تأثیر علف‌کش‌ها و حشره‌کش‌های مختلف بر برخی از شاخص‌های اکوفیزیولوژیک و شیمیایی خاک
محورهای موضوعی : کشاورزی و محیط زیستاکبر قویدل 1 , فاطمه مولوی 2 , منیژه عیوضی 3
1 - استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران، (مسوول مکاتبات).
2 - کارشناسی ارشد علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
3 - کارشناسی ارشد علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
کلید واژه: کشاورزی پایدار, آلودگی خاک, کیفیت زیستی خاک, سموم کشاورزی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر آفت‌کش‌ها بر کیفیت زیستی خاک، اثر سه نوع علف‌کش و سه نوع حشره‌کش پرمصرف بر شاخص‌های اکوفیزیولوژیک و شیمیایی خاکمورد آزمایش قرار گرفت.روش بررسی: آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی انجام شد که شامل فاکتور آفت‌کش در هفت سطح (سه علف‌کش و سه حشره‌کش به همراه خاک شاهد) و فاکتور زمان در دو سطح (یک ماه و دو ماه پس از کاربرد آفت کش) بود. آزمایش در گل‌دان به مدت دو ماه در شرایط گل‌خانه انجام گرفت. برخی از شاخص‌های زیستی و اکوفیزیولوژیک خاک پس از یک ماه و نیز پس از دو ماه اندازه گیری شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که در اثر کاربرد آفت‌کش‌ها، جمعیت باکتری‌ها و قارچ‌ها و شاخص‌های اکوفیزیولوژیک شامل تنفس پایه، تنفس‌برانگیخته، کربن زی‌توده‌ی میکروبی، نیتروژن زی‌توده‌ی میکروبی و بهره میکروبی پس از گذشت یک ماه کاهش و بهره متابولیک خاک افزایش معنی داری نسبت به شاهد داشته است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد آفت‌کش‌ها بر مقدار کربن آلی تأثیری نداشته است. مقایسه نتایج نشان داد که با وجود کاهش شاخص‌های اکوفیزیولوژیک خاک پس از گذشت یک ماه، شاخص‌های فوق پس از آن روند افزایشی داشته و در پایان ماه دوم به مقدار قبل از کاربرد آفت‌کش رسیده‌اند. نتایج نشان داد که در بین تیمارهای آفت‌کش، علف‌کش توفوردی بیش‌ترین تأثیر منفی و حشره‌کش کلروپیریفوس کم‌ترین تأثیر منفی را را بر شاخص‌های اندازه گیری شده داشته است.بحث و نتیجه گیری: می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که به‌کارگیری آفت‌کش‌های مورد استفاده در این تحقیق موجب کاهش کیفیت زیستی خاک در کوتاه مدت می‌گردد.
Background and Objective: In order to study the effect of pesticides on soil biological quality, three herbicides and insecticides with the highest consumption rates, on soil eco-physiological and chemical indices were investigated.Method: The experiment was carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design with seven treatments of which were triplicated. The pesticides were applied as constructed by the manufacturer and then the pots maintained in a greenhouse condition for two months. Then, some of the soil eco-physiological and chemical indices were measured after one month and also after two months.Findings: The results showed that in comparison with the application of the pesticides caused a significant decrease in soil bacterial and fungal population, basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, and microbial quotient and a significant increase in soil metabolic quotient. The results also showed that the application of the pesticides has no significant effect on soil organic carbon. The results showed that, although soil eco-physiological indices decreased after one month, the indices increased after two months reaching the level that was before application of the pesticides. The results also showed that 2, 4-D had the highest and Chloropyrifos had the lowest adverse effects on the indices.Discussion and Conclusion: It could be concluded that application of the pesticides which are used in this work decreased soil biological quality short terms.
1. Helfrich LA, Weigmann DL, Hipkins PA, Stinson ER. Pesticides and aquatic animals: a guide to reducing impacts on aquatic systems. 2009.
2. Seiber JN, Kleinschmidt LA. Contributions of pesticide residue chemistry to improving food and environmental safety: past and present accomplishments and future challenges. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2011;59(14):7536-43.
3. 3. Niemi RM, Heiskanen I, Ahtiainen JH, Rahkonen A, Mäntykoski K, Welling L, et al. Microbial toxicity and impacts on soil enzyme activities of pesticides used in potato cultivation. Applied Soil Ecology. 2009;41(3):293-304.
4. Reinecke S, Reinecke A. The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2007;66(2):244-51.
5. Hart M, Brookes P. Soil microbial biomass and mineralisation of soil organic matter after 19 years of cumulative field applications of pesticides. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 1996;28(12):1641-9.
6. Franco-Andreu L, Gómez I, Parrado J, García C, Hernández T, Tejada M. Behavior of two pesticides in a soil subjected to severe drought. Effects on soil biology. Applied Soil Ecology. 2016;105:17-24.
7. García-Ruiz R, Ochoa V, Hinojosa MB, Carreira JA. Suitability of enzyme activities for the monitoring of soil quality improvement in organic agricultural systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2008;40(9):2137-45.
8. Parelho C, Rodrigues A, Barreto M, Ferreira N, Garcia P. Assessing microbial activities in metal contaminated agricultural volcanic soils–An integrative approach. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2016;129:242-9.
9. Tejada M, García C, Hernández T, Gómez I. Response of Soil Microbial Activity and Biodiversity in Soils Polluted with Different Concentrations of Cypermethrin Insecticide. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2015;69(1):8-19.
10. Goswami MR, Pati UK, Chowdhury A, Mukhopadhyay A. Studies on the effect of cypermethrin on soil microbial biomass and its activity in an alluvial soil. Int J Agric Food Sci. 2013;3(1):1-9.
11. Shukla G, Varma A. Soil enzymology: Springer Science & Business Media; 2010.
12. Walia A, Mehta P, Guleria S, Chauhan A, Shirkot C. Impact of fungicide mancozeb at different application rates on soil microbial populations, soil biological processes, and enzyme activities in soil. The Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014.
13. Tejada M, Gómez I, del Toro M. Use of organic amendments as a bioremediation strategy to reduce the bioavailability of chlorpyrifos insecticide in soils. Effects on soil biology. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2011;74(7):2075-81.
14. Getzin LW. Degradation of Chlorpyrifos in Soil: Influence of Autoclaving, Soil Moisture, and Temperature 1. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1981;74(2):158-62.
15. Leoni V, D'Alessandro Ld, Merolli S, Hollick C, Collison R. The soil degradation of chlorpyrifos and the significance of its presence in the superficial water in Italy. Agrochimica (Italy). 1981.
16. Caldwell BA. Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity: a review. Pedobiologia. 2005;49(6):637-44.
17. Wakelin S, Gerard E, Black A, Hamonts K, Condron L, Yuan T, et al. Mechanisms of pollution induced community tolerance in a soil microbial community exposed to Cu. Environmental Pollution. 2014;190:1-9.
18. Jones JB. Laboratory Guide for Conducting Soil Tests and Plant Analysis: CRC Press; 2001.
19. Gupta PK. Soil, Plant, Water And Fertilizer Analysis (2Nd Ed.): Agrobios (India); 2009.
20. 20. Nelson DW, Sommers LE. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Methods of soil analysis part 3—chemical methods. 1996(methodsofsoilan3):961-1010.
21. Olsen S, Sommers L, Page A. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties of Phosphorus ASA Monograph. 1982(9):403-30.
22. 22. Jackson ML. Soil chemical analysis: advanced course: UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press; 2005.
23. 23. Alef K, Nannipieri P. Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry: Academic Press; 1995.
24. Schinner F, Öhlinger R, Kandeler E, Margesin R. Methods in Soil Biology: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2012.
25. Banks ML, Kennedy AC, Kremer RJ, Eivazi F. Soil microbial community response to surfactants and herbicides in two soils. Applied Soil Ecology. 2014;74:12-20.
26. Zabaloy MC, Garland JL, Gómez MA. An integrated approach to evaluate the impacts of the herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl on soil microbial communities in the Pampas region, Argentina. Applied Soil Ecology. 2008;40(1):1-12.
27. Fu F, Xiao L, Wang W, Xu X, Xu L, Qi G, et al. Study on the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic sodium (MCPA sodium) in natural agriculture-soils of Fuzhou, China using capillary electrophoresis. Science of The Total Environment. 2009;407(6):1998-2003.
28. Waldrop MP, Firestone MK. Microbial community utilization of recalcitrant and simple carbon compounds: impact of oak-woodland plant communities. Oecologia. 2004;138(2):275-84.
29. Cycoń M, Markowicz A, Borymski S, Wójcik M, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Imidacloprid induces changes in the structure, genetic diversity and catabolic activity of soil microbial communities. Journal of Environmental Management. 2013;131:55-65.
30. Chen C, Wang Y, Zhao X, Wang Q, Qian Y. Comparative and combined acute toxicity of butachlor, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos on earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Chemosphere. 2014;100:111-5.
31. Ma J, Wang S, Wang P, Ma L, Chen X, Xu R. Toxicity assessment of 40 herbicides to the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2006;63(3):456-62.
32. Parsa M, Aliverdi A, Hammami H. Effect of the recommended and optimized doses of haloxyfop-P-methyl or imazethapyr on soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiosis. Industrial Crops and Products. 2013;50:197-202.
33. Crouzet O, Batisson I, Besse-Hoggan P, Bonnemoy F, Bardot C, Poly F, et al. Response of soil microbial communities to the herbicide mesotrione: A dose-effect microcosm approach. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2010;42(2):193-202.
34. Floch C, Chevremont A-C, Joanico K, Capowiez Y, Criquet S. Indicators of pesticide contamination: soil enzyme compared to functional diversity of bacterial communities via Biolog® Ecoplates. European Journal of Soil Biology. 2011;47(4):256-63.
35. Nguyen DB, Rose MT, Rose TJ, Morris SG, van Zwieten L. Impact of glyphosate on soil microbial biomass and respiration: A meta-analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2016;92:50-7.
36. Rose MT, Cavagnaro TR, Scanlan CA, Rose TJ, Vancov T, Kimber S, et al. Impact of herbicides on soil biology and function. Advances in Agronomy. 2016;136:133-220.
_||_1. Helfrich LA, Weigmann DL, Hipkins PA, Stinson ER. Pesticides and aquatic animals: a guide to reducing impacts on aquatic systems. 2009.
2. Seiber JN, Kleinschmidt LA. Contributions of pesticide residue chemistry to improving food and environmental safety: past and present accomplishments and future challenges. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2011;59(14):7536-43.
3. 3. Niemi RM, Heiskanen I, Ahtiainen JH, Rahkonen A, Mäntykoski K, Welling L, et al. Microbial toxicity and impacts on soil enzyme activities of pesticides used in potato cultivation. Applied Soil Ecology. 2009;41(3):293-304.
4. Reinecke S, Reinecke A. The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2007;66(2):244-51.
5. Hart M, Brookes P. Soil microbial biomass and mineralisation of soil organic matter after 19 years of cumulative field applications of pesticides. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 1996;28(12):1641-9.
6. Franco-Andreu L, Gómez I, Parrado J, García C, Hernández T, Tejada M. Behavior of two pesticides in a soil subjected to severe drought. Effects on soil biology. Applied Soil Ecology. 2016;105:17-24.
7. García-Ruiz R, Ochoa V, Hinojosa MB, Carreira JA. Suitability of enzyme activities for the monitoring of soil quality improvement in organic agricultural systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2008;40(9):2137-45.
8. Parelho C, Rodrigues A, Barreto M, Ferreira N, Garcia P. Assessing microbial activities in metal contaminated agricultural volcanic soils–An integrative approach. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2016;129:242-9.
9. Tejada M, García C, Hernández T, Gómez I. Response of Soil Microbial Activity and Biodiversity in Soils Polluted with Different Concentrations of Cypermethrin Insecticide. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2015;69(1):8-19.
10. Goswami MR, Pati UK, Chowdhury A, Mukhopadhyay A. Studies on the effect of cypermethrin on soil microbial biomass and its activity in an alluvial soil. Int J Agric Food Sci. 2013;3(1):1-9.
11. Shukla G, Varma A. Soil enzymology: Springer Science & Business Media; 2010.
12. Walia A, Mehta P, Guleria S, Chauhan A, Shirkot C. Impact of fungicide mancozeb at different application rates on soil microbial populations, soil biological processes, and enzyme activities in soil. The Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014.
13. Tejada M, Gómez I, del Toro M. Use of organic amendments as a bioremediation strategy to reduce the bioavailability of chlorpyrifos insecticide in soils. Effects on soil biology. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2011;74(7):2075-81.
14. Getzin LW. Degradation of Chlorpyrifos in Soil: Influence of Autoclaving, Soil Moisture, and Temperature 1. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1981;74(2):158-62.
15. Leoni V, D'Alessandro Ld, Merolli S, Hollick C, Collison R. The soil degradation of chlorpyrifos and the significance of its presence in the superficial water in Italy. Agrochimica (Italy). 1981.
16. Caldwell BA. Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity: a review. Pedobiologia. 2005;49(6):637-44.
17. Wakelin S, Gerard E, Black A, Hamonts K, Condron L, Yuan T, et al. Mechanisms of pollution induced community tolerance in a soil microbial community exposed to Cu. Environmental Pollution. 2014;190:1-9.
18. Jones JB. Laboratory Guide for Conducting Soil Tests and Plant Analysis: CRC Press; 2001.
19. Gupta PK. Soil, Plant, Water And Fertilizer Analysis (2Nd Ed.): Agrobios (India); 2009.
20. 20. Nelson DW, Sommers LE. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Methods of soil analysis part 3—chemical methods. 1996(methodsofsoilan3):961-1010.
21. Olsen S, Sommers L, Page A. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties of Phosphorus ASA Monograph. 1982(9):403-30.
22. 22. Jackson ML. Soil chemical analysis: advanced course: UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press; 2005.
23. 23. Alef K, Nannipieri P. Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry: Academic Press; 1995.
24. Schinner F, Öhlinger R, Kandeler E, Margesin R. Methods in Soil Biology: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2012.
25. Banks ML, Kennedy AC, Kremer RJ, Eivazi F. Soil microbial community response to surfactants and herbicides in two soils. Applied Soil Ecology. 2014;74:12-20.
26. Zabaloy MC, Garland JL, Gómez MA. An integrated approach to evaluate the impacts of the herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl on soil microbial communities in the Pampas region, Argentina. Applied Soil Ecology. 2008;40(1):1-12.
27. Fu F, Xiao L, Wang W, Xu X, Xu L, Qi G, et al. Study on the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic sodium (MCPA sodium) in natural agriculture-soils of Fuzhou, China using capillary electrophoresis. Science of The Total Environment. 2009;407(6):1998-2003.
28. Waldrop MP, Firestone MK. Microbial community utilization of recalcitrant and simple carbon compounds: impact of oak-woodland plant communities. Oecologia. 2004;138(2):275-84.
29. Cycoń M, Markowicz A, Borymski S, Wójcik M, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Imidacloprid induces changes in the structure, genetic diversity and catabolic activity of soil microbial communities. Journal of Environmental Management. 2013;131:55-65.
30. Chen C, Wang Y, Zhao X, Wang Q, Qian Y. Comparative and combined acute toxicity of butachlor, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos on earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Chemosphere. 2014;100:111-5.
31. Ma J, Wang S, Wang P, Ma L, Chen X, Xu R. Toxicity assessment of 40 herbicides to the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2006;63(3):456-62.
32. Parsa M, Aliverdi A, Hammami H. Effect of the recommended and optimized doses of haloxyfop-P-methyl or imazethapyr on soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiosis. Industrial Crops and Products. 2013;50:197-202.
33. Crouzet O, Batisson I, Besse-Hoggan P, Bonnemoy F, Bardot C, Poly F, et al. Response of soil microbial communities to the herbicide mesotrione: A dose-effect microcosm approach. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2010;42(2):193-202.
34. Floch C, Chevremont A-C, Joanico K, Capowiez Y, Criquet S. Indicators of pesticide contamination: soil enzyme compared to functional diversity of bacterial communities via Biolog® Ecoplates. European Journal of Soil Biology. 2011;47(4):256-63.
35. Nguyen DB, Rose MT, Rose TJ, Morris SG, van Zwieten L. Impact of glyphosate on soil microbial biomass and respiration: A meta-analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2016;92:50-7.
36. Rose MT, Cavagnaro TR, Scanlan CA, Rose TJ, Vancov T, Kimber S, et al. Impact of herbicides on soil biology and function. Advances in Agronomy. 2016;136:133-220.