امکان‌سنجی تولید آجر و ملات ژئوپلیمری از خاک بومی قرمز رنگ روستای توتاخانه به منظور استفاده در حفاظت از بافت معماری ارگانیک
محورهای موضوعی :
طراحی محیط زیست
احمد فهمی
1
,
علیرضا بابائیان امینی
2
,
علی مجنونی توتاخانه
3
,
یاسر مارابی
4
1 - استادیار گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه بناب. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - مدرس گروه مهندسی معماری، دانشگاه بناب.
3 - استادیار گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه بناب.
4 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی عمران گرایش سازه، دانشگاه بناب.
تاریخ دریافت : 1401/02/02
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/05/29
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/06/01
کلید واژه:
خاک قرمز,
معماری بومی,
ملات,
توتاخانه,
آجر ژئوپلیمری,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: معماری بومی هر منطقه برگرفته از امکاناتی است که محیط در اختیار قرار داده است. با به کارگیری روش های نوین می توان مصالح بومی را فراوری کرده و در ساخت و ساز همان منطقه استفاده نمود. خاک روستای توتاخانه به صورت بالقوه دارای پتانسیل بالایی برای تولید آجر و ملات ژئوپلیمری است. در این پژوهش امکان‌سنجی ساخت نمونه‌های آجر و ملات ژئوپلیمری بر پایه خاک قرمز روستای توتاخانه با استفاده از سدیم‌هیدرواکسید و آب شیشه صنعتی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است.
روش بررسی: در این مطالعه، طرح اختلاط تولید بیندر ژئوپلیمری بر پایه خاک قرمز توتاخانه به منظور تولید مصالح ساختمانی مانند آجر مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. برای این منظور مواد اولیه خام شامل خاک قرمز توتاخانه به عنوان آلومینوسیلیکات، سنگدانه عبوری از الک استاندارد شماره 8 به عنوان فیلر و محلول فعال کننده قلیایی حاوی آب شیشه صنعتی و محلول سدیم هیدوراکسید با غلظت های مختلف مورد استفاده قرار گرفت.
یافته ها: طبق نتایج به دست آمده، مقاومت فشاری و درصد جذب آب برای آجر ژئوپلیمری بسیار بهینه می باشد. لذا آجرهای ژئوپلیمری تولید شده از خاک قرمز توتاخانه دارای ویژگی هزینه کم تولید، مصرف انرژی کمتر و تولید حداقلی دی اکسیدکربن است. همچنین میزان مقاومت پذیری آجرهای ژئوپلیمری حدود 55/362 درصد بیشتر از آجرهای رسی است. میزان شباهت ظاهری ملات ژئوپلیمری با ملات معمولی 83 درصد است.
بحث ونتیجه گیری: نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش می تواند در زمینه مرمت بافت فرسوده، ملات برای سازه های بتنی، نوسازی و مرمت بناهای تاریخی و فرسوده و غیره مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: The indigenous architecture of each region is derived from the facilities provided by the environment. By using new methods, local materials can be processed and used in construction in the same area. The soil of Toutakhaneh village has a high potential for producing bricks and geopolymer mortar. The advantage of geopolymer bricks and mortars is that while they cost less to produce, they do not need to be baked in a high-temperature oven and therefore play an important role in reducing greenhouse gases.
Material and Methodology: In this study, the mixing design of geopolymer binder production based on Toutakhaneh red soil to produce construction materials such as bricks has been evaluated. For this purpose, raw materials including Toutakhaneh red soil as aluminosilicate, aggregate passing through standard sieve No. 8 as filler, and an alkaline activating solution containing industrial glass water and sodium hydroxide solution with different concentrations were used.
Findings: According to the results, the compressive strength and water absorption percentage are very optimal for geopolymer bricks. Therefore, geopolymer bricks produced from Toutakhaneh red soil have the characteristics of low production cost, lower energy consumption, and minimal production of carbon dioxide. Also, the strength of geopolymer bricks is about 362.55% higher than clay bricks. The apparent similarity of geopolymer mortar with ordinary mortar is 83%.
Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study can be used in the field of restoration of worn texture, mortar for concrete structures, renovation, and restoration of historic and worn buildings, etc.
منابع و مأخذ:
Sandanayake, M., et al., Greenhouse gas emissions of different fly ash based geopolymer concretes in building construction. Journal of cleaner production, 2018. 204: p. 399-408.
Das, S., et al., Geopolymer concrete: Sustainable green concrete for reduced greenhouse gas emission–A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021.
Sandanayake, M., et al., Sustainable criterion selection framework for green building materials–An optimisation based study of fly-ash Geopolymer concrete. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2020. 25: p. e00178.
Srinivasan, V., et al., Geopolymer Concrete a Sustainable Building Materials for Rural Housing. Environ. Nanotechnol, 2017. 6(2): p. 14-19.
Muhammad Faheem, M., et al. Application of clay-based geopolymer in brick production: A review. in Advanced Materials Research. 2013. Trans Tech Publ.
Abbas, R., et al., Preparation of geopolymer concrete using Egyptian kaolin clay and the study of its environmental effects and economic cost. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2020: p. 1-19.
Abdullah, M., et al., Clay-Based Materials in Geopolymer Technology. Cement Based Materials, 2018: p. 239.
Rath, B., et al., Performance of natural rubber latex on calcined clay-based glass fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2020. 21: p. 1051-1066.
Mohsen, Q. and N.Y. Mostafa, Investigating the possibility of utilising low kaolinitic clays in production of geopolymer bricks. Ceramics-Silikaty, 2010. 54(2): p. 160-168.
Ahmad, M. and K. Rashid, Novel approach to synthesize clay-based geopolymer brick: Optimizing molding pressure and precursors’ proportioning. Construction and Building Materials, 2022. 322: p. 126472.
Singh, S., M. Aswath, and R. Ranganath, Performance assessment of bricks and prisms: Red mud based geopolymer composite. Journal of Building Engineering, 2020. 32: p. 101462.
Iftikhar, S., et al., Synthesis and characterization of sustainable geopolymer green clay bricks: An alternative to burnt clay brick. Construction and Building Materials, 2020. 259: p. 119659.
Fahmi, A., et al., Effect of Curing Temperature on the Mechanical Strength of Alkali Activated Laterite Geopolymeric Samples. Journal of Engineering Research, 2021.
Darweesh, H., Geopolymer cements from slag, fly ash and silica fume activated with sodium hydroxide and water glass. Interceram-International Ceramic Review, 2017. 66(6): p. 226-231.
Zhang, Y., et al., Environmental impact assessment of pavement road bases with reuse and recycling strategies: A comparative study on geopolymer stabilized macadam and conventional alternatives. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2021. 93: p. 102749.
Fahmi, A., et al., Evaluation the Use of Stone Aggregates with Different Aggregates in Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Concrete by Environmental Assessment Approach Compared to Portland Concrete. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2021.
Fahmi, A., et al., Sustainable and eco-friendly use of clay brick waste as an alumina-silicate base and different fillers for geopolymer brick production. Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2022.
Mollaei, S., et al., Laboratory Study of High-Resistance Laterite-Based Geopolymer Bricks. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 2022. 14(1): p. 240-250.
kumar Nath, U. and R. Sen, A Comparative Review on Renewable Energy Application, Difficulties and Future Prospect. 2021 Innovations in Energy Management and Renewable Resources (52042), 2021: p. 1-5.
lvarez Valera, H.H., et al. The architecture of kaligreen v2: A middleware aware of hardware opportunities to save energy. in 2019 Sixth International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security (IOTSMS). 2019. IEEE.
Bajcinovci, B. and F. Jerliu, Achieving energy efficiency in accordance with bioclimatic architecture principles. Rigas Tehniskas Universitates Zinatniskie Raksti, 2016. 18: p. 54.
Sher, F., et al., Sustainable energy saving alternatives in small buildings. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2019. 32: p. 92-99.
Khakzand, M., Ahmadi, A. Interaction of nature & architecture: A glimpse. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 2007. 4, 35-47. (In Persian)
Dormohamadi, M., Rahimnia, R, Soil mechanical stabilization and determination of its position in vernacular materials of hot and dry climate. Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climateis, 2017. 5, 29-49. (In Persian)
Akrami G, Alipour L. The role of Vernacular Materials in Sustainable Architecture: An Environmental viewpoint. Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 2017; 35 (156) : 29-48 (In Persian)
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Sandanayake, M., et al., Greenhouse gas emissions of different fly ash based geopolymer concretes in building construction. Journal of cleaner production, 2018. 204: p. 399-408.
Das, S., et al., Geopolymer concrete: Sustainable green concrete for reduced greenhouse gas emission–A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021.
Sandanayake, M., et al., Sustainable criterion selection framework for green building materials–An optimisation based study of fly-ash Geopolymer concrete. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2020. 25: p. e00178.
Srinivasan, V., et al., Geopolymer Concrete a Sustainable Building Materials for Rural Housing. Environ. Nanotechnol, 2017. 6(2): p. 14-19.
Muhammad Faheem, M., et al. Application of clay-based geopolymer in brick production: A review. in Advanced Materials Research. 2013. Trans Tech Publ.
Abbas, R., et al., Preparation of geopolymer concrete using Egyptian kaolin clay and the study of its environmental effects and economic cost. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2020: p. 1-19.
Abdullah, M., et al., Clay-Based Materials in Geopolymer Technology. Cement Based Materials, 2018: p. 239.
Rath, B., et al., Performance of natural rubber latex on calcined clay-based glass fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2020. 21: p. 1051-1066.
Mohsen, Q. and N.Y. Mostafa, Investigating the possibility of utilising low kaolinitic clays in production of geopolymer bricks. Ceramics-Silikaty, 2010. 54(2): p. 160-168.
Ahmad, M. and K. Rashid, Novel approach to synthesize clay-based geopolymer brick: Optimizing molding pressure and precursors’ proportioning. Construction and Building Materials, 2022. 322: p. 126472.
Singh, S., M. Aswath, and R. Ranganath, Performance assessment of bricks and prisms: Red mud based geopolymer composite. Journal of Building Engineering, 2020. 32: p. 101462.
Iftikhar, S., et al., Synthesis and characterization of sustainable geopolymer green clay bricks: An alternative to burnt clay brick. Construction and Building Materials, 2020. 259: p. 119659.
Fahmi, A., et al., Effect of Curing Temperature on the Mechanical Strength of Alkali Activated Laterite Geopolymeric Samples. Journal of Engineering Research, 2021.
Darweesh, H., Geopolymer cements from slag, fly ash and silica fume activated with sodium hydroxide and water glass. Interceram-International Ceramic Review, 2017. 66(6): p. 226-231.
Zhang, Y., et al., Environmental impact assessment of pavement road bases with reuse and recycling strategies: A comparative study on geopolymer stabilized macadam and conventional alternatives. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2021. 93: p. 102749.
Fahmi, A., et al., Evaluation the Use of Stone Aggregates with Different Aggregates in Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Concrete by Environmental Assessment Approach Compared to Portland Concrete. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2021.
Fahmi, A., et al., Sustainable and eco-friendly use of clay brick waste as an alumina-silicate base and different fillers for geopolymer brick production. Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2022.
Mollaei, S., et al., Laboratory Study of High-Resistance Laterite-Based Geopolymer Bricks. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 2022. 14(1): p. 240-250.
kumar Nath, U. and R. Sen, A Comparative Review on Renewable Energy Application, Difficulties and Future Prospect. 2021 Innovations in Energy Management and Renewable Resources (52042), 2021: p. 1-5.
lvarez Valera, H.H., et al. The architecture of kaligreen v2: A middleware aware of hardware opportunities to save energy. in 2019 Sixth International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security (IOTSMS). 2019. IEEE.
Bajcinovci, B. and F. Jerliu, Achieving energy efficiency in accordance with bioclimatic architecture principles. Rigas Tehniskas Universitates Zinatniskie Raksti, 2016. 18: p. 54.
Sher, F., et al., Sustainable energy saving alternatives in small buildings. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2019. 32: p. 92-99.
Khakzand, M., Ahmadi, A. Interaction of nature & architecture: A glimpse. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 2007. 4, 35-47. (In Persian)
Dormohamadi, M., Rahimnia, R, Soil mechanical stabilization and determination of its position in vernacular materials of hot and dry climate. Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climateis, 2017. 5, 29-49. (In Persian)
Akrami G, Alipour L. The role of Vernacular Materials in Sustainable Architecture: An Environmental viewpoint. Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 2017; 35 (156) : 29-48 (In Persian)
