نکات انتقادی از عدالت زیست‌محیطی و توسعه پایدار
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیست
پیمان نمامیان
1
,
سبحان طیبی
2
1 - استادیار گروه حقوق دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - مدرس گروه حقوق محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقبقات، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: محیط زیست, عدالت زیست‌محیطی, توسعه پایدار, حقوق بشر, حق,
چکیده مقاله :
جامعه بین المللی بیشتر از قبل با مشکلات زیست محیطی مانند جنگل زدایی، گرم شدن زمین، آلودگی محیط زیست، انقراض گونه ها و بیابان زدایی و مشکلات دیگر مواجه شده است. توسعه جامعه بشری در طول قرن ها به گونه ای بوده که نمی تواند فقط به محیط زیست اتکا کند. در این راستا توسعه اقتصادی، علمی و تکنولوژیکی در مکان و زمان شکل می گیرد. در مسیر این توسعه بنابر دغدغه های بشری، پایداری مساله ای است که حقوق نسل های آینده را تضمین می نماید. اگرچه چارچوب های حقوق همبستگی نیز در این مسیر گام های بلندی برداشته اما شرایط مقتضی به هر نحو کفایت موضوع را نکرده است. از این رو، ماهیت مکانی و زمانی توسعه بشر باعث ایجاد نگرانی هایی در مورد حقوق بشر در برابر محیط زیست شده است. این مقاله با استفاده از تحلیل مفهومی به بررسی منتقدانه مفاهیم عدالت زیست محیطی و توسعه پایدار پرداخته است و به اثبات رسانده که توسعه با معنی و مفهوم به مضمون مواردی مثل احترام به محیط زیست و احترام به حقوقی است که بشر در برابر محیط زیست دارد. این مقاله چنین نتیجه گیری کرده که خوشبختی و سعادت جهانی فقط در جو تفاهم میان کشورها بر این مبنا که حفاظت از محیط زیست و پایداری آن به مضمون احترام به حقوق محیط زیست است، دست یافتنی می باشد. لذا یکی از پیشنهادهای این مقاله پایه گذاری تلاش های مرتبط با توسعه پایدار براساس عدالت زیست محیطی است.
The international community is increasingly facing environmental problems such as deforestation, global warming, environmental pollution, species extinction and desertification, and more. The development of human society over the centuries has been such that it cannot rely solely on the environment. In this regard, economic, scientific and technological development is formed in space and time. In the course of this development, according to human concerns, sustainability is an issue that guarantees the rights of future generations. Although the frameworks of solidarity law have also taken great strides in this direction, the appropriate conditions have not been sufficient in any way. Hence, the spatial and temporal nature of human development has raised concerns about human rights and the environment. Using conceptual analysis, this article critically examines the concepts of environmental justice and sustainable development and proves that development is meaningful in terms of issues such as respect for the environment and respect for human rights against the environment. This article concludes that global happiness and prosperity can only be achieved in an atmosphere of understanding between nations on the basis that the protection of the environment and its sustainability is a matter of respect for environmental rights. Therefore, one of the suggestions of this article is to establish efforts related to sustainable development based on environmental justice.
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- Ogungbemi, Segun (1997) “An African Perspective on the Environmental Crisis” Pojman, Retrieved from http://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/2009/09abstracts_a-g.htm
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- Miller, Jr., G. Tyler (2003). Environmental Science: Working With the Earth (9th ed.). Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole,pp.31-34.
- MacShane K., (2012) The Environment: How to Understand It and What to do about It. Kabasenche W. P., O'Rourke M., Slater Matthew H. (Eds.) The Environment: Philosophy, Science, and Ethics. London: MIT,pp.79-82.
- Howe, Henry F., and Lynn C. Westley (1990) Ecological Relationships of Plants and Animals. Oxford University Press,pp.128-129.
- Gilpin, Robert, and Jean M. Gilpin (2001) Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order. Princeton University Press, pp. 17-19.
- Kimbrel, Andrew (2002) Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture. Foundation for Deep Ecology,pp. 184-185.
- Gibbs, D (2002) Local Economic Development and the Environment London: Routledge, pp.68-74.
- Louis J., (ed.) (2001) Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application, 2nd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company), 330-337
- Mingione, Enzo (2001) Urban Poverty and the Underclass: A Reader. Blackwell,pp. 202-203.
- Schlosberg, David (2007) Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and Nature Oxford University Press. pp 12-16
- McDonald, David (2002) Environmental Justice in South Africa. Cape Town: Ohio UP, pp.75-77.
- Schlosberg, David (2007) Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and Nature Oxford University Press. pp. 14-16
- Bryant, B (1995). Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press. pp. 15-18.
- Newton, D. E. (2009) Environmental Justice: A Reference Handbook Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO LLC, pp.431-433.
- Fadahunsi, Ayo (2007) Challenging Africa's Environmental Crisis: the Ethical Imperative, pp. 47-49.
- Zimmerman, R (1993) Social equity and environmental risk. Risk Analysis 13(6):pp. 649-666.
- Ejumudo K. O (2014) The Democracy/Environmental Justice Challenge in Nigeria’s Niger Delta and the Developmental Leadership and Governance Culture Imperative Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development Vol 5, No 15, 113-123 http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEDS/article/view/15311/15526.
- Cole, Luke and Sheila R. Foster (2001) From the Ground Up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York University Press, pp. 22-25
- McNeil, J. R (2001) Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World. Norton, pp.85-86.
- Ogungbemi, Segun (1997) “An African Perspective on the Environmental Crisis” Pojman, Retrieved from http://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/2009/09abstracts_a-g.htm
- Maier, Karl (1997) Into the House of the Ancestors: Inside the New Africa. Wiley, pp.23-25.
- Pourhashemi, Sayed Abbas and Arghand Interest (1392). Environmental Law, Dudgostar Publishing House, p. 256. (In Persian)
- Kuivorova , Timo (1394) Introduction to International Environmental Law, Translated by Sobhan Tayebi and Mahnaz Zarrabi, Publishing Sama, Pages 329-330. (In Persian)
- Tayebi, Sobhan (1396) Environmental Diplomacy and its Impact on International Interactions and Global Peace, Khorsandi Publishing, pp. 261-262.(In Persian)