وارسی کیفی عوامل مؤثر بر حرمت خود کودکان ایرانی
محورهای موضوعی : روان شناسی تحولی
فاطمه ابراهیمی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری روان‌شناسی
دانشگاه تربیت مدرس)
کاظم رسول‌زاده طباطبایی
2
(استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس)
سعید قنبری
3
(استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی
و علوم تربیتی
دانشگاه شهید بهشتی)
کارینه طهاسیان
4
(استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی
و علوم تربیتی
دانشگاه شهید بهشتی)
کلید واژه: تحلیل کیفی, حرمت خود, اواسط کودکی,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف این پژوهش وارسی کیفی مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر حرمت خود در کودکان ایرانی بود. به منظور دستیابی به این هدف از دو گروه نمونه متخصصان روان شناس کودک و والدین استفاده شد. این دو گروه به‌صورت جداگانه مورد مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته قرار گرفته و پس از مکتوب ساختن این مصاحبه ها، با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی، کدهای باز، طبقات و درون مایه های مورد نظر استخراج شد. درنهایت به‌منظور سنجش استحکام این داده ها روایی محتوایی آن ها به روش دلفی محاسبه شد و نسبت روایی محتوایی برای هر طبقه به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد عوامل مؤثر بر حرمت خود کودکان در سه درون مایه میراث خویشتن، میراث رابطه و میراث نظام جای می‌گیرد. منظور از میراث خویشتن، عوامل شخصیتی و سرشتی، منظور از رابطه، ابعاد ارتباط والد کودک و منظور از نظام، عوامل محیطی است که نظام کودک را در برمی‌گیرد. تمام طبقات این سه درون مایه به‌جز طبقه اختلال‌های همراه در درون مایه میراث خویشتن توانستند حداقل روایی محتوایی مورد نظر را کسب کنند. فهم عوامل مؤثر بر سازه حرمت خود می‌تواند امکان مداخله مؤثرتر بر این سازه فراتشخیصی را فراهم و بهبود سلامت روانی کودکان را میسر سازد.
This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting self-esteem of Iranian children. To achieve this goal, two sample groups were used, which included child psychologists and parents. The two groups were interviewed in a semi-structured interview and, after writing these interviews, open codes, classes and themes were extracted using qualitative content analysis method. Finally, in order to measure the Data strength, their content validity was calculated by Delphi method and CVR rate was obtained for each class. The results showed that the factors affecting children's self-esteem fall into three themes: Self-inheritance, relationship inheritance and system inheritance. Self-inheritance refers to personality and temperament factors, relationship means the dimensions of the child's parental relationship, and the system refers to environmental factors that include the child's system. All classes of these three themes, except for the class of accompanying disorders, in the theme of self-inheritance, were able to obtain at least the Minimum content validity. Understanding the factors affecting childs self-esteem can enable more effective intervention on this transdiagnosticstructure and improve children's mental health.
Ackerman, R. A., Witt, E. A., Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., & Kashy, D. A. (2011). What does the narcissistic personality inventory really measure? Journal of Assessment, 18(1), 67-87.
Alidousti, S. (2006). Delphi method: Basics, steps and examples of application. Management and Development Quarterly, 21(8), 221-228. [In Persian].
Attaran, N., & Mohamadi, N. (2018). The mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between attachment orientations and psychological adjustment. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 15(58), 139-151. [In Persian].
Au. A., & Gunzenhauser. C. (2017). Developing minds: Self-regulation in children and adolescents across the globe.PsyCh Journal, 6(1), 5–7.
Bakir. V., McStay. A. (2017). Fake News and The Economy of Emotions: Problems, causes, solutions. Journal of Digital Journalism, 6(2), 154-175.
Bleidorn. W., Arslan. R. C., Denissen. J. J. A., Rentfrow, P. J., Gebauer, J. E., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2016). Age and gender differences in self-esteem: A cross-cultural window. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(3), 396–410.
Boerner. K. E., Chambers, C. H. T., McGrath, P. J., LoLordo, V., & Uher. R. (2017). The effect of parental modeling on child pain responses: The role of parent and child sex. The Journal of Pain, 18(6), 702-715.
Borelli. J. L., Smiley. P. A., Burkhart Kerr. M., Hong. K., Rasmussen. H. F., Buttitta. K.V., & West., J. L. (2019). A multimethod assessment of associations between parental attachment style and school-aged children’s emotion. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28 (1), 152–167.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S., Nelemans, S. A., Orobio de Castro, B., Overbeek, G., & Bushman, B. J. (2015). Origins of narcissism in children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(12), 3659–3662.
Burnett, A. C., Cheong, J. L. Y., & Doyle, L. W. (2018). Biological and Social Influences on the Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Preterm Infants. Journal of Clinics in Prinatology, 45(3),485-500.
Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2015). A longitudinal test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depression and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(5), 85–99.
Coe. J. L., Davies, P. T., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2017). The multivariate roles of family instability and interparental conflict in predicting children’s representations of insecurity in the family system and early school adjustment problems. Journal of Abnorm Child Psychology, 45(2), 211–224.
Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's.
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedure and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(3), 3-21.
Crosby, Sh. D., Somers, Ch. L., Day, A. G., Zammit, M., Shier, J., & Baroni, B. (2017). Examining school attachment, social support, and trauma symptomatology among court-involved, female students. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(3), 2539–2546.
Deater-Deckard, K. (2017). Parents’ and children’s ADHD in a family system. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(1),519-525.
Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Robins, R. W. (2011). Self-esteem: Enduring issues and controversies. In T. Chamorro-Premuzic, S. von Stumm & A. Furnham (Eds.), The handbook of individual differences (pp. 113-128). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York, NY: Norton.
Gonzalez-Diez, Z., Calvete, E., Riskind, J. H., & Orue, I. (2015). Test of a hypothesized model of relationships between cognitive style and social anxiety: A 12-month prospective study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 30(6), 59–65.
Gruenenfelder-Steiger, A. E., Harris, M. A., & Fend, H. A. (2016). Subjective and objective peer approval evaluations and self-esteem development: A test of reciprocal, prospective, and long-term effects. Developmental Psychology, 52(10), 1563–1577.
Harris, M. A., Donnellan, M. B., Guo, J., McAdams, D. P., Garnier-Villarreal, M., Trzesniewski, K. H. (2017). Parental co-construction of 5-13-year-olds' global selfesteem through reminiscing about past. Child Development, 88(6),1810-1822.
Harter, S. (2006a). The development of self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp.144 –150). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Harter, S. (2006b). Developmental and individual difference perspectives on self-esteem. In D. K. Mroczek & T. D. Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development (pp. 311–334). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Harter, S. (2006c). The self. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 505–570). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self: Developmental and socio cultural foundations. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Hooman, H. A. (2015). A practical guide to qualitative research. Tehran: Samt Publications. [In Persian].
Keane, L., & Loades, M. (2016). Review: Low self‐esteem and internalizing disorders in young people – a systematic review. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22(1), 4-15.
Kolubinski, D. C, Marino, C., Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2019). A metacognitive model of self-esteem. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256(3), 42–53.
Krauss, S., Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2019). Family environment and self-esteem development: A longitudinal study from age 10 to 16. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(4),121-134.
Kuster, F., & Orth, U. (2013). The long-term stability of self-esteem: Its time-dependent decay and nonzero asymptote. Personality and Social/Psychology Bulletin, 39(6), 677– 690.
Lawshe. CH. A. (1975). Quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(14), 563-575.
Liu, C., Chen, X., Song, P., Lu, A., Wang, L., Zhang, X., Haung, Z., & Zheng, D. (2018). Relationship between childhood emotional abuse and self-esteem: A dual mediation model of attachment. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(5), 793-800.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1986). But is that rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. In D. D. Williams (Ed.), Naturalistic evaluation: New directions for program evaluation (pp. 73–84). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Liskola, K. H., Lapinleimu, H., & Elovainio, M. (2018). Parental depressive symptoms as a risk factor for child depressive symptoms, testing the social mediators in internationally adopted children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(1), 1585–1593.
Magro, S., Utesch, T., Dreiska, D. Wagner. J. (2019). Self-esteem development in middle childhood: Support for sociometer theory. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 25(6), 250-275.
Marshall. S. L., Parker. P. D., Ciarrochi. J., & Heaven. P. C. L. (2014). Is self-esteem a cause or consequence of social support? A 4-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 85(3), 1275–1291.
Moscovitch, D. A., Rowa, K., Paulitzki, J. R., Ierullo, M. B., Chiang, B., Antony, M. M. (2013). Self-portrayal concerns and their relation to safety behaviors and negative affect in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(2), 476 -486.
Neiss, M. B., Sedikides, C., & Stevenson. J. (2006). Genetic influences on level and stability of self-esteem. Journal of Self and Identity, 5(3), 247-266 .
Orth, U. (2017). The lifespan development of self-esteem. In J. Specht (Ed.), Personality development across the lifespan(pp. 181–195). London, UK: Elsevier.
Orth, U. (2018). The family environment in early childhood has a long-term effect on self-esteem: A longitudinal study from birth, to age 27 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(4), 655-637.
Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem current directions. Journal of Psychological Science, 23, 381–387.
Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2019). Development of self-esteem across the lifespan. In D. P. McAdams, R. L. Shiner & J. L. Tackett (Eds.), Handbook of personality development (pp. 328-344). New York, NY: Guilford.
Orth, U., Erol, R. Y., Ledermann, T., & Grob, A. (2018). Codevelopment of well-being and self-esteem in romantic partners: Disentangling the effects of mutual influence and shared environment. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 54, 151–166.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Widaman, K. F. (2012). Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1271–1288.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Maes, J., & Schmitt, M. (2009). Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 472-478.
Pinquart, M., & Gerke, D. C. (2019). Associations of parenting styles with self-esteem in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 101(2), 301-323.
Robins, R.W., Donnellan, M. B., Widaman, K. F., & Conger, R. D. (2010). Evaluating the link between self-esteem and temperament in Mexican origin early adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 33(3), 403-410.
Ruiz, S. Y., Roosa, M. W., & Gonzales, N. A. (2002). Predictors of self-esteem for Mexican American and European American youths: A reexamination of the influence of parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 16(1), 70–80.
Sayadpour, Z. (2007). The relationship between self-esteem and attachment style. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 3(12), 321-311. [In Persian].
Takacsa. L., Smolikb. F, Kaźmierczakc. M, Putnamd. S. P. (2020). Early infant temperament shapes the nature of mother-infant bonding in the first postpartum year. Infant Behavior and Development, 58(2), 201-223.
Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Bmnner/Mazel.
Wagner, J., Lu¨dtke, O., Robitzsch, A., Go¨llner, R., & Trautwein, U. (2018). Self-esteem development in the school context: The roles of intrapersonal and interpersonal social predictors. Journal of Personality, 86(3), 481–497.
Wang, S., & Aamodt, S. (2011). Welcome to your child’s brain: How the mind grows, from conception to college. New York NY: Bloomsbury USA.
_||_