19, high stress in urban life by 0.12, and lack of green spaces in cities by 0.07 affect suicide.
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