• صفحه اصلی
  • واکسن های پیشتاز بین المللی و ایرانی علیه کرونا ویروس جدید: دسته بندی، ساختار شناسی، اثربخشی و عوارض

اشتراک گذاری

آدرس مقاله


کد مقاله : JMW-2106-1980 (R1) بازدید : 384 صفحه: 6 - 31

10.30495/jmw.2022.1932689.1980

20.1001.1.20083068.1401.15.50.1.3

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

واکسن های پیشتاز بین المللی و ایرانی علیه کرونا ویروس جدید: دسته بندی، ساختار شناسی، اثربخشی و عوارض

محورهای موضوعی : زیست فناوری میکروبی

سیده معصومه تقی زاده 1 , علیرضا ابراهیمی نژاد 2

1 - مرکز تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران
2 - مرکز تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/09/21 تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/02/20 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/03/15

کلید واژه: کووید-19, واکسن نوکلئیک اسید, واکسن ویروسی, واکسن حامل, واکسن پروتینی,

چکیده مقاله :

در پی انتشار جهانی کرونا ویروس جدید تلاش‌های گسترده بینالمللی و ملی در جهت ساخت واکسن علیه این ویروس شکل گرفت. غول‌های دارویی از جمله شرکت‌های فایزر، جانسن بیوتک، آسترازنکا، سینوواک، مدرنا، بیونتک، بهارات، فینلای و گروه بیوتک ملی چین در کنار مراکز و موسسات تحقیقاتی بنام از جمله دانشگاه آکسفورد و مرکز تحقیقات گامالیا مثال‌هایی از شرکت‌ها و مراکزی است که توانستند در مسابقه ساخت و تولید واکسن کرونا موفق‌تر از دیگر رقبا عمل نمایند. در ایران نیز اقدام برای ساخت این واکسن به سرعت کلید خورد و شرکت‌ها و سازمان‌های ایرانی همچون شفا فارمد، ستاد اجرایی فرمان امام خمینی (ره)، وزارت دفاع، انیستیتو پاستور و موسسه تحقیقات واکسن و سرم سازی رازی خود را موظف به تلاش در این عرصه دانستند. در حال حاضر واکسن کرونای محصول این شرکت‌ها و موسسات یا مجوز مصرف دریافت نموده و یا در مراحل انتهایی مطالعات بالینی قرار دارند. مقالات مروری فراوانی در نقد و بررسی این واکسن‌ها در مجلات بینالمللی به چاپ رسیده است اما اغلب این مقالات اشارهای به تلاش‌های صورت گرفته در کشور ایران نداشته‌اند. لذا در مقاله پیش رو تلاش شده تا با بهرهگیری از اطلاعات منتشره توسط سازمان بهداشت جهانی، مرکز کنترل بیماری‌های ایالات متحده، شرکت‌های دارویی، مراکز تحقیقاتی معتبر و سازمان‌های داخلی و خارجی به طبقهبندی، بررسی ساختار، اثربخشی و عوارض جانبی واکسن‌های کرونای پیشتاز بینالمللی و ایرانی پرداخته شود

چکیده انگلیسی:

Following the global spread of the new coronavirus, extensive international and national efforts were made to develop a vaccine against the virus. Pharmaceutical giants such as Pfizer, Johnssen Biotech, Astrazeneca, Sinovac, Modrena, Biontec, Bharat, Finlay and China National Biotech Group, along with research institutes such as the University of Oxford and the Gamalia Research Center, are examples of companies and centers that were able to be more successful than other competitors in the speed race to make and produce Corona vaccine. In Iran, the attempts to make this vaccine were quickly made and Iranian companies and organizations such as Shafa Pharmed, Imam Khomeini Executive Headquarters, Ministry of Defense, Pasteur Institute and Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute are obliged to make efforts in this regard. At present, the corona vaccine produced by these companies and institutions has either received a license or is in the   final stages of clinical studies. Many review articles on these vaccines have been published in    international journals, but just a few articles refer to the efforts made in Iran. Therefore, in the   present article, an attempt has been made to classify and evaluate the structure, efficacy and side effects of these leading international and Iranian coronavirus vaccines. Hence, the information published by the World Health Organization, the US Centers for Disease Control, pharmaceutical companies, reputable research centers and domestic and foreign organizations were employed.  

منابع و مأخذ:

References


 

.1    Available at: https://covid19.who.int/. (Accessed April 20. 2022).

  1. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard Available at: https://covid19.who.int/. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    2.
  2. World Health Organization. Background paper on Covid-19 disease and vaccines: prepared by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization working group on COVID-19 vaccines, 22 December 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 2020. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_background/2020.1.
    3.
  3. Wang J, Peng Y, Xu H, Cui Z, Williams RO. The COVID-19 vaccine race: challenges and opportunities in vaccine formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2020;21(6):1-12.
    4.
  4. Jain S, Batra H, Yadav P, Chand S. COVID-19 Vaccines Currently under Preclinical and Clinical Studies, and Associated Antiviral Immune Response. Vaccines. 2020;8(4):649, https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040649.
    5.
  5. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Liu H, Wu Y, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475-81.
    6.
  6. Chung MK, Karnik S, Saef J, Bergmann C, Barnard J, Lederman MM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2: The biology and clinical data settling the ARB and ACEI controversy. EBioMedicine. 2020;58:102907, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.
    7.
  7. Johansson MA, Quandelacy TM, Kada S, Prasad PV, Steele M, Brooks JT, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1):e2035057, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35057.
    8.
  8. Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowling BJ. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(5):434-6.
    9.
  9. Schünemann HJ, Akl EA, Chou R, Chu DK, Loeb M, Lotfi T, et al. Use of facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(10):954-5.
    10.
  10. Li Y, Tenchov R, Smoot J, Liu C, Watkins S, Zhou QJ. A Comprehensive Review of the Global Efforts on COVID-19 Vaccine Development. ACS Cent Sci. 2021:https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.1c00120.
    11.
  11. Kwok HF. Review of Covid-19 vaccine clinical trials-A puzzle with missing pieces. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021;17(6):1461-8.
    12.
  12. Russell P. 1 in 5 People 'Could Struggle to Reintegrate After Lockdown' Available at: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/944943. (Accessed May 11. 2021).
    13.
  13. World Health Organization. corona disease vaccine Available at: https://www.who.int/ news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines. (Accessed May 11. 2021).
    14.
  14. World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/ draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines. (Accessed April 22, 2022).
    15.
  15. Callaway E. Coronavirus vaccine. Nature. 2020;580:576-7.
    16.
  16. World Health Organization. Background document on the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm: background document to the WHO interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm, 7 May 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/BIBP/background/2021.1.
    17.
  17. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm: interim guidance, 15 March 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/BIBP/2021.1.
    18.
  18. Mohapatra PR, Mishra B. Regulatory approval of COVID-19 vaccine for restricted use in clinical trial mode. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(5):599-600.
    19.
  19. Bharat Biotech. Bharat Biotech and ICMR announce interim results from phase 3 trials of COVAXIN®; demonstrates overall interim clinical efficacy of 78% and 100% efficacy against severe COVID-19 disease Available at: https://www.bharatbiotech.com/images/press/covaxin-phase3-clinical-trials-interim-results.pdf. (Accessed May 30. 2021).
    20.
  20. Guidelines for using the Bharat Crona vaccine in India (Covaxin) [In Percian] Available at: https://iums.ac.ir/files/vch/files/baharat.pdf. (Accessed June 5. 2021).
    21.
  21. Bharat Biotech. Fact sheet for vaccine recipients & caregivers Available at: https://www.bharatbiotech.com/images/covaxin/covaxin-fact-sheet.pdf. (Accessed June 5. 2021).
    22.
  22. Ella R, Reddy S, Jogdand H, Sarangi V, Ganneru B, Prasad S, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: interim results from a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, phase 2 trial, and 3-month follow-up of a double-blind, randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021:https://doi.org/10.1016/S473-3099(21)    00070-0.
    23.
  23. Sapkal GN, Yadav P, Ella R, Deshpande G, Sahay R, Gupta N, et al. Neutralization of UK-variant VUI-202012/01 with COVAXIN vaccinated human serum. BioRxiv. 2021:https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.26.426986.
    24.
  24. World Health Organization. WHO validates Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use and issues interim policy recommendations Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/ 01-06-2021-who-validates-sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations. (Accessed June 2, 2021).
    25.
  25. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, CoronaVac, developed by Sinovac: interim guidance, 15 March 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Sinovac-CoronaVac/2021.1.
    26.
  26. World Health Organization. Background document on the inactivated vaccine Sinovac-CoronaVac against COVID-19: background document to the WHO interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, CoronaVac, developed by    Sinovac, 24 May 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021.  Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Sinovac-CoronaVac/background/2021.1.
    27.
  27. Chen Y, Shen H, Huang R, Tong X, Wu C. Serum neutralising activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants elicited by CoronaVac. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021:https://doi.org/10.1016/S473-3099(21)00287-5.
    28.
  28. IRIB News Agency. Unspoken words about CoV-Iran Barakat in without compliments [In Percian] Available at: https://www.iribnews.ir/00CwZM. (Accessed May 24. 2021).
    29.
  29. IRCT. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II/III Clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine (Shifa-Pharmed) in a population aged 18 to 75 years Available at: https://en.irct.ir/trial/54881. (Accessed May 24. 2021).
    30.
  30. Salehi M, Hosseini H, Jamshidi HR, Jalili H, Tabarsi P, Mohraz M, et al. Assessment of BIV1-CovIran inactivated vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.030
    31.
  31. Mohraz M, Salehi M, Tabarsi P, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Ghamari S-H, Ghasemi E, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated virus particle vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, BIV1-CovIran: findings from double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase I and II clinical trials among healthy adults. BMJ open. 2022;12(4):e056872, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021.
    32.
  32. IRCT. Phase 1, safety, immunogenicity and dose finding for two strengths of 0.5 × 10^6 and 2.5 × 10^6 (TCID50) inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine FAKHRAVAC (MIVAC) injected in two schedules of two doses, 2 and 3 weeks apart in healthy adults aged 18-55 years: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, clinical trial Available at: https://www.irct.ir/trial/54133. (Accessed May 22. 2021).
    33.
  33. Ghasemi S, Naderi Saffar K, Ebrahimi F, Khatami P, Monazah A, Alizadeh G-A, et al. Development of inactivated FAKHRAVAC® vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus: preclinical study in animal models. Vaccine. 2021;9(11):1271, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111271.
    34.
  34. IRCT. Phase 2 trial of safety and immunogenicity of 10 micro gram inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (FAKHRAVAC), two doses two weeks apart in adults aged 18-70 years: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial 2021 Available from: https://www.irct.ir/trial/56027. (Accessed April 22. 2022)
    35.
  35. IRCT. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of Fakhravac and Sinopharm SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, in adults aged 18 and over; a phase III randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial 2021 Available from: https://www.irct.ir/trial/57980. (Accessed April 22. 2022)
    36.
  36. IRCT. Comparison of safety and immunogenicity of FAKHRAVAC and Sinopharm booster doses for adults 18 years of age and older, fully vaccinated by Sinopharm: a ‎parallel 2‏‎ arms, ‎randomised, double blind clinical trial 2022 Available from: https://www.irct.ir/trial/59912. (Accessed April 22. 2022)
    37.
  37. (WHO) WHO. Background document on the Novavax (NVX-CoV2373) vaccine against COVID-19: background document to the WHO Interim recommendations for use of the Novavax (NVX-CoV2373) vaccine against COVID-19, 20 December 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 2022. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Novavax_NVX-CoV2373/background/2021.1.
    38.
  38. (WHO) WHO. Interim recommendations for use of the Novavax NVX-CoV2373 vaccine against COVID-19: interim guidance, 20 December 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Novavax_NVX-CoV2373/2021.1.
    39.
  39. Gorry C. SOBERANA, Cuba’s COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates: Dagmar García-Rivera PhD. MEDICC review. 2020;22(4):10-5.
    40.
  40. Yaffe H. Cuba’s five COVID-19 vaccines: the full story on Soberana 01/02/Plus, Abdala, and Mambisa Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac. uk/110164/1l atamcaribbean _2021_03_31_      cubas_five_covid_19_vaccines_the_full_story.pdf. (Accessed May 25. 2021).
    41.
  41. Available at: https://www.pasteurcovac.ir/. (Accessed May 29. 2021).
    42.
  42. BioCubaFarma. Initiated Phase II b clinical trial expanded to Plaza de la Revolución municipality of sober vaccine candidate 02 Available at: https://www.biocubafarma.cu/noticias/noticia-post.php?id=169. (Accessed May 25. 2021).
    43.
  43. IRCT. Phase I, Safety and Immunogenicity of Razi SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine (Razi Cov Pars), in healthy adults aged 18-55 years; parallel 4 arms design (adjuvant only and three vaccine doses of 5, 10, and 20 μg/200μl); a Randomised, double blind, clinical trial Available at: https://www.irct.ir/trial/52975. (Accessed May 29. 2021).
    44.
  44. Pilicheva B, Boyuklieva R. Can the Nasal Cavity Help Tackle COVID-19? Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(10):1612, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101612
    45.
  45. IRCT. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of Razi SARS-CoV-2 recombinant Spike protein (Razi Cov Pars) and Sinopharm vaccines in adults aged 18 and over, a phase III randomised, double blind, non-inferiority clinical trial 2022 Available at: https://www.irct.ir/trial/58143. (Accessed April 20. 2022).
    46.
  46. IRCT. Comparison of immunogenicity and safety of Razi Cov Pars and Sinopharm booster doses in adults 18 years of age and older who have primarily vaccinated with Sinopharm: a ‎parallel ‎‏2‏‎ arms, ‎randomised, double blind clinical trial 2022 Available at: https://www.irct.ir/trial/59902. (Accessed April 20. 2022)
    47.
  47. Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA). The injection of the "Spicogen" vaccine into the second phase volunteers began [In Percian] Available at: www.irna.ir/news/84350035/. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    48.
  48. Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA). The Sinagen vaccine received the code of ethics [In Percian] Available at: www.irna.ir/news/84340553/. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    49.
  49. Everything you need to know about "Iranian Corona vaccines"! [In Percian] Available at: https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1400/03/15/2515338/. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    50.
  50. Khabaronline. Details of "Spicogen"; The Australian-Iranian Corona vaccine was announced [In Percian] Available at: https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1518701/. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    51.
  51. Tabarsi P, Anjidani N, Shahpari R, Mardani M, Sabzvari A, Yazdani B, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of SpikoGen®, an advax-cpg55. 2-adjuvanted sars-cov-2 spike protein vaccine: a phase 2 randomized placebo-controlled trial in both seropositive and seronegative populations. Clinical Microbiology Infection. 2022:DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2022.04.004.
    52.
  52. IRCT. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II clinical trial to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of covid-19 recombinant RBD protein vaccine (80 microgram) of Plasma Darman Sarve Sepid Co. in healthy population. 2021 Available from: https://en.irct.ir/trial/59156. (Accessed April 22. 2022)
    53.
  53. IRCT. Phase 3 Clinical Trial to evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of Covid19 Recombinant RBD Protein Vaccine (Noora Vaccine) as a Booster Vaccine after injection of existing Vaccines in IRAN 2021 Available from: https://en.irct.ir/trial/60796. (Accessed April 20. 2022)
    54.
  54. Available from: https://baq.bmsu.ac.ir/portal/file/?347788/noora-vaccine-presentation-14.pdf.
    55.
  55. Jones I, Roy P. Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10275):642-3.
    56.
  56. Islamic Republic News Agency I. The first shipment of Sputnik V vaccine will be sent to Iran this week [In Percian] Available at: https://www.irna.ir/news/84203501/. (Accessed May 20. 2021)
    57.
  57. INTERFAX.RU. Russia is the first in the world to register a vaccine against coronavirus Available at: https://www.interfax.ru/russia/721241. (Accessed May 20. 2021).
    58.
  58. Available from: https://sputnikvaccine.com/about-vaccine/. (Accessed May 20.2021)
    59.
  59. Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV, Tukhvatullin AI, Shcheblyakov DV, Dzharullaeva AS, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;396(10255)887-97.
    60.
  60. Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Zubkova OV, Dzharullaeva AS, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10275):671-81.
    61.
  61. Baraniuk C. Covid-19: What do we know about Sputnik V and other Russian vaccines? BMJ. 2021;372:n743, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n743.
    62.
  62. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] vaccine against COVID-19 (AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine AZD1222, SII Covishield, SK Bioscience): interim guidance, first issued 10 February 2021, updated 21 April 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/AZD1222/2021.2.
    63.
  63. Pfizer, AstraZeneca effective against virus strain found in India Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/23/pfizer-astrazeneca-effective-against-virus-strain-found-in-india. (Accessed May 24. 2021).
    64.
  64. Emary KR, Golubchik T, Aley PK, Ariani CV, Angus B, Bibi S, et al. Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B. 1.1. 7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10282):1351-62.
    65.
  65. Hung IF, Poland GA. Single-dose Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine followed by a 12-week booster. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10277):854-5.
    66.
  66. Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, et al. Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10277):881-91.
    67.
  67. Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10269):99-111.
    68.
  68. Madhi SA, Baillie V, Cutland CL, Voysey M, Koen AL, Fairlie L, et al. Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 vaccine against the B. 1.351 variant. New Engl J Med. 2021;384:1885-98.
    69.
  69. World Health Organization. Global advisory committee on vaccine safety (GACVS) review of latest evidence of rare adverse blood coagulation events with AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine (Vaxzevria and Covishield) Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/16-04-2021-global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety-(gacvs)-review-of-latest-evidence-of-rare-adverse-blood-coagulation-events-with-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-(vaxzevria-and-covishield). (Accessed May 22. 2021).
    70.
  70. World Health Organization. AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S/nCoV-19 [recombinant], COVID-19 vaccine Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/chadox1-s-recombinant-covid-19-vaccine. (Accessed May 30. 2021).
    71.
  71. World Health Organization. Background document on the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S (COVID-19) vaccine: background document to the WHO Interim recommendations for use of Ad26.COV2.S (COVID-19) vaccine, 17 March 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Ad26.COV2.S/background/2021.1.
    72.
  72. Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Scobie H, Wallace M, Hadler SC, Leung J, et al. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Interim Recommendation for Use of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine—United States, February 2021. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2021;70(9):329-32.
    73.
  73. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for the use of the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S (COVID-19) vaccine: interim guidance, 17 March 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Ad26.COV2.S/2021.1.
    74.
  74. MacNeil JR, Su JR, Broder KR, Guh AY, Gargano JW, Wallace M, et al. Updated recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine after reports of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome among vaccine recipients—United States, April 2021. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. 2021;70(17):651,  http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7017e4.
    75.
  75. World Health Organization. mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna) against COVID-19 background document: draft prepared by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization Working Group on COVID-19 vaccines, 19 January 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/                    mRNA-1273/2021.1.
    76.
  76. What Are Lipid Nanoparticles? Available at: https://www.precisionnanosystems.com/platform-technologies/genvoy-platform. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    77.
  77. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162b2, under emergency use listing: interim guidance, 21 January 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 2022. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/BNT162b2/2021.1.
    78.
  78. World Health Organization. mRNA vaccines against COVID-19: Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2: prepared by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization working group on COVID-19 vaccines, 22 December 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 2020. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_evaluation/BNT162b2/2020.1.
    79.
  79. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162b2, under emergency use listing: interim guidance, first issued 8 January 2021, updated 15 June 2021, updated 19 November 2021, updated 21 January 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 2022. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/BNT162b2/2022.1.
    80.
  80. World Health Organization. Background document on the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) against COVID-19: background document to the WHO interim recommendations for use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162b2, under emergency use listing, 15 January 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021.  Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/BNT162b2/background/2021.1.
    81.
  81. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. New Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603-15.
    82.
  82. Pfizer. Pfizer and Biontech confirm high efficacy and no serious safety concerns through up to six month following second dose in updated topline analysis of landmark COVID-19 vaccine study Available at: https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-confirm-high-efficacy-and-no-serious. (Accessed May 12. 2021).
    83.
  83. Wallace M, Woodworth KR, Gargano JW, Scobie HM, Blain AE, Moulia D, et al. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents Aged 12–15 Years — United States, May 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 14 May. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2021;70.
    84.
  84. Meo S, Bukhari I, Akram J, Meo A, Klonoff D. COVID-19 vaccines: comparison of biological, pharmacological characteristics and adverse effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(3):1663-9.
    85.
  85. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19: interim guidance, 23 February 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 2022. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/mRNA-1273/2021.1.
    86.
  86. (WHO) WHO. Questions and answers: COVID-19 vaccines and pregnancy, 15 February 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 2022. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/FAQ/Pregnancy/Vaccines/2022.1.
    87.
  87. World Health Organization. Who should get the COVID-19 vaccines? Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines. (Accessed June 2. 2021).
    88.
  88. World Health Organization. Is the vaccine safe for children? Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines. (Accessed June 2. 2021).
    89.
  89. Organization WH. Interim statement on COVID-19 vaccination for children and adolescents Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/24-11-2021-interim-statement-on-covid 19-vaccination-for-children-and-adolescents?msclkid=db4bf657c24311ecb847f9812ac0ad30. (Accessed April 22. 2022)
    90.

 

_||_

References


 

.1    Available at: https://covid19.who.int/. (Accessed April 20. 2022).

  1. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard Available at: https://covid19.who.int/. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    2.
  2. World Health Organization. Background paper on Covid-19 disease and vaccines: prepared by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization working group on COVID-19 vaccines, 22 December 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 2020. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_background/2020.1.
    3.
  3. Wang J, Peng Y, Xu H, Cui Z, Williams RO. The COVID-19 vaccine race: challenges and opportunities in vaccine formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2020;21(6):1-12.
    4.
  4. Jain S, Batra H, Yadav P, Chand S. COVID-19 Vaccines Currently under Preclinical and Clinical Studies, and Associated Antiviral Immune Response. Vaccines. 2020;8(4):649, https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040649.
    5.
  5. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Liu H, Wu Y, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475-81.
    6.
  6. Chung MK, Karnik S, Saef J, Bergmann C, Barnard J, Lederman MM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2: The biology and clinical data settling the ARB and ACEI controversy. EBioMedicine. 2020;58:102907, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.
    7.
  7. Johansson MA, Quandelacy TM, Kada S, Prasad PV, Steele M, Brooks JT, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1):e2035057, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35057.
    8.
  8. Feng S, Shen C, Xia N, Song W, Fan M, Cowling BJ. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(5):434-6.
    9.
  9. Schünemann HJ, Akl EA, Chou R, Chu DK, Loeb M, Lotfi T, et al. Use of facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(10):954-5.
    10.
  10. Li Y, Tenchov R, Smoot J, Liu C, Watkins S, Zhou QJ. A Comprehensive Review of the Global Efforts on COVID-19 Vaccine Development. ACS Cent Sci. 2021:https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.1c00120.
    11.
  11. Kwok HF. Review of Covid-19 vaccine clinical trials-A puzzle with missing pieces. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021;17(6):1461-8.
    12.
  12. Russell P. 1 in 5 People 'Could Struggle to Reintegrate After Lockdown' Available at: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/944943. (Accessed May 11. 2021).
    13.
  13. World Health Organization. corona disease vaccine Available at: https://www.who.int/ news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines. (Accessed May 11. 2021).
    14.
  14. World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/ draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines. (Accessed April 22, 2022).
    15.
  15. Callaway E. Coronavirus vaccine. Nature. 2020;580:576-7.
    16.
  16. World Health Organization. Background document on the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm: background document to the WHO interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm, 7 May 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/BIBP/background/2021.1.
    17.
  17. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm: interim guidance, 15 March 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/BIBP/2021.1.
    18.
  18. Mohapatra PR, Mishra B. Regulatory approval of COVID-19 vaccine for restricted use in clinical trial mode. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(5):599-600.
    19.
  19. Bharat Biotech. Bharat Biotech and ICMR announce interim results from phase 3 trials of COVAXIN®; demonstrates overall interim clinical efficacy of 78% and 100% efficacy against severe COVID-19 disease Available at: https://www.bharatbiotech.com/images/press/covaxin-phase3-clinical-trials-interim-results.pdf. (Accessed May 30. 2021).
    20.
  20. Guidelines for using the Bharat Crona vaccine in India (Covaxin) [In Percian] Available at: https://iums.ac.ir/files/vch/files/baharat.pdf. (Accessed June 5. 2021).
    21.
  21. Bharat Biotech. Fact sheet for vaccine recipients & caregivers Available at: https://www.bharatbiotech.com/images/covaxin/covaxin-fact-sheet.pdf. (Accessed June 5. 2021).
    22.
  22. Ella R, Reddy S, Jogdand H, Sarangi V, Ganneru B, Prasad S, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: interim results from a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, phase 2 trial, and 3-month follow-up of a double-blind, randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021:https://doi.org/10.1016/S473-3099(21)    00070-0.
    23.
  23. Sapkal GN, Yadav P, Ella R, Deshpande G, Sahay R, Gupta N, et al. Neutralization of UK-variant VUI-202012/01 with COVAXIN vaccinated human serum. BioRxiv. 2021:https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.26.426986.
    24.
  24. World Health Organization. WHO validates Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use and issues interim policy recommendations Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/ 01-06-2021-who-validates-sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations. (Accessed June 2, 2021).
    25.
  25. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, CoronaVac, developed by Sinovac: interim guidance, 15 March 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Sinovac-CoronaVac/2021.1.
    26.
  26. World Health Organization. Background document on the inactivated vaccine Sinovac-CoronaVac against COVID-19: background document to the WHO interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, CoronaVac, developed by    Sinovac, 24 May 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021.  Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Sinovac-CoronaVac/background/2021.1.
    27.
  27. Chen Y, Shen H, Huang R, Tong X, Wu C. Serum neutralising activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants elicited by CoronaVac. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021:https://doi.org/10.1016/S473-3099(21)00287-5.
    28.
  28. IRIB News Agency. Unspoken words about CoV-Iran Barakat in without compliments [In Percian] Available at: https://www.iribnews.ir/00CwZM. (Accessed May 24. 2021).
    29.
  29. IRCT. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II/III Clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine (Shifa-Pharmed) in a population aged 18 to 75 years Available at: https://en.irct.ir/trial/54881. (Accessed May 24. 2021).
    30.
  30. Salehi M, Hosseini H, Jamshidi HR, Jalili H, Tabarsi P, Mohraz M, et al. Assessment of BIV1-CovIran inactivated vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.030
    31.
  31. Mohraz M, Salehi M, Tabarsi P, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Ghamari S-H, Ghasemi E, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated virus particle vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, BIV1-CovIran: findings from double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase I and II clinical trials among healthy adults. BMJ open. 2022;12(4):e056872, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021.
    32.
  32. IRCT. Phase 1, safety, immunogenicity and dose finding for two strengths of 0.5 × 10^6 and 2.5 × 10^6 (TCID50) inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine FAKHRAVAC (MIVAC) injected in two schedules of two doses, 2 and 3 weeks apart in healthy adults aged 18-55 years: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, clinical trial Available at: https://www.irct.ir/trial/54133. (Accessed May 22. 2021).
    33.
  33. Ghasemi S, Naderi Saffar K, Ebrahimi F, Khatami P, Monazah A, Alizadeh G-A, et al. Development of inactivated FAKHRAVAC® vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus: preclinical study in animal models. Vaccine. 2021;9(11):1271, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111271.
    34.
  34. IRCT. Phase 2 trial of safety and immunogenicity of 10 micro gram inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (FAKHRAVAC), two doses two weeks apart in adults aged 18-70 years: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial 2021 Available from: https://www.irct.ir/trial/56027. (Accessed April 22. 2022)
    35.
  35. IRCT. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of Fakhravac and Sinopharm SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, in adults aged 18 and over; a phase III randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial 2021 Available from: https://www.irct.ir/trial/57980. (Accessed April 22. 2022)
    36.
  36. IRCT. Comparison of safety and immunogenicity of FAKHRAVAC and Sinopharm booster doses for adults 18 years of age and older, fully vaccinated by Sinopharm: a ‎parallel 2‏‎ arms, ‎randomised, double blind clinical trial 2022 Available from: https://www.irct.ir/trial/59912. (Accessed April 22. 2022)
    37.
  37. (WHO) WHO. Background document on the Novavax (NVX-CoV2373) vaccine against COVID-19: background document to the WHO Interim recommendations for use of the Novavax (NVX-CoV2373) vaccine against COVID-19, 20 December 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 2022. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Novavax_NVX-CoV2373/background/2021.1.
    38.
  38. (WHO) WHO. Interim recommendations for use of the Novavax NVX-CoV2373 vaccine against COVID-19: interim guidance, 20 December 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Novavax_NVX-CoV2373/2021.1.
    39.
  39. Gorry C. SOBERANA, Cuba’s COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates: Dagmar García-Rivera PhD. MEDICC review. 2020;22(4):10-5.
    40.
  40. Yaffe H. Cuba’s five COVID-19 vaccines: the full story on Soberana 01/02/Plus, Abdala, and Mambisa Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac. uk/110164/1l atamcaribbean _2021_03_31_      cubas_five_covid_19_vaccines_the_full_story.pdf. (Accessed May 25. 2021).
    41.
  41. Available at: https://www.pasteurcovac.ir/. (Accessed May 29. 2021).
    42.
  42. BioCubaFarma. Initiated Phase II b clinical trial expanded to Plaza de la Revolución municipality of sober vaccine candidate 02 Available at: https://www.biocubafarma.cu/noticias/noticia-post.php?id=169. (Accessed May 25. 2021).
    43.
  43. IRCT. Phase I, Safety and Immunogenicity of Razi SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine (Razi Cov Pars), in healthy adults aged 18-55 years; parallel 4 arms design (adjuvant only and three vaccine doses of 5, 10, and 20 μg/200μl); a Randomised, double blind, clinical trial Available at: https://www.irct.ir/trial/52975. (Accessed May 29. 2021).
    44.
  44. Pilicheva B, Boyuklieva R. Can the Nasal Cavity Help Tackle COVID-19? Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(10):1612, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101612
    45.
  45. IRCT. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of Razi SARS-CoV-2 recombinant Spike protein (Razi Cov Pars) and Sinopharm vaccines in adults aged 18 and over, a phase III randomised, double blind, non-inferiority clinical trial 2022 Available at: https://www.irct.ir/trial/58143. (Accessed April 20. 2022).
    46.
  46. IRCT. Comparison of immunogenicity and safety of Razi Cov Pars and Sinopharm booster doses in adults 18 years of age and older who have primarily vaccinated with Sinopharm: a ‎parallel ‎‏2‏‎ arms, ‎randomised, double blind clinical trial 2022 Available at: https://www.irct.ir/trial/59902. (Accessed April 20. 2022)
    47.
  47. Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA). The injection of the "Spicogen" vaccine into the second phase volunteers began [In Percian] Available at: www.irna.ir/news/84350035/. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    48.
  48. Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA). The Sinagen vaccine received the code of ethics [In Percian] Available at: www.irna.ir/news/84340553/. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    49.
  49. Everything you need to know about "Iranian Corona vaccines"! [In Percian] Available at: https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1400/03/15/2515338/. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    50.
  50. Khabaronline. Details of "Spicogen"; The Australian-Iranian Corona vaccine was announced [In Percian] Available at: https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1518701/. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    51.
  51. Tabarsi P, Anjidani N, Shahpari R, Mardani M, Sabzvari A, Yazdani B, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of SpikoGen®, an advax-cpg55. 2-adjuvanted sars-cov-2 spike protein vaccine: a phase 2 randomized placebo-controlled trial in both seropositive and seronegative populations. Clinical Microbiology Infection. 2022:DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2022.04.004.
    52.
  52. IRCT. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II clinical trial to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of covid-19 recombinant RBD protein vaccine (80 microgram) of Plasma Darman Sarve Sepid Co. in healthy population. 2021 Available from: https://en.irct.ir/trial/59156. (Accessed April 22. 2022)
    53.
  53. IRCT. Phase 3 Clinical Trial to evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of Covid19 Recombinant RBD Protein Vaccine (Noora Vaccine) as a Booster Vaccine after injection of existing Vaccines in IRAN 2021 Available from: https://en.irct.ir/trial/60796. (Accessed April 20. 2022)
    54.
  54. Available from: https://baq.bmsu.ac.ir/portal/file/?347788/noora-vaccine-presentation-14.pdf.
    55.
  55. Jones I, Roy P. Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10275):642-3.
    56.
  56. Islamic Republic News Agency I. The first shipment of Sputnik V vaccine will be sent to Iran this week [In Percian] Available at: https://www.irna.ir/news/84203501/. (Accessed May 20. 2021)
    57.
  57. INTERFAX.RU. Russia is the first in the world to register a vaccine against coronavirus Available at: https://www.interfax.ru/russia/721241. (Accessed May 20. 2021).
    58.
  58. Available from: https://sputnikvaccine.com/about-vaccine/. (Accessed May 20.2021)
    59.
  59. Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV, Tukhvatullin AI, Shcheblyakov DV, Dzharullaeva AS, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;396(10255)887-97.
    60.
  60. Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Zubkova OV, Dzharullaeva AS, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10275):671-81.
    61.
  61. Baraniuk C. Covid-19: What do we know about Sputnik V and other Russian vaccines? BMJ. 2021;372:n743, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n743.
    62.
  62. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] vaccine against COVID-19 (AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine AZD1222, SII Covishield, SK Bioscience): interim guidance, first issued 10 February 2021, updated 21 April 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/AZD1222/2021.2.
    63.
  63. Pfizer, AstraZeneca effective against virus strain found in India Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/23/pfizer-astrazeneca-effective-against-virus-strain-found-in-india. (Accessed May 24. 2021).
    64.
  64. Emary KR, Golubchik T, Aley PK, Ariani CV, Angus B, Bibi S, et al. Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B. 1.1. 7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10282):1351-62.
    65.
  65. Hung IF, Poland GA. Single-dose Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine followed by a 12-week booster. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10277):854-5.
    66.
  66. Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, et al. Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10277):881-91.
    67.
  67. Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;397(10269):99-111.
    68.
  68. Madhi SA, Baillie V, Cutland CL, Voysey M, Koen AL, Fairlie L, et al. Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 vaccine against the B. 1.351 variant. New Engl J Med. 2021;384:1885-98.
    69.
  69. World Health Organization. Global advisory committee on vaccine safety (GACVS) review of latest evidence of rare adverse blood coagulation events with AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine (Vaxzevria and Covishield) Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/16-04-2021-global-advisory-committee-on-vaccine-safety-(gacvs)-review-of-latest-evidence-of-rare-adverse-blood-coagulation-events-with-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-(vaxzevria-and-covishield). (Accessed May 22. 2021).
    70.
  70. World Health Organization. AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S/nCoV-19 [recombinant], COVID-19 vaccine Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/chadox1-s-recombinant-covid-19-vaccine. (Accessed May 30. 2021).
    71.
  71. World Health Organization. Background document on the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S (COVID-19) vaccine: background document to the WHO Interim recommendations for use of Ad26.COV2.S (COVID-19) vaccine, 17 March 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Ad26.COV2.S/background/2021.1.
    72.
  72. Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Scobie H, Wallace M, Hadler SC, Leung J, et al. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Interim Recommendation for Use of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine—United States, February 2021. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2021;70(9):329-32.
    73.
  73. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for the use of the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S (COVID-19) vaccine: interim guidance, 17 March 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/Ad26.COV2.S/2021.1.
    74.
  74. MacNeil JR, Su JR, Broder KR, Guh AY, Gargano JW, Wallace M, et al. Updated recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine after reports of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome among vaccine recipients—United States, April 2021. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report. 2021;70(17):651,  http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7017e4.
    75.
  75. World Health Organization. mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna) against COVID-19 background document: draft prepared by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization Working Group on COVID-19 vaccines, 19 January 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/                    mRNA-1273/2021.1.
    76.
  76. What Are Lipid Nanoparticles? Available at: https://www.precisionnanosystems.com/platform-technologies/genvoy-platform. (Accessed June 9. 2021).
    77.
  77. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162b2, under emergency use listing: interim guidance, 21 January 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 2022. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/BNT162b2/2021.1.
    78.
  78. World Health Organization. mRNA vaccines against COVID-19: Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2: prepared by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization working group on COVID-19 vaccines, 22 December 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 2020. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_evaluation/BNT162b2/2020.1.
    79.
  79. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162b2, under emergency use listing: interim guidance, first issued 8 January 2021, updated 15 June 2021, updated 19 November 2021, updated 21 January 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 2022. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/BNT162b2/2022.1.
    80.
  80. World Health Organization. Background document on the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) against COVID-19: background document to the WHO interim recommendations for use of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162b2, under emergency use listing, 15 January 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 2021.  Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/BNT162b2/background/2021.1.
    81.
  81. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. New Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603-15.
    82.
  82. Pfizer. Pfizer and Biontech confirm high efficacy and no serious safety concerns through up to six month following second dose in updated topline analysis of landmark COVID-19 vaccine study Available at: https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-confirm-high-efficacy-and-no-serious. (Accessed May 12. 2021).
    83.
  83. Wallace M, Woodworth KR, Gargano JW, Scobie HM, Blain AE, Moulia D, et al. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents Aged 12–15 Years — United States, May 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 14 May. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2021;70.
    84.
  84. Meo S, Bukhari I, Akram J, Meo A, Klonoff D. COVID-19 vaccines: comparison of biological, pharmacological characteristics and adverse effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(3):1663-9.
    85.
  85. World Health Organization. Interim recommendations for use of the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19: interim guidance, 23 February 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 2022. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/mRNA-1273/2021.1.
    86.
  86. (WHO) WHO. Questions and answers: COVID-19 vaccines and pregnancy, 15 February 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 2022. Contract No.: WHO/2019-nCoV/FAQ/Pregnancy/Vaccines/2022.1.
    87.
  87. World Health Organization. Who should get the COVID-19 vaccines? Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines. (Accessed June 2. 2021).
    88.
  88. World Health Organization. Is the vaccine safe for children? Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines. (Accessed June 2. 2021).
    89.
  89. Organization WH. Interim statement on COVID-19 vaccination for children and adolescents Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/24-11-2021-interim-statement-on-covid 19-vaccination-for-children-and-adolescents?msclkid=db4bf657c24311ecb847f9812ac0ad30. (Accessed April 22. 2022)
    90.

 

مقالات مرتبط

حقوق این وب‌سایت متعلق به سامانه مدیریت نشریات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی است.
حق نشر © 1403-1400

صفحه اصلی| عضویت/ ورود| درباره سند| تماس با ما|
[English] [العربية] [en] [ar]