نقش محیط و معیشت در شکل گیری خانه های بومی منطقه تالش
محورهای موضوعی : معماری و شهرسازی و سکونتگاههای انسانی
محمد محمدزاده دوگاهه
1
(دانشجوی دکتری معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران)
حسین سلطان زاده
2
(دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
جواد شکاری نیری
3
(استادیار گروه مرمت و احیای بناهای تاریخی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین الملل امام خمینی، قزوین، ایران)
تیمور آمار
4
(دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران)
کلید واژه: معماری بومی, محیط و معماری, اثر معیشت بر خانه, خانه های بومی تالش,
چکیده مقاله :
مقدمه: بررسی نقش محیط و بوم در شکل گیری خانه های بومی منطقه تالش موضوع این تحقیق می باشد، اهمیت این موضوع به این سبب است که به نظر می رسد هنوز تحقیق کافی در مورد معماری این منطقه صورت نگرفته است. هدف: هدف این پژوهش شناخت چگونگی تاثیر محیط و معیشت در معماری خانه ها است. پرسش اصلی این تحقیق این است که نقش عوامل محیطی و نوع معیشت در شکل گیری خانه های این منطقه چه بوده است؟ روش شناسی تحقیق: از روش تحقیق توصیفی و تحلیلی استفاده شده است و گردآوری داده ها به صورت میدانی و اسنادی بوده است. متغیر مستقلِ پژوهش، محیط و شیوه های معیشت و متغییر وابسته آن معماری خانه های بومی تالش می باشد. جامعه آماری تحقیق منطقه تالش و روش نمونه برداری سهمیه ایی است. قلمرو جغرافیایی پژوهش: منطقه شامل شهرستان های آستارا، تالش، ماسال، رضوانشهر و بخش هایی از شهرهای شفت، فومن و صومعه سرا در غرب استان گیلان مانند ماسوله، ماکلوان، گشت، امام زاده ابراهیم،... و بخش هایی از شهر های نمین و خلخال در استان اردبیل و شهرهای آستارا، لنکران، ماساللی، جلیل آباد، لریک، یاردیملی و سالیان در جمهوری آذربایجان است یافته ها و بحث: نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که تنوع فضاها، ایوان، تلار باز و فضاهای متخلخل لایه بیرونی برای نفوذ هوا به داخل، از ویژگی های خانه های جلگه است امّا در کوهپایه و کوهستان چنین نیست. تعداد فضاهای خدماتی بیرونِ بنای اصلی در حوزه کوهپایه به ترتیب بیشتر از جلگه و کوهستان ولی گستردگی و مساحت آن ها در محوطه خانه های جلگه بیشتر از کوهپایه و کوهستان است. میانگین مساحت طبقه همکف به کل در خانه های جلگه به ترتیب بیشتر از کوهستان و کوهپایه ولی میانگین مساحت ایوان در همکف و فضاهای طبقه اول در جلگه به ترتیب بیشتر از کوهپایه و کوهستان و میانگین مساحت فضاهای دامی و انبار در کوهستان به ترتیب از جلگه و کوهپایه بیشتر است.
The study of the role of the environment and habitat in the formation of vernacular houses in Talesh is the subject of this research. The importance of this issue is because that there is not still enough research on the architecture of this area. The aim of this study is to understand how the environment and livelihood affect the architecture of houses. the main question of this research is that what is the role of environmental factors and the type of livelihood in the formation of houses in this region? Research method is descriptive and analytical and the data collection has been done in the form of field and documentary.The direct variables are the environment and livelihood and the architecture of vernacular houses is the dependent variable in the research. The statistical population is Talesh area and the sampling method is quota. The results of the research shows that the number of service spaces outside the building in foothills are more than the plain and the mountainous but the extent and the space of the area in the plain houses are higher than the foothills and mountains. The average floor area of the ground floor in the total area in the plain area is more than foothills and mountains but the average area of the porch and first floor spaces in the plain is more than the foothills and mountains and the average space of livestock spaces and warehouses in the mountains are more than the plains and foothills, respectively.
Abdel-Azim, G., & Abdul-Aziz Osman, K. (2018). The importance of cultural dimensions in the design process of the vernacular societies. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 9 (4), 2755–2765.
Abdoli, A., (2014). Talesh History. (2th Ed.). Tehran: Jameenegar Publication. (In Persian)
Bazin, M., & Bromberger, C. (1981). Gilan and East Azarbaijan Anthropological maps and documents. (3th Ed.). Paris: A-D-P-F Publication.
Bazin, M., (2015). TALESH, Ethnic Area in Northern Iran. Translated by: Farshchian, M., (2th Ed.). Tehran: Jameenegar Publication. (In Persian)
Bromberger, C. (1991). Housing and architecture in the rural community of Gilan. Translated by: Goosheh gir, A., (1nd Ed.). Tehran: Institute for Cultural Studies and Research. (In Persian)
EMADI, M. I., GHASEMI, M., OSIVAND, S., & ROUDI, F. (2013). Sustainable Architecture Analyses of Stepped Village, Case study: Masouleh, Iran. Recent Advances in Energy, Environment and Development. ISBN: 978-1-61804-157-9, 152–157.
Gorji Mahlebani, Y., & Daneshvar, K. (2010). Climate Impact on the Formation of Traditional Guilan Architecture Elements. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, (4), 135–145. (In Persian)
Guilan Rural Heritage Museum. http://www.gecomuseum.com/LandingPage.aspx
Hashemnejad, H., & Molanaei, S. (2008). Architecture with looking at the sky. Journal HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA-Memari- Va- Shahrsazi. (36), 17–26. (In Persian)
Khakpour, M, (2005). Vernacular housing in rural communities of Guilan. Journal HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA-Memari- Va- Shahrsazi. (22), 63–72. (In Persian)
Khakpour, M, (2006). Construction of Shikiley Houses in Gilan. Journal HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA-Memari- Va- Shahrsazi. (25), 45–54. (In Persian)
Khakpour, M. (2011). The Architecture of Guilan's houses. (2th Ed.). Rasht: Farhange eilia Publication. (In Persian)
Khakpour, M. (2012). The effect of socio-cultural factors on the formation of rural vernacular housing in Gilan (with emphasis on the role of women). Ph.D. Thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University. Tehran, IRAN.
Mahdavipour, H., & Jafari, A. (2012). The status of knowledge and vernacular craft in today's architecture education. Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, (137), 17–36. (In Persian)
Memarian, G. (2007). An introduction to Iranian residential buildings (extrovert typologies) (4th Ed.). Tehran: Soroush Danesh Publication. (In Persian)
Mohammadi Mazraeh, H., & Pazhouhanfar, M. (2018). Effects of vernacular architecture structure on urban sustainability case study: Qeshm Island, Iran. Frontiers of Architectural Research. (7), 11–24.
Molaei Hashjin, N., & Hoseinnejad, M. (2012). The role of traditional houses in lowland and mountainous regions in the sustainable development of West villages of Mazandaran (Ramsar- Tonekabon). Geographical landscape (human studies). 18 (7), 1–17. (In Persian)
Oikonomou, A., & Bougiatioti, F. (2011).Architectural structure and environmental performance of the traditional buildings in Florina, NW Greece. Building and Environment. , 669-689.
Pirzad, A., & Riahi Moghaddam, S. (2017).A Survey for Relationship between Ecological Rural Architecture and Rural Economic (In Moderate-Humid Regions and Hot-Dry Areas). Two Quarterly The Arts of Caspian Arae.1 (1), 23–41. (In Persian)
Pour lomer, H., (2014). Typology of Traditional Houses in Talesh (Case Study: Khalehsara Village). Quarterly Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, (147), 117–131. (In Persian)
Rabovbi, M. (1986). Vernacular architecture and its application, Understanding yesterday for today and tomorrow's architecture. (2nd Ed.). Tehran: FAZA cultural Institute. (In Persian)
Raheb, GH. (2014). Typology of housing formation zones in Iranian rural settlements in interaction with environmental factors. Journal HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA-Memari- Va- Shahrsazi. (4), 87–100. (In Persian)
Salimi Moaiied, S. (2015).Anthropology of Marian's Temporary Houses and its Neighboring Villages, Case Study: Pori. Quarterly Asar. 36 (68), 15–38. (In Persian)
Saljoughinejad, S., & Sharifabad, S. R. (2015). Classification of climatic strategies, used in Iranian vernacular residences based on spatial constituent elements. Building and Environment, 475-493.
Soltanzadeh, H., (2011). The role of geography in the formation of types of courtyards in traditional Iranian houses. Journal of Human Geography Research. (75), 69–86. (In Persian)
Soltanzadeh, H., (2014). The role of geography and culture in the formation of roofing in residential units. Journal of Human Geography Research .2 (46), 449–464. (In Persian)
Sozen, M. S., & Gedik, G. Z. (2007). Evaluation of traditional architecture in terms of building physics: old Diyarbakir houses. Building and Environment, 1810-1816.
Talebi Rostami, H. (2012). Light, Wind and Shadows Fragile Vernacular Architecture in Imamzadeh Ibrahim, Shaft, Iran. A report submitted for the degree of post professional Master of Architecture, McGill University. Montreal, CANADA.
Taleghani, M. (2010a). Mousavi House, Guilan rural architecture heritage. (1th Ed.). Tehran: Matn Artwork Publisher. (In Persian)
Taleghani, M. (2010b). Mohtashem Talab House, Guilan rural architecture heritage. (1th Ed.). Tehran: Matn Artwork Publisher. (In Persian)
Taleghani, M. (2011a). Mousa Zadeh House, Guilan rural architecture heritage. (1th Ed.). Tehran: Matn Artwork Publisher. (In Persian)
Taleghani, M., (2011b). Tarbi House, Guilan rural architecture heritage.(1th Ed.).Tehran: Matn Artwork Publisher. (In Persian)
Varmaghani, H., & Soltanzadeh, H. (2016). Role of Gender and Livelihoods in Home Formation (Comparison of Qajar Houses in Gilan and Bushehr). Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, (23), 123–134. (In Persian)
Varmaghani, H., & Soltanzadeh, H., & Dehbashi Sharif, M. (2015). Comparative study of vernacular housing in Gilan and Mazandaran based on human geographic factors. Quarterly Journal New Attitudes in Human Geography, 7 (2) , 107–206. (In Persian)
Vissilia, A-M., (2009).Evaluation of Greek vernacular settlement and its landscape: architectural typology and building physics. Building and Environment, 1095-1106.
Zayyari, K., (2010). Comparative evaluation of the governing patterns of rural settlements in the west and south of Country (Khorramabad and Bandar Abbas). Quarterly Journal Zagros Geographic Landscape, 2 (3), 79–91. (In Persian)
Zolfagharzadeh, H., & Hesari, H. (2014). Ecological Theory to Habitat Architecture. Quarterly Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, (145), 29–44. (In Persian)
_||_Abdel-Azim, G., & Abdul-Aziz Osman, K. (2018). The importance of cultural dimensions in the design process of the vernacular societies. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 9 (4), 2755–2765.
Abdoli, A., (2014). Talesh History. (2th Ed.). Tehran: Jameenegar Publication. (In Persian)
Bazin, M., & Bromberger, C. (1981). Gilan and East Azarbaijan Anthropological maps and documents. (3th Ed.). Paris: A-D-P-F Publication.
Bazin, M., (2015). TALESH, Ethnic Area in Northern Iran. Translated by: Farshchian, M., (2th Ed.). Tehran: Jameenegar Publication. (In Persian)
Bromberger, C. (1991). Housing and architecture in the rural community of Gilan. Translated by: Goosheh gir, A., (1nd Ed.). Tehran: Institute for Cultural Studies and Research. (In Persian)
EMADI, M. I., GHASEMI, M., OSIVAND, S., & ROUDI, F. (2013). Sustainable Architecture Analyses of Stepped Village, Case study: Masouleh, Iran. Recent Advances in Energy, Environment and Development. ISBN: 978-1-61804-157-9, 152–157.
Gorji Mahlebani, Y., & Daneshvar, K. (2010). Climate Impact on the Formation of Traditional Guilan Architecture Elements. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, (4), 135–145. (In Persian)
Guilan Rural Heritage Museum. http://www.gecomuseum.com/LandingPage.aspx
Hashemnejad, H., & Molanaei, S. (2008). Architecture with looking at the sky. Journal HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA-Memari- Va- Shahrsazi. (36), 17–26. (In Persian)
Khakpour, M, (2005). Vernacular housing in rural communities of Guilan. Journal HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA-Memari- Va- Shahrsazi. (22), 63–72. (In Persian)
Khakpour, M, (2006). Construction of Shikiley Houses in Gilan. Journal HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA-Memari- Va- Shahrsazi. (25), 45–54. (In Persian)
Khakpour, M. (2011). The Architecture of Guilan's houses. (2th Ed.). Rasht: Farhange eilia Publication. (In Persian)
Khakpour, M. (2012). The effect of socio-cultural factors on the formation of rural vernacular housing in Gilan (with emphasis on the role of women). Ph.D. Thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University. Tehran, IRAN.
Mahdavipour, H., & Jafari, A. (2012). The status of knowledge and vernacular craft in today's architecture education. Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, (137), 17–36. (In Persian)
Memarian, G. (2007). An introduction to Iranian residential buildings (extrovert typologies) (4th Ed.). Tehran: Soroush Danesh Publication. (In Persian)
Mohammadi Mazraeh, H., & Pazhouhanfar, M. (2018). Effects of vernacular architecture structure on urban sustainability case study: Qeshm Island, Iran. Frontiers of Architectural Research. (7), 11–24.
Molaei Hashjin, N., & Hoseinnejad, M. (2012). The role of traditional houses in lowland and mountainous regions in the sustainable development of West villages of Mazandaran (Ramsar- Tonekabon). Geographical landscape (human studies). 18 (7), 1–17. (In Persian)
Oikonomou, A., & Bougiatioti, F. (2011).Architectural structure and environmental performance of the traditional buildings in Florina, NW Greece. Building and Environment. , 669-689.
Pirzad, A., & Riahi Moghaddam, S. (2017).A Survey for Relationship between Ecological Rural Architecture and Rural Economic (In Moderate-Humid Regions and Hot-Dry Areas). Two Quarterly The Arts of Caspian Arae.1 (1), 23–41. (In Persian)
Pour lomer, H., (2014). Typology of Traditional Houses in Talesh (Case Study: Khalehsara Village). Quarterly Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, (147), 117–131. (In Persian)
Rabovbi, M. (1986). Vernacular architecture and its application, Understanding yesterday for today and tomorrow's architecture. (2nd Ed.). Tehran: FAZA cultural Institute. (In Persian)
Raheb, GH. (2014). Typology of housing formation zones in Iranian rural settlements in interaction with environmental factors. Journal HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA-Memari- Va- Shahrsazi. (4), 87–100. (In Persian)
Salimi Moaiied, S. (2015).Anthropology of Marian's Temporary Houses and its Neighboring Villages, Case Study: Pori. Quarterly Asar. 36 (68), 15–38. (In Persian)
Saljoughinejad, S., & Sharifabad, S. R. (2015). Classification of climatic strategies, used in Iranian vernacular residences based on spatial constituent elements. Building and Environment, 475-493.
Soltanzadeh, H., (2011). The role of geography in the formation of types of courtyards in traditional Iranian houses. Journal of Human Geography Research. (75), 69–86. (In Persian)
Soltanzadeh, H., (2014). The role of geography and culture in the formation of roofing in residential units. Journal of Human Geography Research .2 (46), 449–464. (In Persian)
Sozen, M. S., & Gedik, G. Z. (2007). Evaluation of traditional architecture in terms of building physics: old Diyarbakir houses. Building and Environment, 1810-1816.
Talebi Rostami, H. (2012). Light, Wind and Shadows Fragile Vernacular Architecture in Imamzadeh Ibrahim, Shaft, Iran. A report submitted for the degree of post professional Master of Architecture, McGill University. Montreal, CANADA.
Taleghani, M. (2010a). Mousavi House, Guilan rural architecture heritage. (1th Ed.). Tehran: Matn Artwork Publisher. (In Persian)
Taleghani, M. (2010b). Mohtashem Talab House, Guilan rural architecture heritage. (1th Ed.). Tehran: Matn Artwork Publisher. (In Persian)
Taleghani, M. (2011a). Mousa Zadeh House, Guilan rural architecture heritage. (1th Ed.). Tehran: Matn Artwork Publisher. (In Persian)
Taleghani, M., (2011b). Tarbi House, Guilan rural architecture heritage.(1th Ed.).Tehran: Matn Artwork Publisher. (In Persian)
Varmaghani, H., & Soltanzadeh, H. (2016). Role of Gender and Livelihoods in Home Formation (Comparison of Qajar Houses in Gilan and Bushehr). Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, (23), 123–134. (In Persian)
Varmaghani, H., & Soltanzadeh, H., & Dehbashi Sharif, M. (2015). Comparative study of vernacular housing in Gilan and Mazandaran based on human geographic factors. Quarterly Journal New Attitudes in Human Geography, 7 (2) , 107–206. (In Persian)
Vissilia, A-M., (2009).Evaluation of Greek vernacular settlement and its landscape: architectural typology and building physics. Building and Environment, 1095-1106.
Zayyari, K., (2010). Comparative evaluation of the governing patterns of rural settlements in the west and south of Country (Khorramabad and Bandar Abbas). Quarterly Journal Zagros Geographic Landscape, 2 (3), 79–91. (In Persian)
Zolfagharzadeh, H., & Hesari, H. (2014). Ecological Theory to Habitat Architecture. Quarterly Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, (145), 29–44. (In Persian)