Cold Stress and Strategies to cope with it in Crops
Subject Areas : Environmental managment
Esmaeil Gholinezhad
1
*
,
رضا درویش زاده
2
1 - Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)
2 - Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Keywords: Avoidance, Cold tolerance mechanism, Osmotic potential, Stress, Tolerance.,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Cold stress is one of the harmful abiotic stresses and geographically limits the performance of plants. Adaptation to cold is a process that causes resistance to cold stress in temperate plants. Various structural and morphological changes are involved in this process. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic factors also play a role in cold adaptation. Accumulation of bioactive components, biosynthesis of phytohormones, ionic balance, osmolyte accumulation (compatible solutes) and changes in nutrient absorption, root system modification and systemic resistance are some of the new researches that are considered in this review. The purpose of this article is to review scientific research related to the effects, management and control of cold stress in agricultural plants.
Material and Methodology: The present article is a review paper that has been prepared by searching for related articles in reputable databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID). Its aim is to investigate the effects, mechanisms of tolerance, research methods, important measurable traits, and management and control of cold stress.
Findings: Cold and freezing, which occur at temperatures below 15°C and 0°C, respectively, are both of the most important abiotic stresses that affect plant productivity by reducing germination, seedling abnormality, reduced leaf expansion, wilting, leaf chlorosis and necrosis, and damage to reproductive organs. In addition, the cold changes the water regime, distribution of mineral nutrients, photosynthesis and respiration rate, decreases fruit formation, increases flower shedding and pollen tube deviation, which ultimately leads to a decrease in plants productions. Cold stress causes a decrease in photosynthesis by destroying chlorophyll and reducing the quantum efficiency of photosystem 2. Cold also increases the content of malondialdehyde, total soluble protein, electrolyte leakage, peroxidase activity, reactive oxygen species and protein degradation. The main adverse effect of cold stress in plants is damage to the plasma membrane due to dehydration caused by cold stress. In general, cold stress leads to the loss of membrane integrity, which results in solute leakage.
Discussion and Conclusion: Plants respond to cold stress through different mechanisms, such as positive regulation of the expression of genes related to cold adaptation, such as genes encoding dehydrin, cold-regulated proteins, increasing the stability of the cell membrane by accumulating sugars and antifreeze proteins such as dehydrins, modifying the lipid composition for increasing the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids, increasing some plant hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene and abscisic acid, increasing the activity of antioxidants, accumulation of compatible solutes such as amino acids, sugars, carbohydrates, proline and glycine. Betaine (nitrogen compounds with low molecular weight) respond as osmotic regulators, changing the amount of nutrients and increasing the production of secondary metabolites.
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