ارزیابی تغییرات و تعیین سطح جنگلهای مانگرو منطقه حفاظت شده خورخوران با تاکید بر هیدرودینامیک تنگه هرمز
محورهای موضوعی : بیولوژی دریامحمد علی زنگنه اسدی 1 , ابراهیم تقوی مقدم 2 , الهه اکبری 3
1 - دانشیار ژئومورفولوژی دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری
2 - دکتری ژئومورفولوژی دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری و دانشجوی دکتری سنجش از دور دانشگاه تهران
کلید واژه: هیدرودینامیک, تغییرات, خورخوران, مانگرو, هرمز,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: جنگل های مانگرو(حراء) ایران به عنوان تنها چشم انداز جنگلی در سواحل گرم وخشک جنوب است که علاوه بر ارزش زیست محیطی و طبیعت گردی، معیشت بسیاری از ساحل نشینان جنوب به شدت به آن وابسته است. لذا آگاهی از تغییرات این جنگل ها بسیار اهمیت دارد. تغییرات محیطی عموماً در سطح گسترده و در بلندمدت رخ می دهد لذا تکنولوژی سنجش از دور می تواند ابزار بسیار مناسب و دقیقی برای پایش تغییرات باشد. هدف از این تحقیق ارزیابی تغییرات پوشش جنگلی مانگرو ناحیه حفاظت شده خورخوران باتوجه به فرآیند های هیدرودینامک تنگه هرمز می باشد. روش بررسی: جهت نیل به این هدف از تصاویر ماهواره ای لندست سال های1989-2015 و انواع تکنیک های سنجش از دور شامل تفاضل تصاویر، تفاضل پوشش گیاهی، تفاضل مولفه های اصلی، تفاضل تسلدکپ و مقایسه پس از طبقه بندی استفاده شد. جهت ارزیابی دقت روش های مذکور از نقاط کنترل زمینی در بازدیدهای میدانی، تصاویر ماهواره ای Google Earth و شاخص دقت کلی و ضریب کاپا استفاده شد. یافته ها: طبق بررسی ها، از بین روش های مورد استفاده در این تحقیق روش های تفاضل مولفه های اصلی (PCA) و تفاضل پوشش گیاهی جهت آشکارسازی تغییرات پوشش زمین مناسب تر از سایر روش ها می باشند. همچنین پس از اعمال روش مقایسه پس از طبقه بندی مشخص شد، الگوریتم حداکثر احتمال با دقت کلی 9781/0 و ضریب کاپا 32/98% به عنوان بهترین روش طبقه بندی تصاویر ماهوار ه ای معرفی شد. همچنین سطوح جنگل های مانگرو منطقه اعم از جنگل های متراکم و پراکنده در سال 1989مقدار 08/125 کیلومتر مربع بوده که در 26 سال گذشته 9/48 کیلومتر مربع به وسعت آن افزوده شده است. بحث و نتیجه گیری:عواملی چون افزایش دما و بالارفتن سطح اساس دریاها، افزایش رسوبات رودخانه در محل پایاب های منطقه و شیب کم منطقه ساحلی، زمینه را برای توسعه جنگل های مانگرو فراهم نموده است، لذا هرگونه طرح تاسیساتی و زیربنایی باید با رعایت ملاحظات زیست محیطی و اکولوژیکی باشد.
Background and Objective: Mangrove forests of Iran is the only landscape of forest in the hot and dry southern coast of Iran that is ecological and Ecotourism value and is dependent on to their southern coastal livelihoods. Therefore it is essential to awareness of changes mangrove forest as a national property. Environmental changes occur in the vast and long term and remote sensing technology could be very suitable and accurate tool for monitoring changes. Method: The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in forest cover Khorkhoran protected mangrove area according to Hydrodynamic Processes Strait of Hormuz. For this purpose, we used Landsat satellite images of 1989-2015 and a variety of remote sensing techniques, including the difference of images, the difference of vegetation, the main component of difference tasseled cap and compare the classification. To evaluate the accuracy of changing detection techniques, taken from the ground realities through Field observations and satellite images of Google Earth, the total accuracy and Kappa coefficient were used. Findings:The results show that the detection of post-processing methods, methods of principal components analysis (PCA1) and difference vegetation is suitable methods for detecting changes. After applying the method comparative of classification, that is a pre-processing method, maximum likelihood algorithm with 0/9781overall accuracy and kappa coefficient 32/98% was introduced as the best method of classification of satellite images. Was also in 1989 year the mangrove forests (dense and scattered) 125.8 square kilometers that added to the 48.9 square kilometers in the last 26 years. Discussion and Conclusion: Increased mangrove forests Because of Factors Such as increasing temperature and sea levels, increased sediments in the delta region and the low slope of the coastal area. Therefore, any facility and infrastructure projects should pay attention to environmental considerations and ecological.
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- Feizizadeh, B. and Blaschke, T. (2012). Thermal remote sensing for examining the relationship between urban land surface temperature and land use land cover in Tabriz city, Iran. Paper presented at the IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium, IGARSS, 22–27 July, Munich, Germany.
- Rodringuez, W and Feller, I.C, (2004). Mangrove landscape characterization and change in Twin Cays, belize using aerial photography and IKONOS satellite data. Atoll research Bulletin.no. 513.National Museum of National History. U.S
- Ahmed, E.A and Abdel-Hamid, K.A. (2007). Zonation Pattern of Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata along the Red Sea Coast, Egypt. World Applied Sciences Journal 2 (4): 283-288.
- Pillay, T. (2004). Aquaculture and the environment Blackwell publishing. second edition. pp31-38.
- FAO. (2003). State of the Worlds Forest (SOFO). Part 1: The situation and developments in the forest sector. 2003. available online.
- De Boer W.F., (2002). The rise and fall of the mangrove forests in Maputo Bay, Mozambique. Wetlands Ecology and Management. Volume 10, Number 4.
- Singh. H. (2003). Vulnerability and adaptability of Tidal forests in response to climate change in India. Indian forester vol. 129, no6, pp. 749-756.
- Danekar, A. (2006). Identification and mapping of sensitive areas of the coastal province of Sistan-Baluchestan. Department of Environmental Protection, Pages: 258. (In Persian)
- Tahir M Ekwal, Tahir h. (2013). Evaluation of land use/land cover changes in Mekelle City, Ethiopia using Remote Sensing and GIS. journal of Computational Ecology and Software, 2013, 3(1): 9-16.
- Fromard F Vega C. Proisy C. (2004), half a century of dynamic coastal change affecting mangrove shorelines of French Guiana. A case study based on remote sensing data analyses and field surveys Marine Geology 208. 265–280
- Plieninger T (2012). Monitoring directions and rates of change in trees outside forests through multi temporal analysis of map sequences, Applied Geography 32 (2012) 566e576.
- Senga Hidaya O. Kihupi N. I Evaristo L. (2014). land cover changes along the coastal marine ecosystems of zanzibar Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 4(2): 83-98.
- Masood, H., Afsar, S., Zamir, U. B., & Kazmi, J. H. (2015). Application of comparative remote sensing techniques for monitoring mangroves in Indus Delta, Sindh, Pakistan. In Biological Forum (Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 783). Research Trend.
- Arekhi, S. Adieb nejad, M. (2011). Evaluate the efficiency of SVM algorithm for land use classification using Landsat ETM + satellite data (Case Study: Ilam dam basin) Journal of Scientific & Research of desert grassland and Iran, No 3 - Pages: 420 -440. (In Persian)
- Amiri, S.N., Sajadi, J. Sadough Vanini, S.H. (2011). Application of Vegetation Indices Derived from IRS Data for Detecting the Avicennia Forest Area Near the South Pars Oil Apparatus., Environmental sciences vol.8, N.1, Autumn ,69-84. (In Persian)
- Mahini, A., Naderali, A., Feghhi, J., RIAZI, B., (2012). Classification of forest areas in Golestan province maximum likelihood method using satellite images of ETM for 2001. Journal of Science Technology and Environment No. 3 Pages 56-47. (In Persian)
- Etemadi H. (2014). Estimation and prediction of the effects of climate change on Mangrove forests of southern Iran: Case study of Jashk mangrove protected area, PhD thesis of forest and forestry at Tarbiat Modares University - Faculty of Natural Resources. Supervisor: Mohammad Sharifi Kia, Pages 154. (In Persian)
- Mahdavi, A., Fathizad, H., Shetaie, Sh., (2014). Evaluation and analysis of different changes detection methods of land use/vegetation cover (case Study: Forest protected area of Manesht, Ilam). Journal of wood and forest science and technology Volume 21, Issue 4, Winter 2015, Page 1-210. (In Persian)
- Jafarnia, S., Oladi, J., Hoojati, S., Mir Akhor Loo, K. (2016). Status and change detection of Mangrove forest in Qeshm Island using satellite imagery from 1988 to 2008. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 18(1), 177-191.(In Persian)
- Arekhi, S. Niazi, Y. (2010). Assessment of remote sensing methods for monitoring land use changes (Dareshahr of Ilam), Journal of Scientific & Research of desert grassland and Iran No 1 - Pages: 74-93(In Persian)
- Lu, D., Mausel, P., Brondizio, E., & Moran, E. (2004). Change detection techniques. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25, 2365−2407.
- Lyon, J.G., Yuan, D., Lunetta, R.S. and Elvidge, C.D., (1998). A change detection experiment using vegetation indices. Photogrammetric Engineering and remote sensing 64 143-150.
- Lillesand, T.M., and Kiefer, R.W, (2001). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 4th ed, John Wiley and Sons, inc. USA, 2001, ISBN: 0471255157, 205p
- Akbari, E., shekari, A., (2013). Processing and extracting information from satellite data using ENVI software press mahvare pages., 234. (In Persian)
- Lashkari, M. (1998). Using the index of probability and fuzzy logic in the urban land use change maps from satellite imagery (of the north and northwest of Mashhad), MS Thease, Department of Natural Resources in Tarbiat Modares University. Iran (In Persian)
- Niazi, Y,. Ekhtesasi, M, R., Malkinejad, H., Hossaini, Z., MorshedI, J., (2010). Comparison of maximum likelihood classification and artificial neural network in land-use mapping (Case Study: Ilam dam basin), Journal of Geography and Development, No. 20, Pages 119-132. (In Persian)
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- Singh. A. (1989). Digital change detention thechniqcs using remotely sensed data International Journal of Remote Sensing, 10: 989-1003.
- Feizizadeh, B. and Blaschke, T. (2012). Thermal remote sensing for examining the relationship between urban land surface temperature and land use land cover in Tabriz city, Iran. Paper presented at the IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium, IGARSS, 22–27 July, Munich, Germany.
- Rodringuez, W and Feller, I.C, (2004). Mangrove landscape characterization and change in Twin Cays, belize using aerial photography and IKONOS satellite data. Atoll research Bulletin.no. 513.National Museum of National History. U.S
- Ahmed, E.A and Abdel-Hamid, K.A. (2007). Zonation Pattern of Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata along the Red Sea Coast, Egypt. World Applied Sciences Journal 2 (4): 283-288.
- Pillay, T. (2004). Aquaculture and the environment Blackwell publishing. second edition. pp31-38.
- FAO. (2003). State of the Worlds Forest (SOFO). Part 1: The situation and developments in the forest sector. 2003. available online.
- De Boer W.F., (2002). The rise and fall of the mangrove forests in Maputo Bay, Mozambique. Wetlands Ecology and Management. Volume 10, Number 4.
- Singh. H. (2003). Vulnerability and adaptability of Tidal forests in response to climate change in India. Indian forester vol. 129, no6, pp. 749-756.
- Danekar, A. (2006). Identification and mapping of sensitive areas of the coastal province of Sistan-Baluchestan. Department of Environmental Protection, Pages: 258. (In Persian)
- Tahir M Ekwal, Tahir h. (2013). Evaluation of land use/land cover changes in Mekelle City, Ethiopia using Remote Sensing and GIS. journal of Computational Ecology and Software, 2013, 3(1): 9-16.
- Fromard F Vega C. Proisy C. (2004), half a century of dynamic coastal change affecting mangrove shorelines of French Guiana. A case study based on remote sensing data analyses and field surveys Marine Geology 208. 265–280
- Plieninger T (2012). Monitoring directions and rates of change in trees outside forests through multi temporal analysis of map sequences, Applied Geography 32 (2012) 566e576.
- Senga Hidaya O. Kihupi N. I Evaristo L. (2014). land cover changes along the coastal marine ecosystems of zanzibar Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 4(2): 83-98.
- Masood, H., Afsar, S., Zamir, U. B., & Kazmi, J. H. (2015). Application of comparative remote sensing techniques for monitoring mangroves in Indus Delta, Sindh, Pakistan. In Biological Forum (Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 783). Research Trend.
- Arekhi, S. Adieb nejad, M. (2011). Evaluate the efficiency of SVM algorithm for land use classification using Landsat ETM + satellite data (Case Study: Ilam dam basin) Journal of Scientific & Research of desert grassland and Iran, No 3 - Pages: 420 -440. (In Persian)
- Amiri, S.N., Sajadi, J. Sadough Vanini, S.H. (2011). Application of Vegetation Indices Derived from IRS Data for Detecting the Avicennia Forest Area Near the South Pars Oil Apparatus., Environmental sciences vol.8, N.1, Autumn ,69-84. (In Persian)
- Mahini, A., Naderali, A., Feghhi, J., RIAZI, B., (2012). Classification of forest areas in Golestan province maximum likelihood method using satellite images of ETM for 2001. Journal of Science Technology and Environment No. 3 Pages 56-47. (In Persian)
- Etemadi H. (2014). Estimation and prediction of the effects of climate change on Mangrove forests of southern Iran: Case study of Jashk mangrove protected area, PhD thesis of forest and forestry at Tarbiat Modares University - Faculty of Natural Resources. Supervisor: Mohammad Sharifi Kia, Pages 154. (In Persian)
- Mahdavi, A., Fathizad, H., Shetaie, Sh., (2014). Evaluation and analysis of different changes detection methods of land use/vegetation cover (case Study: Forest protected area of Manesht, Ilam). Journal of wood and forest science and technology Volume 21, Issue 4, Winter 2015, Page 1-210. (In Persian)
- Jafarnia, S., Oladi, J., Hoojati, S., Mir Akhor Loo, K. (2016). Status and change detection of Mangrove forest in Qeshm Island using satellite imagery from 1988 to 2008. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 18(1), 177-191.(In Persian)
- Arekhi, S. Niazi, Y. (2010). Assessment of remote sensing methods for monitoring land use changes (Dareshahr of Ilam), Journal of Scientific & Research of desert grassland and Iran No 1 - Pages: 74-93(In Persian)
- Lu, D., Mausel, P., Brondizio, E., & Moran, E. (2004). Change detection techniques. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25, 2365−2407.
- Lyon, J.G., Yuan, D., Lunetta, R.S. and Elvidge, C.D., (1998). A change detection experiment using vegetation indices. Photogrammetric Engineering and remote sensing 64 143-150.
- Lillesand, T.M., and Kiefer, R.W, (2001). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 4th ed, John Wiley and Sons, inc. USA, 2001, ISBN: 0471255157, 205p
- Akbari, E., shekari, A., (2013). Processing and extracting information from satellite data using ENVI software press mahvare pages., 234. (In Persian)
- Lashkari, M. (1998). Using the index of probability and fuzzy logic in the urban land use change maps from satellite imagery (of the north and northwest of Mashhad), MS Thease, Department of Natural Resources in Tarbiat Modares University. Iran (In Persian)
- Niazi, Y,. Ekhtesasi, M, R., Malkinejad, H., Hossaini, Z., MorshedI, J., (2010). Comparison of maximum likelihood classification and artificial neural network in land-use mapping (Case Study: Ilam dam basin), Journal of Geography and Development, No. 20, Pages 119-132. (In Persian)