Location of Yazd Aerial Relief Sites in the Disasters of Geological Hazards of the Earthquake Using Spatial Information System
Subject Areas : Journal of Radar and Optical Remote Sensing and GISAbbas Kangi 1 , seyyed abolfazl kashfi 2 , sara gilvari 3 , Alireza sarsangi aliabad 4
1 - Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Shahroud Branch, Islamic Azad University,Semnan, Iran
2 - Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, Iran
3 - MSc of Environmental Geology, Mahabad Branch, Payame Noor University, Iran
4 - Ph.D. Student of GIS and Remote Sensing, University of Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: Yazd, hierarchical analysis, Air Rescue, Spatial Information System, Similarity to Ideal Option,
Abstract :
Natural hazards have always changed the environment and threatened human life. In this regard, geological hazards including earthquake, subsidence, etc. are the most destructive natural factors that our country, Iran, is affected by them. That is why planning and preparation to deal with these catastrophes is essential. Aerial communication networks have an important role in the relief operation because of the rapid access after an earthquake. The purpose of this study, is locating an appropriate site of air rescuing after a casualty. Hierarchical analysis method was used for weighting after determining the effective indicators in locating; including the area of open space of the site, access to dense and vulnerable texture, service user and main arteries. After preparing the final map, zones of avoidance were announced. The evaluation method similarity to ideal option in the software environment of the spatial information system was used to select the final site. This study is an applied research because of its aim and it has been carried out using descriptive - analytical method. According to obtained results, three squares called Sanat, Saheb-a Zaman and Farhang were selected as suitable sites. Sanat square was identified as an appropriate site because of having the highest score according to defined criteria
Location of Yazd Aerial Relief Sites in the Disasters of Geological Hazards of the Earthquake Using Spatial Information System
Abstract:
Natural hazards have always changed the environment and threatened human life. In this regard, geological hazards including earthquake, subsidence and etc. are the most destructive of the natural factors that our country, Iran, is affected by them too. That is why planning and preparation to deal with these catastrophes is essential. Aerial communication networks have an important role in the relief operation because of the rapid access after an earthquake. The purpose of this study, is locating an appropriate site of air rescuing after a casualty. Hierarchical analysis method was used for weighting after determining the effective indicators in locating; including the area of open space of the site, access to dense and vulnerable texture, service user and main arteries. After preparing the final map, zones of avoidance were announced. The evaluation method similarity to ideal option in the software environment of the spatial information system was used to select the final site. This study is an applied research because of its aim and it has been carried out using descriptive - analytical method. According to obtained results, three squares called Sanat, Saheb-a Zaman and Farhang were selected as suitable sites. Sanat square was identified as an appropriate site because of having the highest score according to defined criteria.
Keyword: air rescue, spatial information system, hierarchical analysis, similarity to ideal option, Yazd.
1. Introduction:
Natural hazards are always taking place. Hazards change to disasters when they occur in human environment and cause financial and life losses. Natural hazards which are capable of becoming a city crisis can be pointed to geological hazards including earthquake, subsidence, landslide etc. Every year in the world, facilities and urban infrastructures, monuments, office, commercial and residential buildings are damaged or destroyed because of natural Disasters, and unfortunately, most of these Disasters are associated with human casualties (Gholam Hosseini, 2012). The use of information technology and new information on crisis management is very important for organizations involved run. Data collection from crisis area is faster and easier using mobile technology. Every day newer generations of mobile technologies and communications are needed. In this regard, spatial information system with many abilities is very important in crisis management and rescuing. This system, as a powerful tool in marketing, analyzing and saving data, helps accurately and quickly studies. In recent years, geographical information system and related technologies have been considered as transferable technologies which have made useful changes in health care, prices, qualities, ability of receiving services and public health information (Mehrabi , 2014). One of the measures to manage the crisis is thinking of relief efforts after it has occurred. One of the important issues before creating these bases is the study, survey and select a proper place to install this kind of user; a place that not only is safe in critical conditions for the base but also has a variety of performance in normal circumstances. Considering the presence of urban centers in Iran along the main and au fault line, it is necessary to make predictions for possible geological hazards. Although precise knowledge of the devastating earthquakes in Yazd is unavailable and the only existing faults belong to the fourth geological period, the occurrence of Bam earthquake is a warning of danger to the cities with historical texture such as Yazd. Considering the great similarity of buildings status and historical textures between Bam and Yazd and additionally and the presence of numerous faults around Yazd and the probability of an earthquake, the issue of rapid relief management is needed more (Fallah Ali Abadi, et al. 2013 & Mehr Nahad, et al. 2006). In present situation, precise prediction of geological hazards and preventing them from accruing is not possible but the damage caused by them can be reduced (Eslami, 2009). The aviation network plays a decisive role in the success of crisis forces operations in critical situations especially when roads are closed (Saleki Maleki, et al. 2013). In other words, sites should be established in such a way that all damaged areas are covered by these centers (Aghaei Froshani, et al. 2018). The number and location of damaged areas should be considered as dynamic. Therefore, air rescuing will have a significant impact on the management of the crisis through geographical information system (GIS). Fly helicopters and light aircrafts of crisis management from the site and over the crisis area can effectively assist in the production of images and sending relatively accurate reports of the breadth and dimensions of the crisis. In this way, experienced supervisors and authorities can gather a lot of basic data to assess the state of the crisis and make rescuing easier (Jahanbakhsh, et al. 2016). The flight site can play an important role in all stages of crisis management including readiness, prevention, confronting and restore after crisis. Considering the importance of locating topic on these sites because of their efficiency in accessing crisis area and crisis management, identification and presentation important and effectiveness criteria in correct locating, they are very important. They used Google earth and Expert choice and additionally providing results in spatial system environment to make easy rescuing in crisis management. Main criteria used in hierarchical analysis are including physical, aeronautical, economic and environmental factors (Jaberi, et al. 2016). Locating and navigating in needed relief areas are done using Global Positioning System. The first step of locating key points is to find locations that are constant toward changing the scale, which can search for stable features among all possible scales using a continuous scale function known as scale-space (Agha Malki, & Ahmadifar, 2009). One of the most important measures during the crisis is the optimal distribution and allocation of resources among people. Relief speed has a significant impact on increasing the number of survivors and it prevents the increase casualties. In crisis situations, the duty of relief vehicles is delivering goods to affected areas. But after natural disasters in many cases, roads and relief routs have been damaged and there is no possibility of traffic on some routes. Therefore use of aviation vehicles such as helicopters, in addition to reducing the response time to the demand of people in need, can solve the problem of blocking roads. For that reason the use of helicopters in order to perform relief operations is recommended (Aghaei Froshani, et al. 2016). Previous studies in line with research are given below.
Widener et al. (2015) in a research titled “Ground and Helicopter Emergency Medical Services Time Tradeoffs Assessed with Geographic Information.” compared the duration of service in the ground and air services. They emphasized the benefits of using the GIS for relief. In this study the importance of reducing relief time that the aerial approach has been more effective than ground-based methods has been acknowledged.
Firoozi Jahantigh and Ghaderi (2018) in a research titled “Location of the Aerial Ambulances Using Combination of Fuzzy ANP and Fuzzy Dematel in the Environment of ArcGIS: A Case Study in Sistan and Baluchestan Province” conducted a descriptive- analytical study with an applied approach. The results showed number and coverage of aerial ambulances in cities and roads of Sistan and Baluchestan province are not suitable. Criteria for selecting the best places for deploying air ambulances in Sistan and Baluchestan province are considered as proximity to the roads, appropriate tilt area, proximity to crowded areas, and proximity to high risk passages, and the convenient distance from the medical emergencies.
Parvaneh et al. (2016) in a study titled “Selecting Helicopter Landing Sited Based on Crisis Management Framework (Case Study: Lorestan Province)” used the map of the hazardous areas to locate the nearest landing points in these high-risk areas. In this model different environmental parameters have been applied such as land use, slope, surrounding area. They concluded that there is a well spatial distribution of the landing zones in Lorestan province except southeast areas of Lorestan. The results of the risk assessment showed that the southeast of Lorestan is more prone to the environmental disaster and high risk; therefore, specific areas for emergency relief should be explored and prepared through field operations. At the end, the areas covered by the satellite image were adapted in order to verify the results of the model.
Azimi et al. (2011) in a study titled “Spatial Analysis of Aerial Relief Sites in the Event of Earthquake (A Case Study: Babol)” located the site after disaster and represented a simple pattern in location of sites. Their method was descriptive- analytical and they identified a final suitable area using survey method. They used paired comparison technique and determine the rating of each one and finally they used entropy technique and multi- criteria analysis method and simple incremental weighting to locate aerial relief sites. They concluded that since in the event of earthquake, a large part of the terrestrial communication lines are blocked because of different reasons such as falling buildings, falling lampposts, gap of roads and etc., considering the appropriate levels and preparing them in order of preference is necessary to increase the speed of relief. According to the results, Shahid Keshvari square is the first priority to equip and prepare for relief. Among criteria, open space and access to dense and vulnerable texture are more important.
2. Method and materials:
2.1. The Study Area
Yazd city, the center of Yazd County with an area of 107 square kilometers is located in the center of Yazd province, on the rout of Isfahan- Kerman. The difference of elevation between the lowest and highest point of the city is about 40 meters and the city has a mild slope. The study area is located inside the legal zone of Yazd city in coordinates of 54° 9ʹ and 54° 31ʹ eastern longitude and 31° 34 ʹ and 32° 10ʹ northern latitude (figure 1).
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Figure 1. Location of the study area in country and provincial divisions |
2.2. Methodology
International institute of earthquake engineering and seismology has divided Iran into high, medium and low risk zones (IIEES, 2017). Figure 2 represents seismic hazard zonation of Yazd province and location of Yazd city. According to this map, this area is located in a zone with medium to high risk. Studies conducted about micro-zonation of earthquake risk in Yazd city show that earthquake in central Iran have a long period of time and high intensity and the probability of an earthquake occurring at any moment in any part of the province is likely (Natural Resident Research Center of Yazd Province, 2005).
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Figure 2. Seismic hazard zonation of Yazd province and location of Yazd city |
Considering the earthquakes of the past 100 years, the location of the cities, the faults of Yazd province and the data of the standard table (Table 1) in the event of a possible earthquake with the seismicity less than 6.3, the cities which are less than 70 km away from the fault, are located in the area of earthquake vulnerability. In other words all the cities of Yazd province are located in this area of vulnerability risk (Ghaed Rahmati, & Ghanei Bafghi, 2012).
Table 1. Distance from faults in relation to possible earthquakes (Peduzzi, et al. 2005)
Earthquake magnitude (Richter) | <6.3 | 6.3-6.7 | 6.7-7.2 | 7.3-7.7 | >7.7 |
Distance (Kilometer) | 75 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 |
This study has been conducted based on the meanings of crisis managements and spatial analysis in order to determine the optimal location for aerial relief sites in time of earthquake hazards. Since there are many effective factors in location of suitable areas and it is not possible to use all effective criteria in location modeling, criteria are determined according to points including goal, area situation, Scale of work, impact of each factor and accessible of information (Gilvari, et al. 2014). Because of the most useful multi criteria spatial analysis system is spatial information, it has been used (Baba Ahmadi, 2010). In table 2, indices used as information layers in this study according to features of Yazd have been represented.
Table 2. Indices of information in the study
Index | Description |
Area of open space of site | · The open space of site is a circle with a diameter of at least 10 meters so that the relief helicopter can land. In addition the open space is enough for maneuver and activities of relief group. Considering this feature, the main squares of city that in their middle there are not elements, trees or any disturbing object are suitable. |
Access to dense and vulnerable texture | · Textures of high density such as old and historical texture of city, terrestrial relief is slow, therefore sites should access to these sites easily |
Access to service user | · Being close to service users and urban management like hospital, fire station, red crescent, local government, governor's office, blood transfusion, municipality and … can increase the efficiency of relief activities |
Access to the city’s main artery | · Helicopter landing in the square should not lead to interference in the urban transport network and should be close to suburban arteries for fast relief, transfer of corps and debries |
Among determined indices in the study of location of aerial relief site, open space and access to dense and vulnerable texture are more important (Azimi Hosseini, et al. 2011). Because the numerical values are quantitative and cannot cover qualitative discussions and human judgments such as determining the priority of indices, this defect can be eliminated using an accurate assessment according to expert opinions (Ashraf Zadeh, et al. 2012).
The main stages of location using spatial information system in this study include understanding and targeting, determining of data and effective indices, survey of the feature of the study area, preparing data, preparing digital map of layers, removing zones of avoidance, weighting to indices according to hierarchical analytic method, preparing the final map using similarity to the ideal option method (Azimi, et al. 2011). Hierarchical analytic method is based on three principles, analysis of the problem, creating paired comparison matrix with determining the relative weight of the priority of the variables and reaching the true value of the weights after determining the compatibility rate. At the first stage, information layers are identified. At the second stage, scoring quantitative values for binary or paired comparison according to the export opinion is Between 1 to 9 and it is based on the fact that the higher the value of an information layer than the other one, the more points are allocated to it (Bertolini, & Braglia, 2006). At the third stage, incompatibility rate of each layer paired comparison matrix is calculated. If the incompatibility rate is less than 0.1, the matrix will be acceptable. After applying privacy through the buffering operation and final weighting on the layers of information, overlapping algebra summation is performed by the operator. Then suitable locations will be determined (Piresa, et al. 2011). The technique of spatial information system prepares information for creating maps with collecting and integrating ordinary database information by illustration and using geographical analysis. This information is used in order to make events clearer, predict the results and create maps (Tajvidi, 2002). Similarity to the ideal option method was represented by Hwang and Yoon (1981) as one of the classic compensation methods in multi criteria decision making for solving the priority issue and qualitative according to similarity to positive ideal solution (Hwang, & Yoon, 1981). In defining this method two concepts, “ideal solution” and “similarity to ideal” have been used. Ideal solution as it is known from its name, is a solution that is the best which is generally not in practice which is trying to be close to it (Ataei & Kneshlou, 2010). In this method, m is a factor or option by a person or a group making decision which its distance from ideal and anti-ideal is measured to measure the similarity of an option to ideal and anti- ideal solving. Then options are assessed according to ratio distance from anti- ideal into total distance from ideal and anti-ideal solution based on this meaning that selecting an option (alternative) should have the shortest distance from positive ideal solution (the most important) and the greatest distance from negative ideal solution (the least important). Options ranking will be in descending order, respectively. An option that is closer to I is more appropriate (Asghar Poor, 2011). In the other words, since in this study finding the best location with the highest ideal rating is intended, using the similarity to ideal option method which finally introduces the best location is useful.
3. Results and discussion:
Research the purpose Location of Yazd aerial relief sites in the event of geological hazards of the earthquake using spatial information system And Different layers of information are examined for this purpose. Multi-index approaches employ a variety of techniques at different stages of decision making. In these methods several options are compared against several different criteria; the best option or order of the appropriate options are selected (Mohammadi Zanjirani, et al. 2014). Two techniques used in this research are included for locating AHP method and TOPSIS method is used to evaluate the final location.
Hierarchical analytics techniques are one of the most comprehensive multi-criteria decision-making techniques, especially in site locating. This technique analyzes the various quantitative and qualitative criteria of the problem in a hierarchical manner on the basis of pairwise comparisons (criteria and sub-criteria). It also shows the degree of consistency or inconsistency of the decision that facilitates judgment and computation. Among the disadvantages of this method are a large number of criteria and options, which also increases the number of pairwise comparisons, which prolongs Questionnaires can be made and respondents may be mistaken in the comparisons or may not fill the comparisons carefully due to low shuffling and the inconsistency rate may increase.
Various methods have been presented so far by experts from other countries around the world. But despite much effort and discussion at numerous international meetings and conferences, a single methodology that is accepted by all experts has yet to be determined and selected. Hence, different types of analysis methods are still used in evaluating different projects due to differences in the nature of projects including size, complexity, geographical location and environmental diversity. Evaluation generally involves at least two options and sometimes up to fifty options. Studies typically focus on three to five options (Khaleghi & Mehdi, 2012).
Since the numerical values for quantitative And it cannot accurately affect human discussions and qualitative judgments such as satisfaction with living conditions in the place This defect can be eliminated using an evaluation method based on expert opinions (Ashrafzadeh et al. 2012). Topsis, as one of the classical compensatory methods in multi-criteria decision making to prioritize and qualify problems based on similarity to the ideal positive solution, was proposed by Yoon and Huang (1981) (Gilvari et al. 2019).
Topsis method is only used to rank problem options, not research factors. One of the advantages of the Topsis is that the criteria or indicators used for comparison can have different units of measurement and have a positive and negative nature. In other words, negative and positive indicators can be used in this technique. According to this method, the best solution is the closest solution to the ideal solution and the farthest from the non-ideal solution. The ideal solution is the one that has the most profit and the least cost, while the ideal solution is the one that has the highest cost and the least profit. In summary, the ideal solution is obtained from the sum of the maximum values of each criterion, while the non-ideal solution is obtained from the sum of the lowest values of each criterion. In the TOPSIS method, qualitative criteria can be easily quantified and decisions can be made with quantitative and qualitative criteria. The output of the system is low and in addition to determining the top option, the ranking of the other options is numerically expressed. This numerical value is the relative proximity that expresses the strong basis for this method.
Main indices used in this study are the area of the open space, access to the main arteries, access to service- management users and access to dense and vulnerable texture. The area of the open space is one of the main indices in this study, because the suitable square for landing of the helicopter should have an appropriate radius and free of any elements, tree and etc. Therefore, related authorities are aware of the use of aerial relief and consider this issue for any change in future development. Access to service- management users is the second index in this research. Some of the proximity areas such as green and open space, open parking, fire stations, health centers, sports grounds which can be used in the event of crisis have been marked as compatible locations with support management bases. Therefore, it is better to build a base near them and after conducting relief operations to management service users, victims are moved to this base. The management service users considered in aerial relief include local government, municipality, governor’s office, gas station, filling station, hazardous facilities (electricity and gas posts) and high buildings. Given the length and width of the network of passages in access to open space, access network hierarchy was determined because road network is an important factor image in location crisis management support base and construction of bases near main roads is more important. And additionally in the event of crisis the possibility of blocking them in the fragments or in the cars traffic is less. As a result, speed and efficiency of the relief efforts are higher and transportation of emergency vehicles takes place more quickly. Related to access to dense and vulnerable texture, in accordance with the urban decay level in each part of the area, the priority of building the base is variable. Due to the intensification of damage after the accede, the higher the rate of urban decay, the more the demand for relief will be, due to the intensification of damage after the incident and naturally construction of a support base will be priority (Nourian & Esfandi, 2015). After preparing information layers and determining privacies related to them, zones of avoidance were removed for aerial relief site. Using available information layers and weighting of hierarchical analysis method, paired comparison matrix was created to determine weight of each index and incompatibility rate. In table 3, paired comparison matrix, weight of each index, total weight of indices and incompatibility rate have been represented. Since if incompatibility rate is less than 0.1, matrix is acceptable, scores in overlapped map with weighting from paired comparison matrix are from 0.21 to 0.54.
Table 3. Paired comparison matrix of main indices
Paired comparison matrix | Area of open space site | Access to dense and vulnerable texture | Access to service user | Access to the city’s main artery | Weigh of index |
Area of open space of site | 1 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 0.56 |
Access to dense and vulnerable texture | 0.5 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 0.29 |
Access to service user | 0.14 | 0.33 | 1 | 4 | 0.11 |
Access to the city’s main artery | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.04 |
0.04 =I.R Sum:1 | |||||
Final ranking of scores from paired comparison have been shown in table 4.
Table 4. Final ranking of scores from paired comparison
Score (Percentage) | 0.42-0.54 | 0.33- 0.42 | 0.29-0.33 | 0.21-0.29 |
Description | Totally suitable | suitable | Relatively suitable | Unsuitable |
Class | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
In figure 3 final image of squares suitable for Yazd city obtained from paired comparison matrix has been represented.
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Figure 3. Final image of squares suitable for Yazd city obtained from paired comparison matrix |
After preparing final map of the squares from paired comparison matrix method, the privacy limiting of each index was applied. These restrictive limits include the following: the area of open space of site with an inappropriate square space with a diameter less than 10 meters or with elements and tree preventing helicopter landing, the index of access to dense and vulnerable texture with an inappropriate square space located on the outskirts of the city with low population density, the index of access to service user with an inappropriate square space which is within the radius of the relief area without special and sensitive user (hospital, municipality, schools, relief base, red crescent, etc.) and the index of access to the city’s main artery with an inappropriate square space with low latitude access and high traffic. Figure 4, right side shows classification of the zones according to population density with the final image of the city’s squares and left side shows the image of historical texture and urban decay and the city’s square.
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Figure 4. Right side, classification of the areas according to population density and left side, the image of historical texture and urban decay and the city’s square | |
Final evaluation took place using similarity to ideal option method with the opinion of urban experts and doing a field visit and scoring indices. The method of converting these indices in terms of quality to quantity by using similarity to ideal option method, has been presented in table 5.
Table 5. Proper site Evaluation using similarity to ideal option method
Access to the city’s main artery | Access to service user | Access to dense and vulnerable texture | Area of open space of site | Index Site |
9 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 1 |
8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 2 |
7 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 |
In figure 5, image of three sites with main priority for applying similarity to ideal option method has been showed.
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Figure 5. Image of three sites with main priority for classification using similarity to ideal option method |
Eventually, distance from ideal solution, distance from anti-ideal solution, similarity index and the degrees. According to table 6, the most suitable location, is site 1 with the highest similarity index.
Table 6. The Results of evaluation and calculation of similarity index using similarity to ideal option method in suitable sites
Site | Distance from ideal solution | Distance from anti-ideal solution | similarity index | degree of utility |
Site 1 | 1.67 | 3.6 | 0.76 | 1 |
Site 2 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 0.51 | 2 |
Site 3 | 3.2 | 1.05 | 0.36 | 3 |
4- Conclusion
The present research is location analysis for aerial relief in order of priority of indices including area of open space, access to dense, historical and vulnerable texture, access to service user, access to main artery. After considering effective indices, the privacy of these indices was determined using hierarchical weighting analysis for prioritizing sites. According to classification of areas for determining suitable sites, there are 4 categories, totally suitable, suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable. Finally three sites ranked totally suitable with main priority. In order to determine final site classification took place. Sanat square was determined as the most suitable location and the first priority for aerial relief in Yazd city with the highest score (score near 1).
Other researchers have used other locating methods such as SAW methods, ranking method, relative method, Boolean model, factor overlap model, and fuzzy logic model, and finally other evaluation methods such as matrices, networks, adaptation , act on the conditions of the area and compare the results with field visits to this study. In addition to the helicopter landing site, which is a circular area with a minimum radius of 10 meters, and therefore considered by experts and other researchers in the city streets to be suitable for this purpose, other areas such as buildings can be considered.
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