تحلیل مکانی پراکنده رویی شهری و اثرات آن بر برابری دسترسی به بیمارستان ها در کلانشهر تهران
محورهای موضوعی : جغرافیای طبیعی و سکونتگاههای انسانیطاهره قائمی راد 1 , عباس علیمحمدی 2
1 - دانشجوی دکتری سیستم های اطلاعات مکانی، دانشکده ژئوماتیک، دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، تهران، ایران
2 - استاد گروه سیستم های اطلاعات مکانی، دانشکده ژئوماتیک، دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: دسترسی, کلانشهر تهران, پراکنده رویی شهری, شاخص گسترش وزندار شهری (WUP),
چکیده مقاله :
رشد شهرنشینی به خصوص در کشورهای در حال توسعه منجر به ایجاد پراکنده رویی شهری شده است. پراکنده رویی شهری در تهران منجر به ایجاد چالش های متعددی در تحقق توسعه پایدار گردیده است. در این پژوهش، پراکنده رویی شهری در زون های ترافیکی (TAZ) شهر تهران در یک دوره بیست ساله (2020-2001) با استفاده از شاخص گسترش وزندار شهری (WUP ) به صورت مکانی بررسی شده است. سپس، کمترین فاصله دسترسی هر TAZ تا مراکز بیمارستانی با استفاده از تحلیل شبکه محاسبه و رابطه میان پراکنده رویی و دسترسی بررسی شده است. نهایتا، منحنی لورنز و ضریب جینی جهت تعیین میزان برابری شهروندان در دسترسی به بیمارستان ها محاسبه شده اند. نتایج نشان می دهند که پراکنده رویی طی دو دهه گذشته در تهران کاهش قابل توجهی داشته است. لذا به دلیل رابطه مستقیم میان پراکندگی و فاصله دسترسی، بیشترین فاصله تا نزدیکترین بیمارستان ها نیز حدود 3 کیلومتر کاهش یافته است. با این وجود، ضریب جینی دسترسی به بیمارستان ها در سال 2020 افزایش 10% را نشان می دهد. به طوریکه در سال 2001، %90 از فرصت های بیمارستانی در میان %29 از شهروندان توزیع شده بود که این میزان در سال 2020 به %7 رسیده است. نتایج نشان می دهند کاهش پراکنده رویی شهری می تواند منجر به ارتقاء استانداردها و کاهش نابرابری دسترسی به سرویس ها شود. با این وجود، کاهش نابرابری در دسترسی علاوه بر کاهش پراکنده رویی شهری به توجه ویژه به متغیرهای اجتماعی-اقتصادی و مدیریت صحیح شهر نیز بستگی دارد.
Increasing trend of urbanization particularly in developing countries has led to urban sprawl. Urban sprawl in Tehran has led to several challenges in achieving sustainable development. A spatial analysis on urban sprawl in traffic area zones (TAZ) of Tehran has been investigated for the past two decades (2001-2020) using the Weighted Urban Proliferation (WUP) method. Then, the minimum access distance between each pair of TAZ-hospital has been calculated using Network Analysis and the relation between sprawl determinants and accessibility has been investigated. Finally, the Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients have been calculated. Results show that the sprawl level has decreased significantly in Tehran over the past two decades. Consequently, because of the direct relationship between dispersion and access distance, the maximum distance to the nearest hospitals has been reduced about 3 kilometers. However, the calculated Gini coefficients show a 10% growth over the study period; in a way that, in 2001, 90% of hospital opportunities were distributed among 29% of population, while in 2020 the same share of opportunities are distributed among only 7% of population. Results indicate that urban sprawl reduction can only increase accessibility standards and promoting equity of accessibility requires proper attention and management of socio-economic variables along with urban sprawl.
Arranz-López, A., Soria-Lara, J. A., &Pueyo-Campos, Á. (2019). Social and spatial equity effects of non-motorised accessibility to retail. Cities, 86, 71-82
Bhatta, B., Saraswati, S., & Bandyopadhyay, D. (2010). Urban sprawl measurement from remote sensing data. Applied geography, 30(4), 731-740.
Bramley, G., & Power, S. (2009). Urban form and social sustainability: the role of density and housing type, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 36(1), 30-48.
Brown, Malcolm C. (1994). Using Gini-style indices to evaluate the spatial patterns of health practitioners: theoretical considerations and an application based on Alberta. Social science & medicine, 38(9), 1243-1256.
Chang, H.S., & Liao, C.H. (2011). Exploring an integrated method for measuring the relative spatial equity in public facilities in the context of urban parks. Cities, 28(5), 361-371.
Cheng, G., Zeng, X., Duan, L., Lu, X., Sun, H., Jiang, T., & Li, Y. (2016). Spatial difference analysis for accessibility to high level hospitals based on travel time in Shenzhen, China. Habitat International, 53, 485-494.
Dadashpoor, H., & Rostami, F. (2017). Measuring spatial proportionality between service availability, accessibility and mobility: Empirical evidence using spatial equity approach in Iran. Journal of Transport Geography, 65, 44-55.
Deng, Y., Qi, W., Fu, B., & Wang, K. (2019). Geographical transformations of urban sprawl: Exploring the spatial heterogeneity across cities in China 1992–2015. Cities, 102415.
EEA, E. (2016). Urban sprawl in Europe. joint EEA-FOEN report, Luxembourg.
Epstein, J., Payne, K., & Kramer, E. (2002). Techniques for mapping suburban sprawl. Photogrammetric engineering and remote sensing, 68(9), 913-918.
Ewing, R., & Rong, F. (2008). The impact of urban form on US residential energy use. Housing policy debate, 19(1), 1-30.
Feng, Y., Wang, X., Du, W., Liu, J., & Li, Y. (2019). Spatiotemporal characteristics and driving forces of urban sprawl in China during 2003–2017. Journal of Cleaner Production, 241, 118061.
Fotini, M. (2017). A new anthropocentric approach in accessibility analysis: the activity space and the accessibility measures. Transportation Research Procedia, 24, 491-498.
Frenkel, A., & M. Ashkenazi (2008). Measuring urban sprawl: how can we deal with it?, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 35(1), 56-79.
Fulton, W. B., Pendall, R., Nguyẽ̂n, M., & Harrison, A. (2001). Who sprawls most? How growth patterns differ across the US, Brookings Institution. Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy Washington, DC.
Galster, G., Hanson, R., Ratcliffe, M. R., Wolman, H., Coleman, S., & Freihage, J. (2001). Wrestling sprawl to the ground: defining and measuring an elusive concept. Housing policy debate, 12(4), 681-717.
Guan, D., He, X., He, C., Cheng, L., & Qu, S. (2020). Does the urban sprawl matter in Yangtze River Economic Belt, China? An integrated analysis with urban sprawl index and one scenario analysis model. Cities, 99, 102611.
Guite, L. S. (2019). Assessment of urban sprawl in Bathinda city. India, Journal of Urban Management, 8(2), 195-205.
Guzman, L. A., Oviedo, & D. Rivera, C. (2017). Assessing equity in transport accessibility to work and study: The Bogotá region. Journal of Transport Geography, 58, 236-246.
Hamidi, S., Ewing, R., Preuss, I. Dodds, A. (2015). Measuring sprawl and its impacts: An update. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 35(1), 35-50.
Hasse, J. E., Lathrop, R. G. (2003). Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl. Applied geography, 23(2), 159-175.
Hennig, E. I., Schwick, C., Soukup, T., Orlitová, E., Kienast, F., & Jaeger, J. A. (2015). Multi-scale analysis of urban sprawl in Europe: Towards a European de-sprawling strategy. Land Use Policy, 49, 483-498.
Hosseinzadeh, K., Aghazadeh, S., & Nasiri, F. (2020). Analysis of the urban sprawl effects on sustainable development of integrated villages from the local community perspective (Case study: Urmia city). Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 14(4), 949-965.
Jaeger, J., Schwick, C., Bertiller, R., & Kienast, F. (2008). Urban sprawl in Switzerland: Quantitative analysis 1935 to 2002 and implications for regional planning. Scientific final report, Swiss National Science Foundation, National Research Programme NRP. 54.
Jaeger, J. A., Bertiller, R., Schwick, C., Cavens, D. Kienast, F. (2010 a). Urban permeation of landscapes and sprawl per capita: New measures of urban sprawl, Ecological Indicators. 10(2), 427-441.
Jaeger, J. A., Bertiller, R., Schwick, C., & Kienast, F. (2010 b). Suitability criteria for measures of urban sprawl. Ecological indicators, 10(2), 397-406.
Jaeger, J. A., & Schwick, C. (2014). Improving the measurement of urban sprawl: Weighted Urban Proliferation (WUP) and its application to Switzerland. Ecological Indicators, 38, 294-308.
Jargowsky, P. A. (2002). Sprawl, concentration of poverty, and urban inequality. Urban sprawl: Causes, consequences, and policy responses, 39-72.
Jat, M. K., Garg, P. K., & Khare, D. (2008). Monitoring and modelling of urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniques. International journal of Applied earth Observation and Geoinformation, 10(1), 26-43.
Kimpton, A. (2017). A spatial analytic approach for classifying greenspace and comparing greenspace social equit. Applied geography, 82, 129-142.
Kompil, M., Jacobs-Crisioni, C., Dijkstra, L., & Lavalle, C. (2019). Mapping accessibility to generic services in Europe: A market-potential based approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 47, 101372.
Lee, W. H., Ambrey, C., & Pojani, D. (2018). How do sprawl and inequality affect well-being in American cities?, Cities, 79, 70-77.
Liao, C.H., Hsueh-Sheng, C., & Tsou, K.W. (2009). Explore the spatial equity of urban public facility allocation based on sustainable development viewpoint, na.
Liu, Z., Liu, S., Qi, W., & Jin, H. (2018). Urban sprawl among Chinese cities of different population sizes. Habitat International, 79, 89-98.
Lopez, R., & Hynes, H. P. (2003). Sprawl in the 1990s: measurement, distribution, and trends. Urban Affairs Review, 38(3), 325-355.
Lotfi, S., & Koohsari, M. J. (2009). Measuring objective accessibility to neighborhood facilities in the city (A case study: Zone 6 in Tehran, Iran). Cities, 26(3), 133-140.
Lucas, K., Van Wee, Bert., & Maat, Kees. (2016). A method to evaluate equitable accessibility: combining ethical theories and accessibility-based approaches. Transportation, 43(3), 473-490.
Lucy, W. (1981). Equity and planning for local services. Journal of the American Planning Association, 47(4), 447-457.
Manderscheid, K. (2009). Unequal mobilities. Mobilities and inequality. 27-50.
Mansour, S. (2016). Spatial analysis of public health facilities in Riyadh Governorate, Saudi Arabia: a GIS-based study to assess geographic variations of service provision and accessibility. Geo-spatial Information Science, 19(1), 26-38.
Moroni, S., & Minola, L. (2019). Unnatural sprawl: Reconsidering public responsibility for suburban development in Italy, and the desirability and possibility of changing the rules of the game. Land Use Policy, 86, 104-112.
Mosammam, H. M., Nia, J. T., Khani, H., Teymouri, A., & Kazemi, M. (2017). Monitoring land use change and measuring urban sprawl based on its spatial forms: the case of Qom city. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 20(1), 103-116.
Nazarnia, N., Schwick, C., & Jaeger, J. A. (2016). Accelerated urban sprawl in Montreal, Quebec City, and Zurich: Investigating the differences using time series 1951–2011. Ecological Indicators, 60, 1229-1251.
Neutens, T., Schwanen, T., Witlox, F., & De Maeyer, Ph. (2010). Equity of urban service delivery: a comparison of different accessibility measures. Environment and Planning A, 42(7), 1613-1635.
Nicholls, S. (2001). Measuring the accessibility and equity of public parks: A case study using GIS. Managing leisure, 6(4), 201-219.
Noor, N. M., & Hashim, M. (2010). Urban Sprawl Processes Joining Cellular Automata, GIS and Remote Sensing Data: Simulation of Details Un-authorized Development. Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA), 2010 International Conference on, IEEE.
Oh, K., & Jeong, S. (2007). Assessing the spatial distribution of urban parks using GIS. Landscape and urban planning, 82(1), 25-32.
Omer, I. (2006). Evaluating accessibility using house-level data: A spatial equity perspective. Computers. Environment and Urban Systems, 30(3), 254-274.
Oueslati, W., Alvanides, S., & Garrod, G. (2015). Determinants of urban sprawl in European cities. Urban Studies, 52(9), 1594-1614.
Pasaogullari, N., & Doratli, N. (2004). Measuring accessibility and utilization of public spaces in Famagusta. Cities, 21(3), 225-232.
Roshan, G. R., Shahraki, S. Z., Sauri, D., & Borna, R. (2010). Urban sprawl and climatic changes in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 7(1), 43-52.
Salehpour, Sh., & Afrakhteh, H. (2016). Analysis of the level of the health care services development from spatial equity perspective (Case study: Rural settlements of West Azerbaijan province). Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 11(36), 19-38.
Salonen, M. (2014). Analysing spatial accessibility patterns with travel time and distance measures: novel approaches for rural and urban contexts.
Tahmasbi, B., Mansourianfar, M. H., Haghshenas, H., & Kim, I. (2019). Multimodal accessibility-based equity assessment of urban public facilities distribution. Sustainable Cities and Society, 101633.
Taleai, M., Sliuzas, R., & Flacke, J. (2014). An integrated framework to evaluate the equity of urban public facilities using spatial multi-criteria analysis. Cities, 40, 56-69.
Talen, E. (1997). The social equity of urban service distribution: An exploration of park access in Pueblo, Colorado, and Macon, Georgia. Urban geography, 18(6), 521-541.
Talen, E., & Anselin, L. (1998). Assessing spatial equity: an evaluation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds. Environment and planning A, 30(4), 595-613.
Thomas, L., & Cousins, W. (1996). The compact city: a successful, desirable and achievable urban form. The compact city: A sustainable urban form, 53-65.
Torrens, P. M. (2008). A toolkit for measuring sprawl. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 1(1), 5-36.
Torrens, P. M., & Alberti, M. (2000). Measuring sprawl.
Triantakonstantis, D., & Stathakis, D. (2015). Examining urban sprawl in Europe using spatial metrics. Geocarto International, 30(10), 1092-1112.
Tsou, K.W., Hung, Y.T., & Chang, Y.L. (2005). An accessibility-based integrated measure of relative spatial equity in urban public facilities. Cities, 22(6), 424-435.
Van Wee, B. (2016). Accessible accessibility research challenges. Journal of Transport Geography, 51, 9-16.
Van Wee, Bert., & Geurs, Karst. (2011). Discussing equity and social exclusion in accessibility evaluations. European journal of transport and infrastructure research, 11(4).
Wang, X., Shi, R., & Zhou, Y. (2019). Dynamics of urban sprawl and sustainable development in China. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 100736.
Welch, T.F., & Mishra, S. (2013). A measure of equity for public transit connectivity. Journal of Transport Geography, 33, 29-41.
Wen, H., Xiao, Y., Hui, E. C., & Zhang, L. (2018). Education quality, accessibility, and housing price: Does spatial heterogeneity exist in education capitalization?. Habitat International, 78, 68-82.
Wu, C., Ye, X., Du, Q., & Luo, P. (2017). Spatial effects of accessibility to parks on housing prices in Shenzhen. China. Habitat International, 63, 45-54.
Xu, Chao., Haase, Dagmar., Pribadi, Didit Okta., Pauleit, Stephan. (2018). Spatial variation of green space equity and its relation with urban dynamics: A case study in the region of Munich. Ecological indicators, 93, 512-523.
Ye, Z., & Xiang, H. (2015). Research on the basic education spatial distribution in Shandong province. Geoinformatics, 23rd International Conference on, IEEE.
Yue, W., Zhang, L., & Liu, Y. (2016). Measuring sprawl in large Chinese cities along the Yangtze River via combined single and multidimensional metrics. Habitat International, 57, 43-52.
Zhang, X., Lu, H., Holt, J. B. (2011). Modeling spatial accessibility to parks: a national study. International Journal of Health Geographics, 10(1), 31.
_||_