مسوولیت بین المللی سرمایه گذاران خارجی در ارتباط با محیط زیست
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
مجتبی انصاریان
1
,
شیرین شیرازیان
2
1 - دکتری حقوق بین الملل عمومی، استادیار دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استادیار، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، گروه حقوق محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/03/02
تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/03/08
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/10/01
کلید واژه:
مسوولیت بین المللی,
سرمایه گذاری خارجی,
شرکت های فراملی,
حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست,
چکیده مقاله :
قلمروی اجرای حقوق سرمایه گذاری و حقوق محیط زیست مشابه است. تا مولفه های محیط زیست؛ هوا، خاک و آب وجود نداشته باشد امکان هیچگونه سرمایه گذاری، تولید، انباشت سرمایه و مصرف نیز وجود نخواهد داشت. به همین جهت هرشخصی با هر نقشی باید در فرایند نگهداری و بهروزی محیط زیست اقدام نماید که در این میان نقش سرمایه گذاران برجسته است.امروزه بر تمام بازیگران محرز گشته که ورود آن ها به بازار رقابتی بازرگانی بین الملل و ارتقای سطح رفاه جامعه و امنیت در تمام ابعاد آن نیازمند جذب سرمایه گذاری خارجی است. بسیاری از کشورها که خواهان جذب هر چه بیشتر سرمایه به داخل کشورشان هستند اقدام به تصویب قوانینی می کنند که هرچند سرمایه گذاری را تشویق می کند از سوی دیگر، محیط زیست را در بلند مدت به سمت نابودی می کشاند. شرکت های فراملی نیز به سرمایه گذاری در سرزمین هایی تمایل دارند که مقررات زیست محیطی آسان تری دارند.تنها ورود هرچه بیشتر سرمایه، نفع عمومی را تامین نمی سازد بلکه حضور سرمایه با مصرف صحیح و به موقع و حفاظت از محیط زیست است که منافع ملی و جهانی را تحقق می بخشد.پژوهش حاضر این پرسش را مطرح می کند که چگونه می توان غیر از دولت ها و سازمان های بین المللی برای سایربازیگران همچون سرمایه گذاران خارجی درصورت تخریب محیط زیست مسوولیت بین المللی قایل شد؟ چنین فرض شده است که درصورت تخریب محیط زیست حتی بارضایت کشور سرمایه پذیر باید مسوولیت بین المللی برای سرمایه گذار قایل شد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
The domain of investment law and environmental law is similar. In fact, if there is not environment and its components insist of air, soil and water there will not be any investment, production, accumulation of capital and consumption. Therefore, everyone with every role should act in the process of maintaining and upbringing the environment, in which the role of the prominent investors is highlighted. Today, it has been specified by all countries that their entry into the competitive international trade market and the promotion of the welfare of society and security in all its dimensions require the attraction of foreign investment.Many countries that want to attract more and more capital into their country are adopting laws which encourages investors to be present in that country, on the other hand, will end the environment in the long run. Transnational corporations also tend to invest in country that are more environmentally easier. In the meantime, it should be seen with a prospect that the only major inflow of capital would not be generating public benefit but the presence of capital with proper and management consumption and the protection of the environment, which fulfills national and global interests.The question of present research is how can besides governments and international organizations, be considered internationally responsibility such as foreign investors in the event of environmental degradation. It is assumed that in the event of environmental degradation, even the consent country investable would be an international liability to investor.
منابع و مأخذ:
Ziaei Yasser, (2014), Position of Environmental Obligations in International Investment Law, Quarterly Journal of Public Law Research, Vol. 14, No. 42. (In Persian)
Susan Breau, The Responsibility to Protect in International Law: An Emerging Paradigm Shift, (2016), Routledge Research in International Law.
Hung-Gay Fung, Sheryl A. Law, Jot Yau, (2010), Socially Responsible Investment in a Global Environment, Cambridge University Press.
Yung-Tse Hung, Yung-Tse Hung, Nazih K Shammas, Lawrence K Wang, (2013) Handbook of Environment and Waste Management: Volume 2: Land and Groundwater Pollution Control, World Scientific Publishing Company.
Kandi Brown, William L Hall, Marjorie Hall Snook, Kathleen Garvin, (2010) Sustainable Land Development and Restoration: Decision Consequence Analysis, Elsevier Publication.
Alexander Case, Peter H, Sind, Winfried Lance (2007), Environmental Law, Translation by Mohammad Hosein Habibi, Volume 3, Tehran University Press. (In Persian)
Dorceta Taylor, (2014)Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility, NYU Press.
Sornarajah, (2015) Resistance and Change in the International Law on Foreign Investment, Cambridge University Press.
ICJ Rep., The Case Concerning Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros Project, 1997
http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/152/18860.pdf..
Hepburn, Jarrod, (2017), Domestic law in international investment arbitration, International economic law series (Oxford England), Oxford University Press.
Tayebi, Sobhan (2017), Environmental Diplomacy and its Impact on International Interactions and Global Peace, Tehran: Khorsandi Publishing. (In Persian)
Dorceta Taylor, (2014)Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility, NYU Press.
Meera Fickling, Jeffrey J. Schott, (2011), NAFTA and Climate Change, Peterson Institute
Eike Albrecht, Michael Schmidt, Magdalena Mißler-Behr, Simon P. N. Spyra, (2014), Implementing Adaptation Strategies by Legal, Economic and Planning Instruments on Climate Change, Environmental Protection in the European Union 4, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg , p87.
Sornarajah, (2015) Resistance and Change in the International Law on Foreign Investment, Cambridge University Press,p 67.
Stephans, Tim,(2012), International Courts and Environmental Protection, (Cambridge Press).
Corcoran, Peter Blaze; Wals, Arjen E. J.; Weakland, Joseph P, (2017), Envisioning futures for environmental and sustainability education, Wageningen Academic Publishers, p16.
Hepburn, Jarrod, opcit, p46.
Tayebi, opcit, p 200.
Kryvoi, Yaraslau, (2010) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
Reed, Lucy, Paulsson, J. & Blackaby, N. (2011) Guide to ICSID Convention, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law international.
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Ziaei Yasser, (2014), Position of Environmental Obligations in International Investment Law, Quarterly Journal of Public Law Research, Vol. 14, No. 42. (In Persian)
Susan Breau, The Responsibility to Protect in International Law: An Emerging Paradigm Shift, (2016), Routledge Research in International Law.
Hung-Gay Fung, Sheryl A. Law, Jot Yau, (2010), Socially Responsible Investment in a Global Environment, Cambridge University Press.
Yung-Tse Hung, Yung-Tse Hung, Nazih K Shammas, Lawrence K Wang, (2013) Handbook of Environment and Waste Management: Volume 2: Land and Groundwater Pollution Control, World Scientific Publishing Company.
Kandi Brown, William L Hall, Marjorie Hall Snook, Kathleen Garvin, (2010) Sustainable Land Development and Restoration: Decision Consequence Analysis, Elsevier Publication.
Alexander Case, Peter H, Sind, Winfried Lance (2007), Environmental Law, Translation by Mohammad Hosein Habibi, Volume 3, Tehran University Press. (In Persian)
Dorceta Taylor, (2014)Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility, NYU Press.
Sornarajah, (2015) Resistance and Change in the International Law on Foreign Investment, Cambridge University Press.
ICJ Rep., The Case Concerning Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros Project, 1997
http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/152/18860.pdf..
Hepburn, Jarrod, (2017), Domestic law in international investment arbitration, International economic law series (Oxford England), Oxford University Press.
Tayebi, Sobhan (2017), Environmental Diplomacy and its Impact on International Interactions and Global Peace, Tehran: Khorsandi Publishing. (In Persian)
Dorceta Taylor, (2014)Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility, NYU Press.
Meera Fickling, Jeffrey J. Schott, (2011), NAFTA and Climate Change, Peterson Institute
Eike Albrecht, Michael Schmidt, Magdalena Mißler-Behr, Simon P. N. Spyra, (2014), Implementing Adaptation Strategies by Legal, Economic and Planning Instruments on Climate Change, Environmental Protection in the European Union 4, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg , p87.
Sornarajah, (2015) Resistance and Change in the International Law on Foreign Investment, Cambridge University Press,p 67.
Stephans, Tim,(2012), International Courts and Environmental Protection, (Cambridge Press).
Corcoran, Peter Blaze; Wals, Arjen E. J.; Weakland, Joseph P, (2017), Envisioning futures for environmental and sustainability education, Wageningen Academic Publishers, p16.
Hepburn, Jarrod, opcit, p46.
Tayebi, opcit, p 200.
Kryvoi, Yaraslau, (2010) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
Reed, Lucy, Paulsson, J. & Blackaby, N. (2011) Guide to ICSID Convention, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law international.