تنوع‌گونه‌ای در اشکوب‌های درختی و علفی و ارتباط آن با برخی مشخصه‌های توده جنگلی راش در جنگلهای هیرکانی(مطالعه موردی: جنگل سوادکوه- مازندران)
محورهای موضوعی : منابع طبیعی
کامبیز ابراری واجاری
1
(دانشیار، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان)
کلید واژه: جنگل هیرکانی, گیاهان علفی, راش, تنوع‌گونه‌ای, اشکوب‌های درختی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: ترکیب گونه های درختی یک مشخصه اساسی بوم سازگان جنگل می باشد و یک هدف مهم بوم شناسان آگاهی از عوامل اصلی است که الگوی تنوع زیستی را توضیح می دهند. ساختار عمودی جنگل یکی از وی‍ژگی های جنگل بوده که در مدیریت بوم سازگان مورد توجه می باشد.هدف از این تحقیق بررسی ارتباط تنوع گونه ای در اشکوب های درختی با برخی مشخصه های توده جنگلی راش در جنگلهای سوادکوه مازندران بوده است. روش بررسی: در تحقیق حاضر، به جمع آوری داده ها از 24 قطعه نمونه 400 متر مربعی در یک شبکه آماربرداری 150×100 متر در توده جنگلی راش(Fagus orientalisLipsky) در شمال ایران(سوادکوه) در سال 1392 اقدام شد. شاخص غنای علفی و درختی( شمارش تعداد گونه)، شاخص تنوع و یکنواختی در اشکوب های درختی و علفی برای هر قطعه نمونه محاسبه شد. ارتفاع ، قطر برابر سینه و قطر تاج درختان راش هر قطعه نمونه اندازه گیری شدند .همچنین ضخامت لاشبرگ و هوموس در مرکز و چهار جهت قطعه نمونه مورد اندازه گیری قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که توده جنگلی مورد مطالعه شامل 7 گونه درختی راش، ممرز، شیردار، توسکای ییلاقی، افراپلت، نمدار و گیلاس وحشی است. تعداد 23 گونه علفی متعلق به 21 خانواده گیاهی در زیر اشکوب درختان جنگلی شناسایی شدند. اختلاف معنی دار بین اشکوب های درختی از نظر شاخص غنا و تنوع گونه ای مشاهده شد (0.01>p )، و بیشترین مقدار میانگین به اشکوب اول اختصاص داشت. غنای گیاهان علفی با ضخامت لاشبرگ همبستگی منفی معنی دار نشان داد(0.05>p )،. شاخص غنای درختی با ارتفاع و قطر برابر سینه (0.05>p )، و نیز شاخص تنوع و یکنواختی با فراوانی راش همبستگی منفی معنی دار داشت(0.01>p ). بحث و نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی می توان اظهار نمود که بیشترین میزان شاخص های غنا و تنوع درختی در اشکوب فوقانی توده مورد نظر مشاهده می شود که می تواند به علت رقابت، سرشت گونه درختی باشد.توصیه می شود در عملیات جنگل شناسی ، تنوع گونه ای درختی در اشکوب های مختلف مورد توجه قرار گیرد.
Background and Objective: Tree species composition is a major feature of forest ecosystems and understanding the major factors that clarify patterns of diversity is an important objective for ecologists. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between species diversity in tree layer and some features of beech stand in savadkooh forest. Method: Field data from 24 circular 400 m2 sample plots in the inventory grid of 100 m × 150 m were used in beech stand. For characterizing tree-layer diversity, tree-layer species richness (SR), Shannon–Wiener diversity index and Hill's evenness index were used. Herb-layer species richness (herb-layer SR) was estimated in each plot. Diameter (DBH) and height, also crown diameter in beech trees were measured per sample plot. In addition, litter and humus layer thickness were measured at center and cardinal points of sampling points. Findings: Result showed a total of 7 tree species were recognized in 24 plots. Totally, 23 herbaceous plants belonging to 21 families were found distributing in different plots within forest which higher life form was presented by Hemicryptophytes. There was a significant difference between dominant and co-dominant layers regarding to tree species richness (SR) and Shanon-weaver diversity index (p < 0.01), and higher mean values belonged to the dominant layer. The herb-layer richness correlated significantly with litter thickness, whereas there was no correlation between other factors. SR of tree layer was negatively and significantly correlated with DBH and Height of beech trees and Shanon’s diversity and Hill’s evenness indices of tree layer were negatively correlated with beech frequency. Discussion: In general, it can be stated that the highest indicators of richness and tree diversity are observed in the upper floors of the target population, which can be due to competition, the nature of the tree species. It is recommended in forestry operations, the diversity of tree species in different floor to be considered.
1. Polyakov, M., Majumdar,I., Teeter,L., 2008. Spatial and temporal analysis of the anthropogenic effects on local diversity of forest trees.Forest Ecology and Management, 255(5-6),pp. 1379-1387
2. Durak, T., 2012. Changes in diversity of the mountain beech forest herb layer as a function of the forest management method.Forest Ecology and Management,276,pp. 154-164
3. Sydes, C., Grime,J.P., 1981. Effects of tree leaf litter on herbaceous vegetation in deciduous woodland. I. Field investigations. Journal of Ecology, 69,pp. 237–248
4. Latham, P.A., Zuuring, H.R., Coble, D.W., 1998. A method for quantifying vertical forest structure.Forest Ecology and Management,104(1-3),pp. 157-170
5. Laurans, M., Hérault, B., Vieilledent, G., Vincent, G., 2014. Vertical stratification reduces competition for light in dense tropical forests. Forest Ecology and Management,329,pp. 79-88.
6. Nouri, Z., Feghhi , J., Zahedi Amiri,Gh., Rahmani, R., 2011.Estimation of species diversity in forest different stories (case study: Patom district of Kheyrud forest). Journal of Natural Environmental, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 63( 4),pp. 399-407(In Persian)
7. Barbier, S., Gosselin, F., Balandier,PH., 2008. Influence of tree species on understory vegetation diversity and mechanisms involved—A critical review for temperate and boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 254,pp. 1–15
8. Ito, S., Shigami, S.I., Mizoue,N., Buckley, G.P., 2006. Maintaining plant species composition and diversity of understory vegetation under in conifer plantations in Kyushu, southern Japan. Forest Ecology and Management , 231,pp. 234-241
9. Both, S., Fang,T., Bo¨ hnke,M., Bruelheide,H., Geißler,C., Ku¨ hn,P.,Scholten,T., Trogisch,S., Erfmeier,A.,2011. Lack of tree layer control on herb layer characteristics in a subtropical forest, China.Journal of Vegetation Science, 22.pp, 1120–1131
10. Potts, M.D., Rahman Kassim, Abd., Nur Supardi, M.N., Tan,S., Bossert,W.H., 2005. Sampling tree diversity in Malaysian tropical forests: an evaluation of a pre-felling inventory. Forest Ecology and Management,205(1-3),pp. 385-395
11. Motz, K., Sterba,H., Pommerening,A., 2010. Sampling measures of tree diversity. Forest Ecology and Management, 260(11),pp. 1985-1996
12. Gao, T., Hedblom, M., Emilsson,T.and Nielsen, A.B., 2014.The role of forest stand structure as biodiversity indicator.Forest Ecology and Management,330,pp, 82-93
13. Kakavand, M., MarvieMohadjer, M.R. Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. and Sefidi, K.2014. Structural diversity of mixed beech stands in the middle stage of succession (Case study: Gorazbon District, Kheiroud Forest of Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 22 (3),pp. 411-422 (In Persian)
14. Sefidi, K., Copenheaver, Carolyn A., Kakavand, M., Behjou, F. K.,2015. Structural Diversity within Mature Forests in Northern Iran: A Case Study from a Relic Population of Persian Ironwood (Parrotiapersica C.A. Meyer). Forest Science,61(2),pp. 258-265.
15. Moridi,M., Sefidi, K., Etemad,V. 2015.Stand characteristics of mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalisLipsky) stands in the stem exclusion phase, northern Iran. European journal of Forest Reseach,134(4),pp. 693-703
16. Haghdoost, N., Akbarinia, M., Hosseini,S.M., Kooch,Y., 2011. Conversion of Hyrcanian degraded forests to plantations:Effects on soil C and N stocks. Annals of Biological Research, 2 (5),pp. 385-399
17. Akhani, H., Djamali, M., Ghorbanalizadeh, A., Ramzani, E., 2010. Plant biodiversity of hyrcanian relict forests,NorthernIran:An overview of the flora,vegetationpalaeoecology and conservation. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42,pp. 231-258
18. Salehi Shanjani, P., Giuseppe Vendramin, G., Calagari, M.,2011. Differences in Genetic Structure among Fagus orientalisLipsky (Oriental Beech) Populations under DifferentManagement Conditions: Implications for in situ Gene Conservation.Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran 22(1),p. 5-13.
19. Anonymous,2003.Forestry plan of Tajan-Talar,Azandeh,catchment No.70.Ministry of Jahad-e-Sazandegi,Organization of Forest &Ranges,Sari Wood Industries.(In Persian)
20. Bartels, S.F. and Chen,H.Y.H. 2013. Interactions between overstorey and understorey vegetation along an overstorey compositional gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24 (2013) 543–552
21. MarvieMohadjer, M.R., 2005. Silviculture. University of Tehran press. 387p (In Persian).
22. Huang, W., Pohjonen, S., Johansson, M., Nashanda, M.I.L., Luukkanen, O., 2003. Species diversity,forest structure and species composition in Tanzanian tropical forests.Forest Ecology and Management, 173,pp. 11-24
23. Rechinger K. H.(ed)., 1963-1998. Flora Iranica, vols. 1-173, AkademischDruck-uverlagsanstalt, Graz.
24. Assadi,M., 1988-2002.Flora of Iran.Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press.
25. Krebs,C.J.,1998.Ecological methodology. 2ndedition. Manlo park: Addison-Wesley. 620p.
26. Neumann, M., Starlinger,F., 2001. The signifcance of different indices for stand structure and diversity in forests.Forest Ecology and Management, 145,pp. 91-106
27. Petritan,I.C., Marzano,R., Petritan,A.M., Lingua,E.,2014. Overstory succession in a mixed Quercus petraea–Fagus sylvatica old growth forest revealed through the spatial pattern of competition and mortality. Forest Ecology and Management, 326,pp. 9–17
28. Moelder, A., Bernhardt-Ro¨mermann,M., Schmidt,W., 2008. Herb-layer diversity in deciduous forests:Raised by tree richness or beaten by beech? Forest Ecology and Management, 256,pp. 272–281
29. Jacob, M., Viedenz, K., Polle , A., Thomas,F.M., 2010. Leaf litter decomposition in temperate deciduous forest stands with a decreasing fraction of beech (Fagus sylvatica). Oecologia, 164(4),pp. 1083–1094
30. Kooijman, A., Cammeraat. E., 2009. Biological control of beech and hornbeam affects species richness via changes in the organic layer, pH and soil moisture characteristics. Functional Ecology, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01640.x. 10
31. North, M., Oakley, B., Fiegener, R., Gray,A., Barbour,M., 2005. Influence of light and soil moisture on Sierran mixed-conifer understory Communities. Plant Ecology, 177,pp. 13–24
32. Ediriweera,S., Singhakumara, B.M.P. and Ashton, M. S., 2008. Variation in canopy structure, light and soil nutrition across elevation of Sri Lankan tropical rain forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 256,pp. 1339–1349
_||_
1. Polyakov, M., Majumdar,I., Teeter,L., 2008. Spatial and temporal analysis of the anthropogenic effects on local diversity of forest trees.Forest Ecology and Management, 255(5-6),pp. 1379-1387
2. Durak, T., 2012. Changes in diversity of the mountain beech forest herb layer as a function of the forest management method.Forest Ecology and Management,276,pp. 154-164
3. Sydes, C., Grime,J.P., 1981. Effects of tree leaf litter on herbaceous vegetation in deciduous woodland. I. Field investigations. Journal of Ecology, 69,pp. 237–248
4. Latham, P.A., Zuuring, H.R., Coble, D.W., 1998. A method for quantifying vertical forest structure.Forest Ecology and Management,104(1-3),pp. 157-170
5. Laurans, M., Hérault, B., Vieilledent, G., Vincent, G., 2014. Vertical stratification reduces competition for light in dense tropical forests. Forest Ecology and Management,329,pp. 79-88.
6. Nouri, Z., Feghhi , J., Zahedi Amiri,Gh., Rahmani, R., 2011.Estimation of species diversity in forest different stories (case study: Patom district of Kheyrud forest). Journal of Natural Environmental, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 63( 4),pp. 399-407(In Persian)
7. Barbier, S., Gosselin, F., Balandier,PH., 2008. Influence of tree species on understory vegetation diversity and mechanisms involved—A critical review for temperate and boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 254,pp. 1–15
8. Ito, S., Shigami, S.I., Mizoue,N., Buckley, G.P., 2006. Maintaining plant species composition and diversity of understory vegetation under in conifer plantations in Kyushu, southern Japan. Forest Ecology and Management , 231,pp. 234-241
9. Both, S., Fang,T., Bo¨ hnke,M., Bruelheide,H., Geißler,C., Ku¨ hn,P.,Scholten,T., Trogisch,S., Erfmeier,A.,2011. Lack of tree layer control on herb layer characteristics in a subtropical forest, China.Journal of Vegetation Science, 22.pp, 1120–1131
10. Potts, M.D., Rahman Kassim, Abd., Nur Supardi, M.N., Tan,S., Bossert,W.H., 2005. Sampling tree diversity in Malaysian tropical forests: an evaluation of a pre-felling inventory. Forest Ecology and Management,205(1-3),pp. 385-395
11. Motz, K., Sterba,H., Pommerening,A., 2010. Sampling measures of tree diversity. Forest Ecology and Management, 260(11),pp. 1985-1996
12. Gao, T., Hedblom, M., Emilsson,T.and Nielsen, A.B., 2014.The role of forest stand structure as biodiversity indicator.Forest Ecology and Management,330,pp, 82-93
13. Kakavand, M., MarvieMohadjer, M.R. Sagheb-Talebi, Kh. and Sefidi, K.2014. Structural diversity of mixed beech stands in the middle stage of succession (Case study: Gorazbon District, Kheiroud Forest of Nowshahr). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 22 (3),pp. 411-422 (In Persian)
14. Sefidi, K., Copenheaver, Carolyn A., Kakavand, M., Behjou, F. K.,2015. Structural Diversity within Mature Forests in Northern Iran: A Case Study from a Relic Population of Persian Ironwood (Parrotiapersica C.A. Meyer). Forest Science,61(2),pp. 258-265.
15. Moridi,M., Sefidi, K., Etemad,V. 2015.Stand characteristics of mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalisLipsky) stands in the stem exclusion phase, northern Iran. European journal of Forest Reseach,134(4),pp. 693-703
16. Haghdoost, N., Akbarinia, M., Hosseini,S.M., Kooch,Y., 2011. Conversion of Hyrcanian degraded forests to plantations:Effects on soil C and N stocks. Annals of Biological Research, 2 (5),pp. 385-399
17. Akhani, H., Djamali, M., Ghorbanalizadeh, A., Ramzani, E., 2010. Plant biodiversity of hyrcanian relict forests,NorthernIran:An overview of the flora,vegetationpalaeoecology and conservation. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42,pp. 231-258
18. Salehi Shanjani, P., Giuseppe Vendramin, G., Calagari, M.,2011. Differences in Genetic Structure among Fagus orientalisLipsky (Oriental Beech) Populations under DifferentManagement Conditions: Implications for in situ Gene Conservation.Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran 22(1),p. 5-13.
19. Anonymous,2003.Forestry plan of Tajan-Talar,Azandeh,catchment No.70.Ministry of Jahad-e-Sazandegi,Organization of Forest &Ranges,Sari Wood Industries.(In Persian)
20. Bartels, S.F. and Chen,H.Y.H. 2013. Interactions between overstorey and understorey vegetation along an overstorey compositional gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24 (2013) 543–552
21. MarvieMohadjer, M.R., 2005. Silviculture. University of Tehran press. 387p (In Persian).
22. Huang, W., Pohjonen, S., Johansson, M., Nashanda, M.I.L., Luukkanen, O., 2003. Species diversity,forest structure and species composition in Tanzanian tropical forests.Forest Ecology and Management, 173,pp. 11-24
23. Rechinger K. H.(ed)., 1963-1998. Flora Iranica, vols. 1-173, AkademischDruck-uverlagsanstalt, Graz.
24. Assadi,M., 1988-2002.Flora of Iran.Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press.
25. Krebs,C.J.,1998.Ecological methodology. 2ndedition. Manlo park: Addison-Wesley. 620p.
26. Neumann, M., Starlinger,F., 2001. The signifcance of different indices for stand structure and diversity in forests.Forest Ecology and Management, 145,pp. 91-106
27. Petritan,I.C., Marzano,R., Petritan,A.M., Lingua,E.,2014. Overstory succession in a mixed Quercus petraea–Fagus sylvatica old growth forest revealed through the spatial pattern of competition and mortality. Forest Ecology and Management, 326,pp. 9–17
28. Moelder, A., Bernhardt-Ro¨mermann,M., Schmidt,W., 2008. Herb-layer diversity in deciduous forests:Raised by tree richness or beaten by beech? Forest Ecology and Management, 256,pp. 272–281
29. Jacob, M., Viedenz, K., Polle , A., Thomas,F.M., 2010. Leaf litter decomposition in temperate deciduous forest stands with a decreasing fraction of beech (Fagus sylvatica). Oecologia, 164(4),pp. 1083–1094
30. Kooijman, A., Cammeraat. E., 2009. Biological control of beech and hornbeam affects species richness via changes in the organic layer, pH and soil moisture characteristics. Functional Ecology, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01640.x. 10
31. North, M., Oakley, B., Fiegener, R., Gray,A., Barbour,M., 2005. Influence of light and soil moisture on Sierran mixed-conifer understory Communities. Plant Ecology, 177,pp. 13–24
32. Ediriweera,S., Singhakumara, B.M.P. and Ashton, M. S., 2008. Variation in canopy structure, light and soil nutrition across elevation of Sri Lankan tropical rain forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 256,pp. 1339–1349