مروری بر روش‌های تشخیص خطا و تعیین سرمنشأ آن در شبکه‌های توزیع برق
محورهای موضوعی : انرژی های تجدیدپذیر
1 - کارشناس ارشد - دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد بجنورد، باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، بجنورد، ایران
کلید واژه: تشخیص خطا, تعیین سرمنشأ خطا, شبکه‌های توزیع برق,
چکیده مقاله :
به مجموعه روش‌هایی که بعد از بروز خطا، موقعیت خطا را با توجه به شرایط قبل و بعد از خطا تشخیص می‌دهند، الگوریتم‌های مکان‌یابی خطا گفته می‌شود و بخشی که این کار را انجام می‌دهد، مکان‌یاب خطا نامیده می‌شود. در همین رابطه مفاهیمی چون تشخیص خطا و جداسازی آن و تشخیص خطا و سرمنشأ آن نیز در سیستم قدرت مطرح شده است. تا کنون روش‌های مختلفی به منظور تشخیص خطا و سرمنشأ آن در بخش‌های مختلف سیستم قدرت و نیز تجهیزات آن نظیر ترانسفورماتورها، مبدل‌ها، خطوط هوایی، کابل‌های زمینی، فیدرها، مدارشکن‌ها، رله‌های حفاظتی، ژنراتورها، توربین‌ها و غیره معرفی شده است که هر کدام در تکمیل کارهای گذشته، روشی جدید و کارآمدتر را پیشنهاد داده‌اند. در این مقاله، مطالعه جامعی روی روش‌های تشخص خطا و تعیین سرمنشأ آن در سیستم‌های توزیع برق ارائه شده است. همچنین دسته‌بندی و روش‌شناسی تحقیقات صورت گرفته پیرامون این موضوع در مقالات مختلف، بیان شده است. الگوریتم‌های تشخیص خطا و تعیین مکان خطا از دو دیدگاه کلی تقسیم‌بندی شده و ویژگی‌های هر دسته به صورت کامل تشریح شده است.
Fault detection and diagnosis algorithms are the methods whose function is determining the fault point in a system according to pre-faulting and post-faulting conditions, and fault detector is a part of system which performs this function. Accordingly, the aspects like fault detection and diagnosis and faulted point isolation have been introduced. Until now many researches have focused on fault detection methods in different parts of power system such as transformers, converters, overhead lines, underground cables, feeders, breakers, protection relays, generators, turbines, etc. , which every one of them has proposed a new and effective method in supplementing of previous works. In this paper, a comprehensive study is done on fault detection and diagnosis in distribution power systems. Also, categorizing and also methodology of previous works in literature is addressed. Fault detection and diagnosis algorithms are divided based on two viewpoints and characteristics and features of each one are described completely.
[1] S. Ebron, D.L. Lubkeman, M. White, "A neural network approach to the detection of incipient faults on power distribution feeders", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.5, No. 2, pp.905-914, April 1990.
[2] Y. Assef, G. Yvette, M. Meunier, "Artificial neural networks for single phase fault detection in resonant grounded power distribution systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/TDC, pp.566-572, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Sep. 1998.
[3] M.A. Dabbagh, L.A. Dabbagh, "Neural networks based algorithm for detecting high impedance faults on power distribution lines", Proceeding of the IEEE/IJCNN, Vol. 5, pp.3386-3390, Washington, DC, USA, July 1999.
[4] H.K. Zadeh, "A novel approach to detection high impedance faults using artificial neural network", Proceeding of the IEEE/UPEC, Vol. 1, pp.373-376, Bristol, UK, Sep. 2004.
[5] K.L. Butler, J.A. Momoh, "A neural net based approach for fault diagnosis in distribution networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/PESW, pp.353-356, Singapore, Jan. 2000.
[6] A.M. Sharat, L.A. Snider, K. Debnath, "A neural network based back error propagation relay algorithm for distribution system high impedance fault detection", Proceeding of the IEEE/APSCOM., Vol. 2, pp.613-620, Hong Kong, Dec. 1993.
[7] L.S. Martins, J.F. Martins, V.F. Pires, C.M. Alegria, "The application of neural networks and Clarke-Concordia transformation in fault location on distribution power systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/TDC, Vol. 3, pp.2091-2095, Yokohama, Japan, Oct. 2002.
[8] I. Baqui, A.J. Mazon, I. Zamora, R. Vicente, "High impedance faults detection in power distribution system by combination of artificial neural network and wavelet transform", Proceeding of the IEEE/CIRED, pp.1-4, Turin, Italy, June 2005.
[9] S.R. Samantaray, B.K. Panigrahi, P.K. Dash, "High impedance fault detection in power distribution networks using time-frequency transform and probabilistic neural network", IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution ,Vol.2, No. 2, pp.261-270, Mar. 2008.
[10] P. Qingle, L. Xinyun, Z. Min, "Improved neural network based on rough set and application in fault line detection for distribution network", Proceeding of the IEEE/CISP, Vol. 8, pp.3784-3788,Yantai, China, Oct. 2010.
[11] I. Nikoofekr, M. Sarlak, S.M. Shahrtash, "Detection and classification of high impedance faults in power distribution networks using ART neural networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICEE, pp.1-6, Mashhad, Iran, May 2013.
[12] P. Routray, M. Mishra, P.K. Rout, "High Impedance Fault detection in radial distribution system using S-Transform and neural network", Proceeding of the IEEE/PCITC, pp.545-551, Bhubaneswar, India, Oct. 2015.
[13] A.N. Kannan, A. Rathinam, "High Impedance Fault Classification Using Wavelet Transform and Artificial Neural Network", Proceeding of the IEEE/CICN, pp.831-837, Mathura, India, Nov. 2012.
[14] M.M.A.S. Mahmoud, "Detection of high impedance faults in M.V. mesh distribution network", Proceeding of the IEEE/MEPS, pp.1-8, Wroclaw, Poland,July 2015.
[15] P.E. Farias, A.P. de Morais, G. Cardoso, A.L. Oliveira, "Transients detection and classification in distribution networks for high impedance faults identification", Proceeding of the IEEE/UPEC, pp.1-6, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Sept. 2014.
[16] Q. Alsafasfeh, I. Abdel-Qader, A. Harb, "Symmetrical pattern and PCA based framework for fault detection and classification in power systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/EIT, pp.1-5,Normal, IL, USA, May 2010.
[17] A.K. Sinha, K.K. Chowdoju, "Power system fault detection classification based on PCA and PNN", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICETECT, pp.111-115, Nagercoil, India, Mar.2011.
[18] E. Barocio, B.C. Pal, D. Fabozzi, N.F. Thornhill, "Detection and visualization of power system disturbances using principal component analysis", Proceeding of the IEEE/IREP, pp.1-10, Rethymno, Greece, Aug. 2013.
[19] Z. Niu, J.Z. Liu, Y.G. Niu, Y.S. Pan, "A reformative PCA-based fault detection method suitable for power plant process", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICMLC, Vol. 4, pp.2133-2138, Guangzhou, China, Aug. 2005.
[20] H.C. Dubey, S.R. Mohanty, N. Kishore, "Abrupt change detection of fault in power system using independent component analysis", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICSCCN, pp.659-664, Thuckafay, India, July 2011.
[21] M. Shaik, M.N. Rao, S.A. Gafoor, "A wavelet based protection scheme for distribution networks with Distributed Generation", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICETEEEM, pp.33-37, Chennai, India, Dec. 2012.
[22] T.M. Lai, L.A. Snider, E.Lo, D.Sutanto, "High-impedance fault detection using discrete wavelet transform and frequency range and RMS conversion", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.20, No. 1, pp.397-407, Jan. 2005.
[23] V.T. Garcia, H.R. Paredes, "High impedance fault detection in Distribution System using Wavelet Transform", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICEEE, pp.1-6, Merida City, Mexico,Oct. 2011.
[24] H.N. Alves, R.N.B. Fonseca, "An algorithm based on discrete wavelet transform for fault detection and evaluation of the performance of overcurrent protection in radial distribution systems", IEEE Latin America Transactions, Vol.12, No. 4, pp.602-608, June 2014.
[25] M. Sarlak, S.M. Shahrtash, "High impedance fault detection in distribution networks using support vector machines based on wavelet transform", Proceeding of the IEEE/EPC, pp.1-6, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Oct. 2008.
[26] J. Momoh, T. Rizy, "Application of wavelet theory to power distribution systems for fault detection", Proceeding of the IEEE/ISAP, pp.345-350, Orlando, FL, USA, Feb. 1996.
[27] A.H. Eldin, E. Abdallah, N. Mohamed, "Detection of high impedance faults in medium voltage distribution networks using discrete wavelet transform", Proceeding of the IEEE/CIRED, pp.1-4, Stockholm, Sweden, June 2013.
[28] H. Yong, C. Minyou, Z. Jinqian, "High impedance fault identification method of the distribution network based on discrete wavelet transformation", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICECENG, pp.2262-2265, Yichang, China, Sept. 2011.
[29] F.B. Costa, B.A. Souza, N.S.D. Brito, J.A.C.B. Silva, W.C. Santos, "Real-time detection of transients induced by high-impedance faults based on the boundary wavelet transform", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol.51, No. 6, pp. 5312-5323, Nov-Dec. 2015.
[30] F.B. Costa, A. Monti, S.C. Paiva, "Overcurrent Protection in Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation based on the Real-Time Boundary Wavelet Transform", IEEE Trans. onPower Delivery, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp.462-473, Feb. 2017.
[31] U.D. Dwivedi, S.N. Singh, S.C. Srivastava, "A wavelet based approach for classification and location of faults in distribution systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/INDCON, Vol. 2, pp.488-493, Kanpur, India, Dec. 2008.
[32] M. Michalik, W. Rebizant, M. Lukowicz, S.J. Lee, S.H. Kang, "High-impedance fault detection in distribution networks with use of wavelet-based algorithm", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp.1793-1802, Oct. 2006.
[33] J. Liang, Z. Yun, F. Liu, Y. Liu, "A method of fault line detection in distribution systems based on wavelets", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICPST, Vol. 4, pp.2635-2639,Kunming, China,Oct. 2002.
[34] M. Mishra, P.K. Rout, P. Routray, "High impedance fault detection in radial distribution system using wavelet transform", Proceeding of the IEEE/INDICON, pp.1-6, New Delhi, India, Dec. 2015.
[35] H. Jingguang, H. Xiangyong, L. Xianshan, H. Hanmei, L. Yanping,"A Novel Single-Phase Earth Fault Feeder Detection by Traveling Wave and Wavelets", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICPST, pp.1-4, Chongqing, China, Oct. 2006.
[36] M.T. Yang, J.C. Gu, W.S. Hsu, Y.C. Chang, C. Cheng, "A novel intelligent protection scheme for high impedance fault detection in distribution feeder", Proceeding of the IEEE/TENCON, Vol. 3, pp.401-404, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Nov. 2004.
[37] J. Liang, Z. Liu, Z. Yun, M. Li, "A New Method for Earth Fault Line Detection Based on Two-Dimensional Wavelet Transform in Distribution Automation", Proceeding of the IEEE/TDC, pp.1-5, Dalian, China, Aug. 2005.
[38] T.S. Sidhu, Z. Xu, "Detection of Incipient Faults in Distribution Underground Cables", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.25, No. 3, pp.1363-1371, July 2010.
[39] M. Michalik, M. Lukowicz, W. Rebizant, S.J. Lee, S.H. Kang, "Verification of the Wavelet-Based HIF Detecting Algorithm Performance in Solidly Grounded MV Networks", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,Vol.22, No. 4, pp.2057-2064, Oct. 2007.
[40] J. Zhang, Z.Y. He, "Distribution System Fault Diagnosis Scheme Based on Multiple Information Sources", Proceeding of the IEEE/APPEEC, pp.1-4, Wuhan, China, Mar. 2009.
[41] R.H. Salim, K.R.C. de Oliveira, A.D. Filomena, M. Resener, A.S. Bretas,"Hybrid Fault Diagnosis Scheme Implementation for Power Distribution Systems Automation", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.23, No.4, pp.1846-1856, Oct. 2008.
[42] N.I. Elkalashy, M. Lehtonen, H.A. Darwish, A.I. Taalab, M.A. Izzularab,"Verification of DWT-Based Detection of High Impedance Faults in MV Networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/DPSP, pp.344-348, Glasgow, UK, Mar. 2008.
[43] M.T. Yang, J.C. Gu, J.L. Guan, C.Y. Cheng, "Detection of High Impedance Faults in Distribution System", Proceeding of the IEEE/TDC, pp.1-5, Dalian, China, Aug. 2005.
[44] I.H. Lim, H.T. Lim, M.S. Choi, S.J. Lee, D. Bak, T.W. Kim, "A fault section detection method using ZCT when a single phase to ground fault in ungrounded distribution system", Proceeding of the IEEE/TDC, pp.1-6, New Orleans, LA, USA, April 2010.
[45] A. Ali, A.Q. Khan, B. Hussain, M.T. Raza, M. Arif, "Fault modelling and detection in power generation, transmission and distribution systems", IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution,Vol.9, No. 16, pp.2782-2791, Mar. 2015.
[46] D. Thukaram, H.P. Khincha, L. Jenkins, K. Visakha, "A three phase fault detection algorithm for radial distribution networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/TENCON, Vol. 2, pp.1242-1248, Beijing, China, Oct. 2002.
[47] S. Gautam, S.M. Brahma, "Detection of High Impedance Fault in Power Distribution Systems Using Mathematical Morphology", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems,Vol.28, No. 2, pp.1226-1234, May 2013.
[48] M.F. Abdel-Fattah, M. Lehtonen, "A probabilistic-based technique using transient RMS currents for earth fault detection in medium voltage distribution networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/DPSP, pp.1-5, Manchester, UK, April 2010.
[49] M.G.M. Zanjani, H.K. Kargar, M.G. M.Zanjani, "High impedance fault detection of distribution network by phasor measurement units", Proceeding of the IEEE/EPDC, pp.1-5,Tehran, Iran,May 2012.
[50] A. Ngaopitakkul, C. Pothisarn, S. Bunjongjit, B. Suechoey, "An application of discrete wavelet transform and support vector machines algorithm for classification of fault types on underground cable", Proceeding of the IEEE/IBICA, pp.85-88, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Sept. 2012.
[51] S.R. Samantaray, L.N. Tripathy, P.K. Dash, "Combined EKF and SVM based High Impedance Fault detection in power distribution feeders", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICPWS, pp.1-6, Kharagpur, India, Dec. 2009.
[52] T. Li, W. Zheng, X. Yao, "Fault detection and diagnosis using PDF for stochastic distribution systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/CCC, pp.117-121, Yantai, China, July 2011.
[53] L. Yao, H. Wang, H. Yue, J. Zhou, "Fault detection and diagnosis for stochastic distribution systems using a rational square-root approximation model", Proceeding of the IEEE/CDC, pp.4163-4168,San Diego, CA, USA, Dec. 2006.
[54] L. Guo, Y.M. Zhang, H. Wang, J.C. Fang, "Observer-Based Optimal Fault Detection and Diagnosis Using Conditional Probability Distributions", IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing,Vol.54, No. 10, pp.3712-3719, Oct. 2006.
[55] J.Li, J.Zhou, D. Zhou, "Fault detection and diagnosis of singular stochastic distribution systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/WCICA, pp.274-279, Chongqing, China,June 2008.
[56] L.G. Santander, P. Bastard, M. Petit, I. Gal, E. Lopez, H. Opazo, "Down-conductor fault detection and location via a voltage based method for radial distribution networks", IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol.152, No. 2, pp.180-184, Mar. 2005.
[57] P. Balcerek, M. Fulczyk, E. Rosolowski, J. Izykowski, P. Pierz, "New algorithm for determination of faulty feeder in distribution network", Proceeding of the IEEE/DPSP, pp.1-6, Birmingham, UK, April 2012.
[58] H. Shu, W. Xu, T. Xincui, W. Qianjin,S. Peng, "On the use of S-transform for fault feeder detection based on two phase currents in distribution power systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/INDUSIS, Vol. 2, pp.282-287,Dalian, China, July 2010.
[59] L. Qin, C. Hao, H. Jin, M. Li,Y. Wang, "CIM-based fault detection analysis of distribution system",Proceeding of the IEEE/APAP, Vol. 1, pp.554-557,Beijing, China,Oct. 2011.
[60] J. Ghorbani, M.A. Choudhry, A. Feliachi, "Real-time multi agent system modeling for fault detection in power distribution systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/NAPS, pp.1-6, Champaign, IL, USA,Sept. 2012.
[61] P. Bhasin, H.S.V.S. Kumar Nunna, S. Doolla, S.V. Kulkarni, "Multi-agent based diagnosis framework for transformers in a smart distribution system", Proceeding of the IEEE/PEDES, pp.1-6, Mumbai, India, Dec. 2014.
[62] K. Nareshkumar, M.A. Choudhry, J. Lai, A. Feliachi, "Application of multi-agents for fault detection and reconfiguration of power distribution systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/PES, pp.1-8, Calgary, AB, Canada, July 2009.
[63] A. Ghaderi, H.A. Mohammadpour, H.L. Ginn, Y.J. Shin, "High-Impedance Fault Detection in the Distribution Network Using the Time-Frequency-Based Algorithm", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,Vol.30, No. 3, pp.1260-1268, June 2015.
[64] F. Ruz, J.A. Fuentes, "Fuzzy decision making applied to high impedance fault detection in compensated neutral grounded MV distribution systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICDPSP, pp.307-310,Amsterdam, Netherlands,April 2001.
[65] K. Stergiopoulos, A.G. Pipe, H. Nouri, "Intelligent control architectures for fault diagnosis in electrical power distribution networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/ISIC, pp.569-573, Houston, TX, USA, Oct. 2003.
[66] M.R. Haghifam, A.R. Sedighi, O.P. Malik, "Development of a fuzzy inference system based on genetic algorithm for high-impedance fault detection", IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol.153, No. 3, pp.359-367, May 2006.
[67] A.H. Etemadi, M.S. Pasand, "High-impedance fault detection using multi-resolution signal decomposition and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system", IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol.2, No. 1, pp.110-118, Jan. 2008.
[68] J.G.M.S. Decanini, M.S. Tonelli-Neto, C.R.Minussi, "Robust fault diagnosis in power distribution systems based on fuzzy ARTMAP neural network-aided evidence theory", IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol.6, No. 11, pp.1112-1120, Nov. 2012.
[69] P.R.Silva, A.Santos, F.G.Jota, "An intelligent system for automatic detection of high impedance faults in electrical distribution systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/MWSCAS, Vol. 1, pp.453-456,Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Aug. 1995.
[70] F.G. Jota, P.R.S. Jota, "High-impedance fault identification using a fuzzy reasoning system", IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol.145, No. 6, pp.656-661, Nov. 1998.
[71] T. Jin, H. Li, "Fault location method for distribution lines with distributed generators based on a novel hybrid BPSOGA", IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol.10, No. 10, pp.2454-2463, July 2016.
[72] Q. Zhou, B. Zheng, C. Wang, J. Zhao, Y. Wang, "Fault location for distribution networks with distributed generation sources using a hybrid DE/PSO algorithm", Proceeding of the IEEE/PESMG, pp.1-5,Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 2013.
[73] T.Takagi, Y.Yamakoshi, M.Yamaura, R.Kondow, T. Matsushima, "Development of a New Type Fault Locator Using the One-Terminal Voltage and Current Data", IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol.PER-2, No. 8, pp.59-60, Aug. 1982.
[74] A.A. Girgis, C.M. Fallon, D.L. Lubkeman, "A fault location technique for rural distribution feeders", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol.29, No. 6, pp.1170-1175, Nov/Dec. 1993.
[75] R. Das, M.S. Sachdev, T.S. Sidhu, "A fault locator for radial subtransmission and distribution lines", Proceeding of the IEEE/PESS, Vol. 1, pp.443-448, Seattle, WA, USA, July 2000.
[76] S. Santoso, R.C. Dugan, J. Lamoree, A. Sundaram, "Distance estimation technique for single line-to-ground faults in a radial distribution system", Proceeding of the IEEE/PESW, Vol. 4, pp.2251-2555,Singapore, Singapore,Jan. 2000.
[77] D.W.P. Thomas, R.J.O. Carvalho, E.T. Pereira, "Fault location in distribution systems based on traveling waves", Proceeding of the IEEE/PTC, Vol. 2, pp.1-5, Bologna, Italy, June 2003.
[78] M. Öhrström, M. Geidl, L. Söder, G. Andersson, "Evaluation of travelling wave based protection schemes for implementation in medium voltage distribution systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/CIRED, pp.1-5,Turin, Italy,June 2005.
[79] X. Dong, J. Wang, S. Shi, B. Wang, B. Dominik, M. Redefern, "Traveling wave based single-phase-to-ground protection method for power distribution system", CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, Vol.1, No. 2, pp.75-82, June 2015.
[80] A.T. Jahromi, P. Wolfs, S. Islam, "Travelling wave fault location in rural radial distribution networks to reduce wild fire risk", Proceeding of the IEEE/AUPEC, pp.1-6, Wollongong, Australia, Sept. 2015.
[81] H. Ye, K. Rui, Z. Zhu, X. Zeng, D. Yang, Y. Cao, "A novel single-phase grounding fault location method with traveling wave for distribution networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/DRPT, pp.1175-1179, Changsha, China, Nov. 2015.
[82] S. Shi, X. Dong, "Traveling waves based fault forecast for feeders in power distribution system", Proceeding of the IEEE/PESGM, pp.1-4, National Harbor, MD, USA, July 2014.
[83] H. Zhao, Y. Qi, H. Jia, "Medium voltage distribution network traveling wave fault location method based on wavelet packet energy spectrum", Proceeding of the IEEE/APAP, Vol. 3, pp.1650-1655,Beijing, China,Oct. 2011.
[84] F. Yan, Z. Guo, "Composite fault location method of single-phase-to-earth about rural distribution networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICEMI, pp.4968-4972,Beijing, China, Aug. 2009.
[85] X. Qin, X. Zeng, Z. Xiaoli, L. Zewen, "Traveling Wave Based Distribution Lines Fault Location Using Hilbert-Huang Transform", Proceeding of the IEEE/IAS, pp.1-5,Edmonton, AB, Canada, Oct. 2008.
[86] H. Hizman, P.A. Crossley, P.F. Gale, G.Bryson, "Fault section identification and location on a distribution feeder using travelling waves", Proceeding of the IEEE/PESS, Vol. 3, pp.1107-1112, Chicago, IL, USA, July 2002.
[87] M.El- Hami, L.L. Lai, D.J. Daruvala, A.T. Johns, "A new travelling-wave based scheme for fault detection on overhead power distribution feeders", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.7, No. 4, pp.1825-1833, Oct. 1992.
[88] J.A. Cormane, H.R. Vargas, G. Ordonez, G. Carrillo, "Fault Location in Distribution Systems by Means of a Statistical Model", Proceeding of the IEEE/TDCLA, pp.1-7, Caracas, Venezuela,Aug. 2006.
[89] L.S. Martins, J.F. Martins, C.M. Alegria, V.F. Pires, "A network distribution power system fault location based on neural eigenvalue algorithm", Proceeding of the IEEE/PTC, Vol. 2, pp.1-6,Bologna, Italy,June 2003.
[90] J.M. Flóreza, J.C. Angaritab, G.O. Platab, "K-means algorithm and mixture distributions for locating faults in power systems", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.79, No. 5, pp.714-721, May 2009.
[91] R.K. Rayudu, "A knowledge-based architecture for distributed fault analysis in power networks", Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp.514-525, June 2010.
[92] Y. Tang, H.F. Wang, R.K. Aggarwal, A.T. Johns, "Fault indicators in transmission and distribution systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/DRPT, pp.238-243, London, UK, April 2000.
[93] J.M. Flòreza, J. Meléndezb, G.C. Caicedoc, "Comparison of impedance based fault location methods for power distribution systems", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.78, No. 4, pp.657-666, April 2008.
[94] M.M. Saha, F. Provoost, E. Rosolowski, "Fault location method for MV cable network", Proceeding of the IEEE/DPSP, pp.323-326, Amsterdam, Netherlands,April 2001.
[95] A.C. Adewole, R. Tzoneva, "Fault detection and classification in a distribution network integrated with distributed generators", Proceeding of the IEEE/PowerAfrica, pp.1-8, Johannesburg, South Africa, July 2012.
[96] K. Zimmerman, D. Costello, "Impedance-based fault location experience", Proceeding of the IEEE/REPCON, pp.1-16, Albuquerque, NM, USA, April 2006.
[97] A.C. Adewole, R. Tzoneva, "A Review of Methodologies for Fault Detection and Location in Distribution Power Networks", International Review on Modelling & Simulations, Vol.4, No. 6, pp.3214-3231, Dec. 2011.
[98] E.C. Senger, G. Manassero, C. Goldemberg, E.L. Pellini, "Automated fault location system for primary distribution networks", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery , Vol.20, No. 2, pp.1332-1340, April 2005.
[99] M.M. Saha, E. Rosolowski, J. Izykowski, "A new fault location algorithm for distribution networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/DPSP, Vol. 1, pp.168-171, Amsterdam, Netherlands, April 2004.
[100] R.A.F. Pereira, L.G.W. Silva, M. Kezunovic, J.R.S. Mantovani, "Location of Single Line-to-Ground Faults on Distribution Feeders Using Voltage Measurements", Proceeding of the IEEE/TDCLA, pp.1-6, Caracas, Venezuela, Aug. 2006.
[101] R.A.F. Pereira, L.G.W. Silva, M. Kezunovic, J.R.S. Mantovani, "Improved Fault Location on Distribution Feeders Based on Matching During-Fault Voltage Sags", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.24, No. 2, pp.852-862, April 2009.
[102] G.M. Espana, J.M. Florez, H.V. Torres, "Elimination of Multiple Estimation for Fault Location in Radial Power Systems by Using Fundamental Single-End Measurements", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.24, No. 3, pp.1382-1389, July 2009.
[103] R.H. Salim, M. Resener, A.D. Filomena, K.R.C. de Oliveira, A.S. Bretas, "Extended Fault-Location Formulation for Power Distribution Systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.24, No. 2, pp.508-516, April 2009.
[104] A.D. Filomena, M. Resener, R.H. Salim, A.S. Bretas, "Fault location for underground distribution feeders: An extended impedance-based formulation with capacitive current compensation", International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol.31, No. 9, pp.489-496, Oct. 2009.
[105] M.C. Almeida, F.F. Costa, S.X. Souza, F. Santana, "Optimal placement of faulted circuit indicators in power distribution systems", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.81, No. 2, pp.699-706, Feb. 2011.
[106] R. Dashti, J. Sadeh, "A new method for fault section estimation in distribution network", Proceeding of the IEEE/POWERCON, pp.1-5, Hangzhou, China, Oct. 2010.
[107] S.J. Lee, M.S. Choi, S.H. Kang, B.G. Jin, D.S. Lee, B.S. Ahn, N.S. Yoon, H.Y. Kim, S.B. Wee, "An intelligent and efficient fault location and diagnosis scheme for radial distribution systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.19, No. 2, pp.524-532, April 2004.
[108] V.N. Gohokar, V.V. Gohokar, "Fault location in automated distribution network", Proceeding of the IEEE/SCAS, Vol. 4, pp.3898-3901, Kobe, Japan, May 2005.
[109] V.N. Gohokar, M.K. Khedkar, "Faults locations in automated distribution system", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.75, No. 1, pp.51-55, July 2005.
[110] C. Yuan, X. Zeng, Y. Xia, "Improved Algorithm for Fault Location in Distribution Network with Distributed Generations", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICICTA, Vol. 2, pp.893-896, Hunan, China, Oct. 2008.
[111] A. Campoccia, M.L. Di Silvestre, I. Incontrera, E.R. Sanseverino, G. Spoto, "An efficient diagnostic technique for distribution systems based on under fault voltages and currents", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.80, No. 10, pp.1205-1214, Oct. 2010.
[112] Y. Gong, A. Guzmán, "Distribution feeder fault location using IED and FCI information", Proceeding of the IEEE/CPRE, pp.168-177, College Station, TX, USA, April 2011.
[113] S.L. Zimath, M.A.F. Ramos, J.E.S. Filho, "Comparison of impedance and travelling wave fault location using real faults", Proceeding of the IEEE/TDC, pp.1-5, New Orleans, LA, USA, April 2010.
[114] F.H. Magnago, A. Abur, "A new fault location technique for radial distribution systems based on high frequency signals", Proceeding of the IEEE/PESS, Vol. 1, pp.426-431,Edmonton, Alta., Canada, July 1999.
[115] Y. Bi, J. Zhao, D. Zhang, "Single-phase-to-ground fault feeder detection based on transient current and wavelet packet", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICPST, Vol. 1, pp.936-940, Singapore, Singapore, Nov. 2004.
[116] D. Jalali, N. Moslemi, "Fault location for radial distribution systems using fault generated high-frequency transients and wavelet analysis", Proceeding of the IEEE/CIRED, pp.1-4, Turin, Italy, June 2005.
[117] A. Borghetti, S. Corsi, C.A. Nucci, M. Paolone, L. Peretto, R. Tinarelli, "On the use of continuous-wavelet transform for fault location in distribution power systems", International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol.28, No. 9, pp.608-617, Nov. 2006.
[118] R.H. Salim, K.R.C. Oliveira, A.S. Bretas, "Fault Detection in Primary Distribution Systems using Wavelets", Proceeding of the IPST’07, pp.1-7, Lyon, France,June 2007.
[119] M.T. Yang, J.L. Guan, J.C. Gu, "High Impedance Faults Detection Technique Based on Wavelet Transform", International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol.1, No.4, pp.681-685, 2007.
[120] K.R.C. de Oliveira, R.H. Salim, A.S. Jr., A.S. Bretas, "Faulted Branch Identification on Power Distribution Systems Under Noisy Environment", Proceeding of the IPST, pp.1-5, Kyoto, Japan, June 2009.
[121] W. Zhao, Y.H. Song, Y. Min, "Wavelet analysis based scheme for fault detection and classification in underground power cable systems", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.53, No. 1, pp.23-30, Jan. 2000.
[122] K.L.B. Purry, J. Cardoso, "Characterization of underground cable incipient behavior using time-frequency multi-resolution analysis and artificial neural networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/PES, pp.1-11, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, July 2008.
[123] A. Ngaopitakkul, C. Apisit, C. Pothisarn, C. Jettanasen, S. Jaikhan, "Identification of fault locations in underground distribution system using discrete wavelet transform", Proceeding of the IMECS, Vol. 2, pp.1-5, Hong Kong, Mar. 2010.
[124] C. Apisit, C. Pothisarn, A. Ngaopitakkul, "An Application of Discrete Wavelet Transform and Support Vector Machines Algorithm for Fault Locations in Underground Cable", Proceeding of the IEEE/IBICA, pp.89-92, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Sep. 2012.
[125] M.H.J. Bollen, I.Y.H. Gu, S. Santoso, M.F. Mcgranaghan, P.A. Crossley, M.V. Ribeiro, P.F. Ribeiro, "Bridging the gap between signal and power: Assessing power system quality using signal processing techniques", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.26, No.4, pp.12-31, July 2009.
[126] K.L. Butler, J.A. Momoh, "Detection and classification of line faults on power distribution systems using neural networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/MWSCAS, Vol. 1, pp.368-371, Detroit, MI, USA, Aug. 1993.
[127] C.Y. Teo, "Automation of knowledge acquisition and representation for fault diagnosis in power distribution networks", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.27, No. 3, pp.183-189, Aug. 1993.
[128] E.A. Mohamed, N.D. Rao, "Artificial neural network based fault diagnostic system for electric power distribution feeders", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.35, No. 1, pp.1-10, Oct. 1995.
[129] F.Wen, C.S.Chang, "A new approach to fault diagnosis in electrical distribution networks using a genetic algorithm", Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, Vol.12, No. 1-2, pp.69-80, Jan.–April 1998.
[130] Z.E. Aygen, S. Seker, M. Bagnyanik, F.G. Bagnyanik, E. Ayaz, "Fault section estimation in electrical power systems using artificial neural network approach", Proceeding of the IEEE/TDC, Vol. 2, pp.466-469, New Orleans, LA, USA, April 1999.
[131] D.T.W. Chan, C.Z. Lu, "Distribution system fault identification by mapping of characteristic vectors", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.57, No. 1, pp.15-23, Jan. 2001.
[132] M.A. Al-Shaher, M.M. Sabry, A.S. Saleh, "Fault location in multi-ring distribution network using artificial neural network", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.64, No. 2, pp.87-92, Feb. 2003.
[133] J.J. Mora, J.C. Bedoya, J. Melendez, "Extensive Events Database Development using ATP and Matlab to Fault Location in Power Distribution Systems", Proceeding of the IEEE/TDCLA, pp.1-6, Caracas, Venezuela, Aug. 2006.
[134] M. Fulczyk, P. Balcerek, J. Izykowski, E. Rosolowski, M.M. Saha, "New Method of Locating Faults on Three-terminal Lines Equipped with Current Differential Relays", Proceeding of the IEEE/PES, pp.1-8, Tampa, FL, USA, June 2007.
[135] S. Herraiz, J. Melendez, G. Ribugent, J. Sanchez, E. Brunet, "Fault location in distribution power systems by means of a toolbox based on N-ary tree data structures", Proceeding of the DIRED, pp.1-4, Vienna, Austria, May 2007.
[136] Z. Guo-fang, L. Yu-ping, "Development of fault location algorithm for distribution networks with DG", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICSET, pp.164-168,Singapore, Singapore, Nov. 2008.
[137] H. Zayandehroodi, A. Mohamed, H. Shareef, M. Mohammadjafari, "Determining exact fault location in a distribution network in presence of DGs using RBF neural networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/IRI, pp.434-438, Las Vegas, NV, USA, Aug. 2011.
[138] N. Rezaei, S.A. M.Javadian, N. Khalesi, M.R. Haghifam, "Diagnosis of impedance fault in distribution system with distributed generations using radial basis function neural network", Proceeding of the IEEE/SMFG, pp.79-83,Bologna, Italy, Nov. 2011.
[139] P. Jarventausta, P. Verho, J. Partanen, "Using fuzzy sets to model the uncertainty in the fault location process of distribution networks", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.9, No. 2, pp.954-960, April 1994.
[140] M. Kezunovic, S. Vasilic, D. Ristanovic, "Interfacing protective relays and relay models to power system modeling software and data files", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICPST, Vol. 1, pp.253-259, Kunming, China, Oct. 2002.
[141] Y. Fukuyama, Y. Ueki, "Fault analysis system using neural networks and artificial intelligence", Proceeding of the IEEE/ANN, pp.20-25, Yokohama, Japan,April 1993.
[142] Y. Assef, O. Chaari, M. Meunier, "Classification of power distribution system fault currents using wavelets associated to artificial neural networks", Proceeding of the IEEE/TFSA, pp.421-424, Paris, France, June 1996.
[143] J. Barros, E. Perez, A. Pigazo, "Real Time System for Identification of Power Quality Disturbances", Proceeding of the CIRED, pp.1-4, Barcelona, Spain, May 2003.
[144] Y. Yuehai, B. Yichuan, X. Guofu, X. Shiming, L. Jianbo, "Fault analysis expert system for power system", Proceeding of the IEEE/ICPST, Vol. 2, pp.1822-1826, Singapore, Singapore, Nov. 2004.
[145] D. Thukaram, H.P. Khincha, H.P. Vijaynarasimha, "Artificial neural network and support vector Machine approach for locating faults in radial distribution systems", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.20, No. 2, pp.710-721, April 2005.
[146] V. Ziolkowski, I.N. DaSilva, R. Flauzino, J.A. Ulson, "Fault Identification in Distribution Lines Using Intelligent Systems and Statistical Methods", Proceeding of the IEEE/MELCON, pp.1122-1125, Malaga, Spain, May 2006.
[147] F. Chunju, K.K. Li, W.L. Chan, Y. Weiyong, Z. Zhaoning, "Application of wavelet fuzzy neural network in locating single line to ground fault (SLG) in distribution lines", International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol.29, No. 6, pp.497-503, July 2007.
[148] I. Baqui, I. Zamora, J. Mazón, G. Buigues, "High impedance fault detection methodology using wavelet transform and artificial neural networks", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.81, No. 7, pp.1325-1333, July 2011.
[149] Y. Aslan, Ş. Türe, "Locationof faults in power distribution laterals using superimposed components and programmable logic controllers", International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol.33, No. 4, pp.1003-1011, May 2011
_||_