بررسی غلظت باقی مانده آفت کش‌های دیازینون، آزینفوس متیل و کاربایل در آب رودخانه‌های اصلی استان قم در سال 1395
محورهای موضوعی : بهداشت محیط
عابدین ثقفی پور
1
(استادیار گروه بهداشت عمومی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قم، قم، ایران *(مسوول مکاتبات) .)
محمدرضا خاکسار
2
(استادیار گروه بهداشت حرفه ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قم، قم، ایران.)
ناهید جسری
3
(کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی منابع طبیعی، مرکز تحقیقات آلاینده های محیطی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قم، قم، ایران.)
فاطمه رضایی
4
(کارشناسی ارشد اپیدمیولوژی، مربی گروه پزشکی اجتماعی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جهرم، جهرم، ایران.)
کلید واژه: دیازینون, HPLC, آب رودخانه, آزینفوس متیل, کاربایل,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: با توجه به استفاده گسترده از آفت‌کش‌ها برای حفظ محصولات کشاورزی، باقی ماندن آن‌ها در محیط امری اجتناب ناپذیر است. توسعه کشاورزی و استفاده از سموم متنوع آفت‌کش گیاهی در استان قم می‌‌تواند اکوسیستم آبی را به مدت طولانی تحت تاثیر این آفت‌کش‌ها قرار دهد. لذا این مطالعه با هدف تعیین غلظت باقی مانده آفت کش‌های ارگانو فسفره آزینفوس متیل و دیازینون و سم کارباماته کاربایل در آب رودخانه‌های اصلی استان قم صورت گرفت. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه 144 نمونه آب از چهار رودخانه اصلی استان قم طی یک دوره 12 ماهه در سال 1395 به منظور ارزیابی میزان باقیمانده سموم مورد مطالعه جمع آوری شد. نمونه‌ها با استفاده از دو روش استخراج فاز جامد و استخراج فاز مایع- مایع آماده شدند و با دستگاه های HPLC و GCMS/MS میزان سموم باقیمانده در آب اندازه گیری شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نهایی این مطالعه نشان داد که بیش‌ترین غلظت دیازینون، آزینفوس متیل و کاربایل در فصل تابستان به ترتیب ppb 5/24 ، ppb 52/14 و ppb 54/4 بوده است. حداقل غلظت سموم مورد مطالعه مربوط به فصل زمستان بوده است. بر اساس آزمون آماری آنالیز واریانس دوطرفه بین میزان باقی مانده سموم در فصول مختلف اختلاف آماری معنی‌داری وجود داشت ( 002/0p<). بحث و نتیجه‌گیری براساس نتایج این مطالعه،غلظت باقی مانده آفت‌کش‌های ارگانو فسفره آزینفوس متیل و دیازینون و سم کارباماته کاربایل در آب اکثر رودخانه‌های اصلی قم بیش از حد مجاز اتحادیه اروپا (g/µL5/0) می باشد. در نتیجه در صورت کاربرد مداوم این سموم در بخش کشاورزی استان ؛ این آلاینده‌ها تهدیدی جدی برای سلامت عمومی مردم محسوب می شود.
Background and Objective: Given the widespread use of pesticides to preserve crops, their retention in the environment is inevitable. Agricultural development and the use of various pesticides in Qom province can affect the aquatic ecosystem for a long time. The aim of this study was to determine the residual concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides azinfus methyl and diazinon and carbamate carbohydrate toxin in water of major rivers of Qom province. Method: In this study, 144 water samples were collected from 4 main rivers of Qom during 12 consecutive months in 2016. For determination of these pesticides, two methods (solid- phase extraction and Liquid-Liquid extraction) were adopted and samples were analyzed by means of HPLC and GC/MS applying standard methods. Findings: Final results showed that the most concentration of Diazinon, Carbaryl and Azinphos metyl pesticides were found to be about 24.5 ppb (part per billion), 14.52 and 4.54 ppb in summer respectively. The minimum concentration of the three pesticides was detected in winter. According to the statistical test Two - Way ANOWA there were significant differences among pesticides concentrations in the water samples in different seasons (p<002). Results and Discussion: The findings of present study had shown that pesticides residue concentration in water samples is more than standard level. As a result of the continuous use of these pesticides in the agricultural activity, these emissions can be a serious threat to public health.
- Chiron, S., Fernandez, A./, Rodriguez, A., Garcia-Calvo, E. 1999. Pesticide chemical oxidation: state of the art. Water Researchl, 34:366-377.
- What is a pesticide? (http: //www. epa. gov/ pesticide/about/ index. Html USEPAdefinitions) retrieved 2006.
- kamel, F. 2003. Neurobehavioral performance and work experience in Florida Farmworkers. Environmental Health perspectives, 1110:1765-1772.
- Fireston, J.A., Smith-weller, T.G., Franklin, P. 2005. Swanson, et al. Pesticides and risk of Parkinson disease: a population- based case- control study. Archives of Neurology, 1: 91-95.
- Alavanja, M.C., Hoppin, J.A., Kamel, F. 2004. Health effects of chornic pesticide exposure: cancer and nevrotoxicity. Annu Rev public Health, 25:155-197.
- Arcury, T.A., Quandt, S.A., Mellan, B.G. 2003. An exploratory analysisofoccupational skindisease amonglationmigrant and seasonal Framworkers in North carolina. Journal of Agricultural safety and Health, 3: 221-32.
- Khaksar, M.R., Rahimifard, M., Baeeri, M., Maqbool, F. 2017. Protective effects of cerium oxide and yttrium oxide nanoparticles on reduction of oxidative stress induced by sub-acute exposure to diazinon in the rat pancreas. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 41: 79–90.
- Pourahmad, J. 2006. General Toxicology, 1 Ed, Iran, Samt Publishing, 104-120.
- Saleh Zadeh, A. 2006. Pesticide and how they work. Published by Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, 69-55: 124-112.
- Acero, J. L., RealF. J., Benitez F.J., GonzalezA. 2008. Oxidation of chlorfenvinphos in ultrapure and natural waters by ozonation and photochemical processes.Water Research, 42:3198-3206.
- Larson, S. J., Gilliom, R. J., and Capel, P. D., 1998, Pesticides in streams of the United States—Initial results from the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report, 98-4222, 99 p.
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington D.C., 20460, 2006.
- Agriculture Jihad Organization of Qom Province, yearly statistical report about Qom province, 2015.
- Ezemonye, L.I, Ikpesu, T.O., Ilechie, I. 2008. Distribution of diazinon in water, sediment and fish from Warri River, Niger delta Nigeria. JJBS, 1:77-83.
- Dean, J.R. 2009. Extraction techniques in Analytical Sciences. John Wiley and Sons ltd, 38-42
- Luzardo, O.P., Ruiz-Sua´ rez, N., Valero´n, P.F., Camacho, M. 2014. Methodology for the identification of 117 pesticides commonly involved in the poisoning of wildlife using GC–MS-MS and LC–MS-MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 38:155–163.
- Pinto, M.I., Sontag, G., Bernardino, R.J., Noronha, J.P. 2010. Pesticides in water and the performance of the liquid-phase microextraction based techniques, a review. Microchemical Journal, 96: 225-237.
- Vidair, C.A., 2004. Age dependence of organophosphate and carbamate neurotoxicity in the postnatal rat: Extrapolation to the human. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 196: 287-302.
- Barata, C., Solayan, A. and Porte, C., 2004. Role of B-esterases in assessing toxicity of organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, Malathion) and carbamate (carbofuran) pesticides to Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology. 66: 125-139.
- Shayeghi, M., Motesadi Zarandi, S., Ladoni, H., Shayeghi, S. 2000. Assessing Lindane residual in the rice fields surface Layers: using TLC method. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, 4:29-35.
- Shayeghi, M., Khoobdel, M. and Vatandoos, H., 2007. Determination of organophosphorus insecticides (Malathion and diazinon) residue in the drinking water. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 10: 2900-2904.
- Hosseini, M. 2005. The amount of pesticide residue intake of phosphorus in Garusyvand River and groundwater and the dominant product (cucumber) in their area. MSc Thesis, Tehran University.
- Dehghani, R., Shayeghi, M., Esalmi, H., Moosavi, G.H., Rabani, D., Shahi, D. 2014. Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides (Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos) in Agricultural Water Resources in Barzok of Kashan in 2011. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 14: 66-72.
- Shayeghi, M., Darabi, H., Abtahi Hossaini, M., Sadeghi, M., Pakbaz, F., Golestane, S.R. 2007. Assessment of persistence and residue of diazinon and Malathion in three rivers (Mond, Shahpour and Dalaky) of Bushehr Province 2004-2005. Iran South Med J, 10: 54-60.
- Castilho, I.A.A. and Fenz, N., 1999. Organ chlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residue in the Atoya river basin Chinandega Nicaragua. EnvironmentalPollution, 110:523-33.
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- Chiron, S., Fernandez, A./, Rodriguez, A., Garcia-Calvo, E. 1999. Pesticide chemical oxidation: state of the art. Water Researchl, 34:366-377.
- What is a pesticide? (http: //www. epa. gov/ pesticide/about/ index. Html USEPAdefinitions) retrieved 2006.
- kamel, F. 2003. Neurobehavioral performance and work experience in Florida Farmworkers. Environmental Health perspectives, 1110:1765-1772.
- Fireston, J.A., Smith-weller, T.G., Franklin, P. 2005. Swanson, et al. Pesticides and risk of Parkinson disease: a population- based case- control study. Archives of Neurology, 1: 91-95.
- Alavanja, M.C., Hoppin, J.A., Kamel, F. 2004. Health effects of chornic pesticide exposure: cancer and nevrotoxicity. Annu Rev public Health, 25:155-197.
- Arcury, T.A., Quandt, S.A., Mellan, B.G. 2003. An exploratory analysisofoccupational skindisease amonglationmigrant and seasonal Framworkers in North carolina. Journal of Agricultural safety and Health, 3: 221-32.
- Khaksar, M.R., Rahimifard, M., Baeeri, M., Maqbool, F. 2017. Protective effects of cerium oxide and yttrium oxide nanoparticles on reduction of oxidative stress induced by sub-acute exposure to diazinon in the rat pancreas. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 41: 79–90.
- Pourahmad, J. 2006. General Toxicology, 1 Ed, Iran, Samt Publishing, 104-120.
- Saleh Zadeh, A. 2006. Pesticide and how they work. Published by Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, 69-55: 124-112.
- Acero, J. L., RealF. J., Benitez F.J., GonzalezA. 2008. Oxidation of chlorfenvinphos in ultrapure and natural waters by ozonation and photochemical processes.Water Research, 42:3198-3206.
- Larson, S. J., Gilliom, R. J., and Capel, P. D., 1998, Pesticides in streams of the United States—Initial results from the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report, 98-4222, 99 p.
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington D.C., 20460, 2006.
- Agriculture Jihad Organization of Qom Province, yearly statistical report about Qom province, 2015.
- Ezemonye, L.I, Ikpesu, T.O., Ilechie, I. 2008. Distribution of diazinon in water, sediment and fish from Warri River, Niger delta Nigeria. JJBS, 1:77-83.
- Dean, J.R. 2009. Extraction techniques in Analytical Sciences. John Wiley and Sons ltd, 38-42
- Luzardo, O.P., Ruiz-Sua´ rez, N., Valero´n, P.F., Camacho, M. 2014. Methodology for the identification of 117 pesticides commonly involved in the poisoning of wildlife using GC–MS-MS and LC–MS-MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 38:155–163.
- Pinto, M.I., Sontag, G., Bernardino, R.J., Noronha, J.P. 2010. Pesticides in water and the performance of the liquid-phase microextraction based techniques, a review. Microchemical Journal, 96: 225-237.
- Vidair, C.A., 2004. Age dependence of organophosphate and carbamate neurotoxicity in the postnatal rat: Extrapolation to the human. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 196: 287-302.
- Barata, C., Solayan, A. and Porte, C., 2004. Role of B-esterases in assessing toxicity of organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, Malathion) and carbamate (carbofuran) pesticides to Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology. 66: 125-139.
- Shayeghi, M., Motesadi Zarandi, S., Ladoni, H., Shayeghi, S. 2000. Assessing Lindane residual in the rice fields surface Layers: using TLC method. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, 4:29-35.
- Shayeghi, M., Khoobdel, M. and Vatandoos, H., 2007. Determination of organophosphorus insecticides (Malathion and diazinon) residue in the drinking water. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 10: 2900-2904.
- Hosseini, M. 2005. The amount of pesticide residue intake of phosphorus in Garusyvand River and groundwater and the dominant product (cucumber) in their area. MSc Thesis, Tehran University.
- Dehghani, R., Shayeghi, M., Esalmi, H., Moosavi, G.H., Rabani, D., Shahi, D. 2014. Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides (Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos) in Agricultural Water Resources in Barzok of Kashan in 2011. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 14: 66-72.
- Shayeghi, M., Darabi, H., Abtahi Hossaini, M., Sadeghi, M., Pakbaz, F., Golestane, S.R. 2007. Assessment of persistence and residue of diazinon and Malathion in three rivers (Mond, Shahpour and Dalaky) of Bushehr Province 2004-2005. Iran South Med J, 10: 54-60.
- Castilho, I.A.A. and Fenz, N., 1999. Organ chlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residue in the Atoya river basin Chinandega Nicaragua. EnvironmentalPollution, 110:523-33.