تنش¬ سرما و راهکارهاي مقابله با آن در گیاهان زراعي
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت محیط زیست
اسماعیل قلی نژاد
1
*
,
رضا درویش زاده
2
1 - دانشیار، گروه علمي علوم کشاورزي، دانشگاه پيام نور، تهران، ايران. * (مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه اروميه. ارومیه.
کلید واژه: اجتناب, پتانسیل اسمزی, تحمل, تنش, مکانیسم تحمل سرما.,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: تنش سرما یکی از تنشهای غیرزیست مضر است و از نظر جغرافیایی عملکرد گیاهان را محدود می‌کند. سازگاری با سرما فرآیندی است که باعث ایجاد مقاومت در برابر تنش سرما در گیاهان مناطق معتدل میشود. تغییرات ساختاری و مورفولوژیکی مختلفی در این فرآیند دخیل هستند. همچنین عوامل آنزیمی و غیر آنزیمی در سازگاری به سرما نقش دارند. تجمع اجزای فعال زیستی، بیوسنتز فیتوهورمونها، تعادل یونی، تجمع اسمولیتها (املاح سازگارساز) و تغییرات در جذب مواد مغذی، اصلاح سیستم ریشه و مقاومت سیستمیک از تحقیقات جدیدی است که در این بررسی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. مقاله حاضر با هدف بررسی پژوهشهای علمی مرتبط با اثرات، مدیریت و کنترل تنش سرما در گیاهان زراعي انجام شده است.
روش بررسی: مقاله حاضر یک مقاله مروری است که با جستجو در مقالههای مرتبط در پایگاههای معتبر (Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID) تهيه شده است و هدف آن بررسی اثرات، سازوکارهایهای تحمل، روشهای پژوهش، صفات مهم قابل اندازهگیری، مدیریت و کنترل تنش سرما ميباشد.
یافته ها: سرما و انجماد که به ترتیب در دمای كمتر از 15 و 0 درجه سانتیگراد رخ میدهد، هر دو از مهمترین تنشهای غیرزیستی هستند که بر بهرهوری گیاهان با كاهش جوانهزنی، غیر طبیعی شدن گیاهچه، كاهش انبساط برگ، پژمردگی، کلروز و نکروز برگ، و آسیب به اندامهای تولید مثل تأثیر میگذارند. علاوه بر این سرما باعث تغییر رژیم آب، توزیع مواد مغذی معدنی، فتوسنتز و سرعت تنفس، کاهش تشکیل میوه، افزایش ریزش گل و انحراف لوله گرده میشود که در نهایت منجر به کاهش تولید محصول در گیاهان میشود. تنش سرما با تخریب کلروفیل و كاهش بازده کوانتومی فتوسیستم 2 باعث افت فتوسنتز ميشود. سرما همچنين باعث افزايش محتواي مالون دی آلدئید، پروتئین محلول کل، نشت الکترولیت، فعالیت پراکسیدازها، گونههای اکسیژن فعال و تخریب پروتئین میشود. عمدهترین اثر نامطلوب تنش سرما در گیاهان آسیب وارده به غشای پلاسمایی است كه به دلیل کم آبی ناشی از تنش سرما است. در مجموع، تنش سرما منجر به از بین رفتن یکپارچگی غشا میشود كه نتيجه آن نشت املاح است.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: گیاهان به تنش سرما از طریق مکانیسم‌های مختلف مانند تنظیم مثبت بیان ژن‌های مرتبط با سازگاری به سرما مانند ژن‌های کدکننده دهیدرین، پروتئینهای تنظیم‌شده با سرما، افزايش پایداری غشای سلولی با تجمع قندها و پروتئینهای ضد یخ مانند دهیدرینها، اصلاح ترکیب لیپیدی برای افزایش نسبت اسيدهاي چرب غیراشباع به اشباع، افزایش برخی از هورمونهای گیاهی مانند اسید سالیسیلیک، اسید جاسمونیک، اتیلن و اسید آبسزیک، افزایش فعالیت آنتیاکسیدانها، تجمع املاح سازگارساز مانند اسیدهای آمینه، قندها، کربوهیدراتها، پرولین و گلیسین بتائین (ترکیبات نیتروژن با وزن مولکولی کم) به عنوان تنظیم كنندههاي اسمزی، تغییر در مقدار عناصر غذایی و افزایش تولید متابولیتهای ثانویه پاسخ میدهند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Cold stress is one of the harmful abiotic stresses and geographically limits the performance of plants. Adaptation to cold is a process that causes resistance to cold stress in temperate plants. Various structural and morphological changes are involved in this process. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic factors also play a role in cold adaptation. Accumulation of bioactive components, biosynthesis of phytohormones, ionic balance, osmolyte accumulation (compatible solutes) and changes in nutrient absorption, root system modification and systemic resistance are some of the new researches that are considered in this review. The purpose of this article is to review scientific research related to the effects, management and control of cold stress in agricultural plants.
Material and Methodology: The present article is a review paper that has been prepared by searching for related articles in reputable databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID). Its aim is to investigate the effects, mechanisms of tolerance, research methods, important measurable traits, and management and control of cold stress.
Findings: Cold and freezing, which occur at temperatures below 15°C and 0°C, respectively, are both of the most important abiotic stresses that affect plant productivity by reducing germination, seedling abnormality, reduced leaf expansion, wilting, leaf chlorosis and necrosis, and damage to reproductive organs. In addition, the cold changes the water regime, distribution of mineral nutrients, photosynthesis and respiration rate, decreases fruit formation, increases flower shedding and pollen tube deviation, which ultimately leads to a decrease in plants productions. Cold stress causes a decrease in photosynthesis by destroying chlorophyll and reducing the quantum efficiency of photosystem 2. Cold also increases the content of malondialdehyde, total soluble protein, electrolyte leakage, peroxidase activity, reactive oxygen species and protein degradation. The main adverse effect of cold stress in plants is damage to the plasma membrane due to dehydration caused by cold stress. In general, cold stress leads to the loss of membrane integrity, which results in solute leakage.
Discussion and Conclusion: Plants respond to cold stress through different mechanisms, such as positive regulation of the expression of genes related to cold adaptation, such as genes encoding dehydrin, cold-regulated proteins, increasing the stability of the cell membrane by accumulating sugars and antifreeze proteins such as dehydrins, modifying the lipid composition for increasing the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids, increasing some plant hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene and abscisic acid, increasing the activity of antioxidants, accumulation of compatible solutes such as amino acids, sugars, carbohydrates, proline and glycine. Betaine (nitrogen compounds with low molecular weight) respond as osmotic regulators, changing the amount of nutrients and increasing the production of secondary metabolites.
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