ارزیابی تأثیر جاده سازی جنگل بر زادآوری (مطالعه موردی: طرح جنگلداری سیستان، گیلان)
محورهای موضوعی :
تنوع زیستی
فرشاد کیوان بهجو
1
,
مراد حاجی پور
2
,
رامین نقدی
3
,
معراج شرری
4
,
زینب پورقلی
5
1 - دانشیار گروه منابع طبیعی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
2 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جنگلشناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده فناوری کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
3 - استاد گروه جنگداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گیلان، اردبیل، ایران.
4 - استادیار گروه منابع طبیعی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
5 - فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد رشته جنگل شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1396/05/02
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/08/03
تاریخ انتشار : 1399/01/01
کلید واژه:
زادآوری,
اکوسیستم جنگلی,
گونه‌های چوبی,
بالادست جاده,
پایین دست جاده,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: از وقایع مهم در زندگی جنگل، زادآوری درختان جنگلی است که تداوم حیات و پایداری دایمی یک جنگل از درختان مختلف، به آن‌ها بستگی دارد. بنابراین شناخت عوامل مؤثر بر روند استقرار گونه های جنگلی می تواند ما را در شناخت بهتر مراحل مختلف توالی این اکوسیستم یاری کند. هدف این مقاله بررسی تأثیر توسعه جنگل بر زادآوری گونه های چوبی درختی و درختچه ای در منطقه ذیلکی رودبار است.روش بررسی: برای انجام این تحقیق، قسمتی از جاده جنگلی سری 4 ذیلکی رود با سن 18 سال که به لحاظ ارتفاع، جهت دامنه، تغییرات شیب و ترکیب گونه ای دارای وضعیت یکنواختی بود، با طول کافی (500 متر) انتخاب و در جاده ۶ ترانسکت، به‌طور یک‌درمیان به سمت بالا و پایین دامنه و به طول ۵۰ متر و عمود بر آن با استفاده از طناب و قطب نما پیاده گردید. در هر ترانسکت در فواصل ۱، ۵، ۱۰، ۳۰ و ۵۰ متر، پلات‌های موازی با جاده و به ابعاد ۲ متر در ۱۰ متر پیاده شد و در داخل هر قطعه نمونه، نوع و تعداد زادآوری گونه های چوبی درختی و درختچه ای برداشت شد.یافته‌ها: بر طبق نتایج، تفاوت آماری معناداری بین میانگین تعداد زادآوری گونه ها در پایین دست (9/13± 8/28) و بالا دست جاده (9/12±4 /32) وجود نداشت. آنالیز واریانس نشان داد که میانگین تعداد زادآوری بین فواصل مختلف در پایین دست و بالا دست جاده دارای اختلاف معنی داری می باشد. در پایین دست جاده، به احتمال 95 درصد، میانگین تعداد زادآوری در فاصله 5 و 1 متر از جاده به ترتیب دارای بیش‌ترین (0/7± 0/39) و کم‌ترین مقدار (4/10± 0/16) می باشد.بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: برای بقاء هر نوع پوشش گیاهی، امکان زادآوری اهمیت ویژه ای دارد و از آنجا که جاده ها، مسیرهای دست‌یابی به اکوسیستم های جنگلی، هم برای انسان و هم برای گونه های گیاهی و جانوری مهاجم محسوب می شود، آﮔﺎﻫﻲ از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ پوشش گیاهی و خاک ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ و بررسی ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎی ﺟﺎده ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ به منظور به ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﺧﺴﺎرات وارده ﺑﻪ زادآوری ضروری ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: One of the most important events in forests is the regeneration of forest trees on which the sustainability of a forest depends. Therefore, understanding the factors affecting the establishment of forest species can help us of better understanding the different stages of the succession of this ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of forest development on regeneration of tree species in Zilaki area of Rudbar town.Method: In this study, a part of forest roads in Series 4 of Zilaki rood at the age of 18 was selected in terms of homogeneity of height, aspect, slope changes and species composition status and with sufficient length (500 m). In this road, 6 transect was designed and parallel plots were implemented at intervals of 1, 5, 10, 30 and 50 meters, with dimensions of 2 in 10 meters. The number and type of wooden trees and shrub species regeneration were sampled.Findings: According to the results, there was no significant difference between the mean regeneration of the species in the downstream (28.8 ± 13.9) and upstream of the road (32.4 ± 12.9). Analysis of variance showed that the mean number of regeneration between different intervals in the downstream and upstream of the road had a significant difference. In downstream, with a probability of 95%, the average number of regeneration were (39.0 ± 7.0) and (16.1 ± 10.4) at 5 and 1 meter of the road, respectively.Discussion and Conclusions: For the survival of any vegetation, the possibility of regeneration is so important and since the roads as the access routes to forest ecosystems are important both for humans and invasive plant species, road ecology studies is very important and valuable to monitor and control the impact of forest roads on biodiversity. So, the knowledge about the flora and edaphic conditions is essential to minimize the damage to vegetation and soil in the region influenced by forest roads.
منابع و مأخذ:
Smith, F., 1996. Biological diversity, ecosystem stability and economic development. Journal of Ecological Economics, Vol. 16, pp. 191-203.
Metslaid, M., Jo˜giste, K., Nikinmaa, E., Keith Moser, W., Porcar-Castell, A., 2007. Tree variables related to growth response and acclimation of advance regeneration of Norway spruce and other coniferous species after release. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 24, pp. 1-8.
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Jones, P.D., New, N., Parker, D.E., Martin, S., Rigor, I.G., 1999. Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 37, pp. 173–199.
Tilman, D., 1988. Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. Monographs in Population Biology 26. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 360 p.
Newsome, W.T., Mikami, A., Wurtz, R.H., 1986. Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. III. Psychophysics and physiology of apparent motion. Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 5, pp. 1340-1351.
Barchuk, A.H., Díaz, M.P., Casanoves, F., Balzarin, M.G., Karlin, U.O., 1998. Experimental study on survival rates in two arboreal species from the Argentinean dry Chaco. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 103, pp. 203-210.
Swindel, B.F., Conde, L.F., Smith, J.E., 1984. Species diversity: concept, measurement, and response to clear cutting and site preparation. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 20, pp.195-208.
Belinchon, R., Martinez, I., Escudero, A., Aragon, G., Valladares, F., 2007. Edge effects on epiphytic communities in a Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaicaforest. Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 18, pp. 81-90.
Wronski, E.B., 1984. Impact of tractor thinning operations on soil and tree roots in a Karri forest, Western Australia. Australian forest research, Vol. 14, pp. 319-332.
Bowering, M., Lemay, V., Marshall, P., 2006. Effects of forest roads on the growth of adjacent lodgepole pine trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 36, pp. 919-929.
Najafi, A., Hosseini, S.M., Ezzati, S., Torabi, M., Fakhari, M.A., (2011). Comparison of Regeneration and Biodiversity of trees on cut and fill edges of forest road (Case study: Chamestan and Lavige forest, Noor), Journal of wood Forest Science and Technology, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 139-152. (in Persian).
Forman, R.T.T., Alexander, l.e., 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 29, pp. 207-231.
Lamont, B.B., Rees, R., Witkowski, E., Whitten, V.A., 1994. Comparative size, fecundity and ecophysiology of roadside plants of Banksia hookeriana. Journal Applied Ecology, Vol. 31, pp. 137-144.
Parendes, LA., Jones, J.A., 2000. Role of light availability and dispersal in exotic plant invasion along roads and streams in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. Conservation Biology, Vol. 14, pp. 64-75.
Gustavsson, T., 1990. Variation in road surface temperature due to topography and wind. Theoretical and applied climatology, Vol. 41, pp. 227-236.
Hansen, M.J., Clevenger, A.P., 2005. The influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological Conservation, Vol. 125, pp. 249–259.
Goldblum, D., Beatty, S.W., 1999. Influence of and old/forest edge on a northeastern United States deciduous forest understory community. Journal of the Torrey botanical society, Vol. 4, pp. 335-343.
Torabi, M. (2015). Comparison of biodiversity and regeneration density in cut and fills edges of forest roads, third national forest symposium in Tehran. (in Persian).
Megahan, W.F., 1988. Effects of forest roads on watershed function in mountainous areas, Symposium on environmental geotechnical and problematic soils and rocks. Proceedings, Pp: 335-348.
Lamont, B.B., Whitten, V.A., Witkowski, E.T.F., Rees, R.G., Enright, N.J., 1994b. Regional and local (road verge) effects on size and fecundity in Banksia menziesii. Austral Ecology. 19:197-205.
Zare, H., Habashi, H. Alder, ecologic species in Northern forests, Forests and Rangelands Journal, Vol. 3, No.48, pp. 56-65. (in Persian).
Hosseini, S. A., and Jalilvand, H., 2007. Marginal effect of forest road on Alder trees. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. Vol. 10, No.10, pp. 1766-1771. (in Persian).
Bazyari, M., Jalilvand, H., Kooch, Y., Hosseini, S.A., (2014). Ecological effects of forest roads on biodiversity and floristic composition (case study; leeresar, galanderood, makarood), Journal of Plant Researches, Vol. 27, No.1, pp. 41-51. (in Persian).
Lotfalian. M., Riahifar, N., Fallah,A., and Hodjati, S.A. (2012). Effects of roads on understory plant communities in a froadleaved forest in Hyrcanian zone. Journal of Forest Science, 58 (10): 446–455. (in Persian).
Marvie mahadjerm M.R. (2006). Silvicultura and forest ecology, Tehran University publication. (in Persian).
Anonymous, Kolang Diar,s and Sistan Forest management plan, (1993). Forest, Range and Watershed Organization. (in Persian).
Naghdi, R., Pourbabaei, H., Heidari, M. Nouri, M. (2014). The effect of forest road on vegetation and some physical and chemical properties of soil, Case study: Shafarood forests, District No.2, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.49-64. (in Persian).
Avon, C., Bergès, L., Dumas, Y., Dupouey, J.L., 2010. Does the effect of forest roads extend a few meters or more into the adjacent forest? A study on understudy plant diversity in manages oak stands. Forest Ecology and Management,Vol. 259, No. 8, pp. 1546-1555.
Negishi, J.N., Noguchi, S., Sidle, R.C., Abdul Rahim, N., 2004. Some observations on logging road recovery: implications to road rehabilitations. Proceedings of the international workshop on the landscape level rehabilitation of degraded tropical forests. Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute, Tsukuba, Vol. 12, pp. 29-36.
Bowering, M., LeMay, V., Marshal, P., 2006. Effects of forest road on the growth of adjacent lodgeopole pine trees. Canadian journal of forest research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 919-929.
Karim, M.N., Mallik, A.U., 2008. Roadside revegetation by native plants I. Roadside microhabitats, floristic zonation and species traits. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.222-237.
Dickinson, M.B., Whigham, D.F., Hermann, S.M., 2000. Tree regeneration in felling and natural tree fall disturbances in a semi deciduous Tropical Forest in Mexico. Forest Ecological Management, Vol. 134, pp. 1-3. 137-151.
Hansen, M.J., Clevenger, A.P., 2005. The Influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological conservation, Vol. 125, pp. 249 25.
_||_
Smith, F., 1996. Biological diversity, ecosystem stability and economic development. Journal of Ecological Economics, Vol. 16, pp. 191-203.
Metslaid, M., Jo˜giste, K., Nikinmaa, E., Keith Moser, W., Porcar-Castell, A., 2007. Tree variables related to growth response and acclimation of advance regeneration of Norway spruce and other coniferous species after release. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 24, pp. 1-8.
3. Bazyari, M., Jalilvand, H., Hosseini, S.A. Kooch, Y. (2016). Effect of Forest Roads on Biodiversity Regeneration of Tree Species, Vol. 18, No.2. pp. 5-20.
Jones, P.D., New, N., Parker, D.E., Martin, S., Rigor, I.G., 1999. Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 37, pp. 173–199.
Tilman, D., 1988. Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. Monographs in Population Biology 26. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 360 p.
Newsome, W.T., Mikami, A., Wurtz, R.H., 1986. Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. III. Psychophysics and physiology of apparent motion. Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 5, pp. 1340-1351.
Barchuk, A.H., Díaz, M.P., Casanoves, F., Balzarin, M.G., Karlin, U.O., 1998. Experimental study on survival rates in two arboreal species from the Argentinean dry Chaco. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 103, pp. 203-210.
Swindel, B.F., Conde, L.F., Smith, J.E., 1984. Species diversity: concept, measurement, and response to clear cutting and site preparation. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 20, pp.195-208.
Belinchon, R., Martinez, I., Escudero, A., Aragon, G., Valladares, F., 2007. Edge effects on epiphytic communities in a Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaicaforest. Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 18, pp. 81-90.
Wronski, E.B., 1984. Impact of tractor thinning operations on soil and tree roots in a Karri forest, Western Australia. Australian forest research, Vol. 14, pp. 319-332.
Bowering, M., Lemay, V., Marshall, P., 2006. Effects of forest roads on the growth of adjacent lodgepole pine trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 36, pp. 919-929.
Najafi, A., Hosseini, S.M., Ezzati, S., Torabi, M., Fakhari, M.A., (2011). Comparison of Regeneration and Biodiversity of trees on cut and fill edges of forest road (Case study: Chamestan and Lavige forest, Noor), Journal of wood Forest Science and Technology, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 139-152. (in Persian).
Forman, R.T.T., Alexander, l.e., 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 29, pp. 207-231.
Lamont, B.B., Rees, R., Witkowski, E., Whitten, V.A., 1994. Comparative size, fecundity and ecophysiology of roadside plants of Banksia hookeriana. Journal Applied Ecology, Vol. 31, pp. 137-144.
Parendes, LA., Jones, J.A., 2000. Role of light availability and dispersal in exotic plant invasion along roads and streams in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. Conservation Biology, Vol. 14, pp. 64-75.
Gustavsson, T., 1990. Variation in road surface temperature due to topography and wind. Theoretical and applied climatology, Vol. 41, pp. 227-236.
Hansen, M.J., Clevenger, A.P., 2005. The influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological Conservation, Vol. 125, pp. 249–259.
Goldblum, D., Beatty, S.W., 1999. Influence of and old/forest edge on a northeastern United States deciduous forest understory community. Journal of the Torrey botanical society, Vol. 4, pp. 335-343.
Torabi, M. (2015). Comparison of biodiversity and regeneration density in cut and fills edges of forest roads, third national forest symposium in Tehran. (in Persian).
Megahan, W.F., 1988. Effects of forest roads on watershed function in mountainous areas, Symposium on environmental geotechnical and problematic soils and rocks. Proceedings, Pp: 335-348.
Lamont, B.B., Whitten, V.A., Witkowski, E.T.F., Rees, R.G., Enright, N.J., 1994b. Regional and local (road verge) effects on size and fecundity in Banksia menziesii. Austral Ecology. 19:197-205.
Zare, H., Habashi, H. Alder, ecologic species in Northern forests, Forests and Rangelands Journal, Vol. 3, No.48, pp. 56-65. (in Persian).
Hosseini, S. A., and Jalilvand, H., 2007. Marginal effect of forest road on Alder trees. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. Vol. 10, No.10, pp. 1766-1771. (in Persian).
Bazyari, M., Jalilvand, H., Kooch, Y., Hosseini, S.A., (2014). Ecological effects of forest roads on biodiversity and floristic composition (case study; leeresar, galanderood, makarood), Journal of Plant Researches, Vol. 27, No.1, pp. 41-51. (in Persian).
Lotfalian. M., Riahifar, N., Fallah,A., and Hodjati, S.A. (2012). Effects of roads on understory plant communities in a froadleaved forest in Hyrcanian zone. Journal of Forest Science, 58 (10): 446–455. (in Persian).
Marvie mahadjerm M.R. (2006). Silvicultura and forest ecology, Tehran University publication. (in Persian).
Anonymous, Kolang Diar,s and Sistan Forest management plan, (1993). Forest, Range and Watershed Organization. (in Persian).
Naghdi, R., Pourbabaei, H., Heidari, M. Nouri, M. (2014). The effect of forest road on vegetation and some physical and chemical properties of soil, Case study: Shafarood forests, District No.2, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.49-64. (in Persian).
Avon, C., Bergès, L., Dumas, Y., Dupouey, J.L., 2010. Does the effect of forest roads extend a few meters or more into the adjacent forest? A study on understudy plant diversity in manages oak stands. Forest Ecology and Management,Vol. 259, No. 8, pp. 1546-1555.
Negishi, J.N., Noguchi, S., Sidle, R.C., Abdul Rahim, N., 2004. Some observations on logging road recovery: implications to road rehabilitations. Proceedings of the international workshop on the landscape level rehabilitation of degraded tropical forests. Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute, Tsukuba, Vol. 12, pp. 29-36.
Bowering, M., LeMay, V., Marshal, P., 2006. Effects of forest road on the growth of adjacent lodgeopole pine trees. Canadian journal of forest research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 919-929.
Karim, M.N., Mallik, A.U., 2008. Roadside revegetation by native plants I. Roadside microhabitats, floristic zonation and species traits. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.222-237.
Dickinson, M.B., Whigham, D.F., Hermann, S.M., 2000. Tree regeneration in felling and natural tree fall disturbances in a semi deciduous Tropical Forest in Mexico. Forest Ecological Management, Vol. 134, pp. 1-3. 137-151.
Hansen, M.J., Clevenger, A.P., 2005. The Influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological conservation, Vol. 125, pp. 249 25.
